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Toponyms: a neglected asset within the water framework and flood directives implementation process; the case study of Greece

Skoulikaris Charalampos

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 4

1801--1815

EN

Proxy data and qualitative information are important assets in water resources and floods management. In the research, the river water bodies with characteristic toponyms (hydronyms) in Greece that potentially reflect the water’s quality or the occurrence of floods are evaluated in comparison to the European Union’s (EU) Water Framework and Flood Directives implementation process outputs. For doing so, after identifying the river water bodies with characteristic toponyms which form the 10.2% of the Greek water bodies, the toponyms are cross correlated with the water bodies quality status as retrieved by the Directives’ databases to validate the existence of linkages between the names and the quality. Similarly, the significant floods, as derived from the Flood Directive, are spatially allied with the water bodies with characteristic toponyms to ground truth the connection between significant floods and water bodies whose toponyms imply flood prone areas. The research outputs indicate a high degree of correlation both in terms of water quality and floods, meaning that in almost all cases the water body toponym depicts the good or bad quality of the water body or the occurrence of flood events. Moreover, it is established that almost 90% of the water bodies with characteristic names are intermittent and ephemeral ones. The water bodies’ toponyms, hence, are proposed as an auxiliary criterion during the Directives implementation process that could foster increased water quality and flood-related knowledge, especially in intermittent and ephemeral water bodies which are generally lacking observations, and can be applied not only in all EU-Member States’ waters, but also in global scale.

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The fiftieth anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names

Wolnicz-Pawłowska E.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2017

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Vol. 49, No. 3

135--146

EN

On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, the author presents the historical background of the ongoing international cooperation on the unification of toponyms on a global scale. The 1967 conference in Geneva was extremely important in defining the objectives and tasks of the cooperation, setting out the main areas of action (national standardization, geographical terms, spelling systems, international exchange of information) and, through the resolutions adopted at the time, formulating detailed guidelines for standardization procedures. In the past half-century, the global organising of geographic nomenclature – although still incomplete – has gained a universally accepted institutional framework and has produced the expected results. The UNGEGN (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) plays a major role in organising the cyclical conferences, sessions, regional division and working group meetings, and toponymy courses, as well as inspiring the creation of unified databases and publications.

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Toponimy dorzecza Giełczwi – zapis historii krajobrazu kulturowego

Janicki Grzegorz

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2011

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nr 15

75--90

PL

W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań w dorzeczu Giełczwi (Wyżna Lubelska) zebrano i zweryfikowano ponad 500 nazw geograficznych (toponimy), wśród których dominują nazwy miejscowości lub ich części, tzw. ojkonimy. Wśród nazw terenowych (mikrotoponimy) przeważają nazwy dzierżawcze i patronimiczne oraz pospolite typu: „Zarzecze” czy „Zalesie” – określające lokalizację obiektu. Nazw kulturowych, stanowiących bazę do odtworzenia historii krajobrazu kulturowego, jest stosunkowo mało, ok. 20% wszystkich zidentyfikowanych nazw. Najczęściej są to nazwy związane z gospodarką i kulturą rolną oraz ilustrujące rozwój sieci osadniczej. Zarejestrowano też nieliczne przykłady toponimów nawiązujących do wydarzeń historycznych, które identyfikują, np. pola bitew czy towarzyszące im nekropolie, jak np.: „Zabita Góra”, „Groby”, „Mogiła”, „Mogiłka”. Mało jest również nazw etnicznych (np. Mośkowizna czy Niemiecki Dół), a nazwy służebne i rodowe nie występują.

EN

In the Giełczew river catchment (Lublin Upland) were collected over 500 geographical names as a result of the research. Names of settlements or their parts (oiconyms) are predominant. Among toponyms the possessive and patronymic names are numerous, as well as common names describing e.g. location of an object (“Zarzecze” or “Zalesie”). Cultural names, which are the basis for reconstruction of the cultural landscape history, constitute about 20% of all names. The predominant cultural names are connected with agriculture, agrarian structure and technique, and development of settlement net. Few toponyms describe historical events, e.g. battles, as well as military necropolis − “Zabita Góra”, “Groby”, “Mogiła”, “Mogiłka”. Ethnic names (e.g. “Mośkowizna”, “Niemiecki Dół”) are also not numerous. Domestic and ancestral names are absent in the examined area.

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Analiza zmian nazw lokalnych Chełmska Śląskiego i Racławiczek w XX wieku jako przykład geograficznych badań przestrzeni toponimicznej Śląska

Chylińska D., Kosmala G.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2010

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T. 42, nr 1

30-39

PL

Autorzy poruszają problematykę zmian w lokalnej przestrzeni toponimicznej Śląska w XX wieku. Analizowano przemiany i zanikanie nazw lokalnych na przykładzie dwóch miejscowości: dolnośląskiego Chełmska Śląskiego i górnośląskich Racławiczek, na tle procesów historyczno-politycznych i społeczno-kulturowych regionu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zróżnicowania krajobrazowego i społecznego miejscowości.

EN

Toponomastic research is rarely conducted by geographers. Such research is however essential at the time when many local names are disappearing, because they contain often underrated and unused information about human relations with the environment. They tell how Man cultivated the Land, how he dominated the landscape and described his daily environment. Thus local names can add to the research of XXth century geography, history, culture, society and economy. Two locations were selected for the research, Chełmsko Śląskie in the Lower Silesia and Racławiczki in the Upper Silesia. They differ in many respects. Differences in spatial, functional, economic and social characteristics and different history made it possible to account for factors which could have affected the state and changes in local toponymy. Due to the lack of source data about local names, field research turned out to be necessary. 47 interviews were conducted (30 in Chełmsko Śląskie and 17 in Racławiczki), with respondents chosen with the method of purposive sampling. As a result a set of 150 local names (40 in Chełmsko Śląskie and over 100 in Racławiczki) was assembled, which in most regards can be treated as complete. The article discusses changes in local toponymy, accounting for historie, landscape and social condi-tions. It points out variety of toponymic spaces which can overlap or exist separately and independently, sometimes at the same location. Analyzed local names carry various funetions. Most important funetions are: descriptive, sociological, factographic. It seems that in most cases local names serve as 'geographic markers'. Most intensiveness unanimously agree that perspectives of development of toponyms are not optimistic. Therefore it is even more important to preserve or at least archive local names.

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Ustalanie i wdrażanie nazw obiektów fizjograficznych na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Gołaski J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2008

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T. 40, nr 1

46-53

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przebieg i wyniki ustalania nazw obiektów fizjograficznych w języku polskim na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych, które po 1945 r. znalazły się w granicach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.

EN

Physiographical objects in the Western and Northern territories, which became a part of the Republic of Poland in 1945, were given Polish names by the Commission for the Establishment of Names of Settlements and Physiographical Objects working at the Ministry of Public Administration. The dissolving of the Ministry in 1949, uncertain political situation and moving of the Commission to the Ministry Council Office slowed down its activities, which were finalized only in 1958. Implementation of new names was obstructed because of delays in publication, limited access to maps with new names, spontaneous names created by local residents and misunderstandings linked to the hasty publication of the preliminary results of Commission's work as a dictionary of geographical names of Western and Northern Poland. Because of these difficulties the main objective of the Commission, which was to recreate the original Polish and Slavonic toponyms, had not been fully achieved. In many cases spontaneous names introduced by local population overwhelmed the official names, and attempts to force them were met with strong resistance of not only residents but also local authority. Therefore the second Commission, which was founded in 1978 changed its mode of operation and started to accept the customary names. Also it supported only such attempts to change the name which were endorsed by the local population. This approach ensured good functionality of names in everyday communication, but did not account for their function as a medium of cultural values contained in them and in their linguistic substance.