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1

Cartographic sources as a base of knowledge about land use in selected areas in the north-western Poland

Ławniczak Radzym, Kubiak Jarosław

Polish Cartographical Review

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2022

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Vol. 54, No. 1

143--157

EN

The aim of the research was to analyse land use changes and to develop a coherent base on the basis of available cartographic source materials – archival and contemporary topographic maps and spatial databases. The presented research is a continuation of works related to the cartographic visualization of changes in the distribution of the settlement network in the Noteć Forest – one of the largest forest complexes in Poland. The analysis was performed for nine villages together with their immediate surroundings, located in this area. The total surface area of lands covered by the study was 32,468 km2 . Cartographic source materials were collected for selected areas. The archival maps were georeferenced and then digitized. In this way, the data has been transformed into a homogeneous system enabling further comparisons and analyses in an automated manner. Geodetic software (C-Geo), GIS (MapInfo, QGIS) and GNSS technology were used in the work. Cartographic sources can be successfully used for spatial analyses and environmental studies, providing reliable and available quantitative data. This type of research is important because it shows the changes taking place in the natural environment and can be used in works related to spatial planning, landscape ecology and social research.

2

Contemporary status of topographic mapping in Ukraine

Sossa Rostyslav

Polish Cartographical Review

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2021

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Vol. 53. No. 1

1--12

EN

The fundamentals and contemporary status of topographic mapping of Ukraine’s territory has been studied. Prior to declaration of Ukraine’s independence, its territory was covered with 1:10,000 to 1:1,000,000 scale topographic maps made by sub-divisions of the Chief Department of Geodesy and Cartography affiliated with the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GUGK USSR) and sub-divisions of the Military Topographic Service (MTS) of the USSR Armed Forces. Topographic mapping related cooperation between these institutions has been described. Topographic study of Ukraine’s territory as at 1991 has been subject to close analysis, with due consideration of the coordinate systems used for topographic maps. During the first years after Ukraine’s independence declaration topographic maps in Ukraine were made according to the previously effective Soviet instructions in the 1942 coordinate systems and 1977 Baltic height system. Since mid 1990s, Ukraine enjoyed transition from analog technology of making topographic maps to digital one. The contemporary legal and statutory support of topographic mapping in Ukraine has been studied; the implementation since 1 January 2007 of the UCS-2000 national geodetic reference coordinate system and the height system measurement works have been analyzed. Focus has been made on obsolescence of information of contemporary topographic maps and on extensive deprivation of secrecy for topographic maps in 2000s. Critical for the development of topographic mapping in Ukraine is now the Law of Ukraine “On National Geospatial Data Infrastructure” adopted in 2020. The Topographic Service of the Armed Forces (TS AF) of Ukraine carried out big scopes of works to update the topographic maps related to Russia’s military operations against Ukraine.

3

The authorship of the Second Military Survey of Galicia and Austrian Silesia at the scale 1:28,800 and the consistency of sheet content based on selected examples

Ostafin Krzysztof, Kaim Dominik, Troll Mateusz, Maciejowski Wojciech

Polish Cartographical Review

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2020

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Vol. 52, No. 4

141--151

EN

The aim of this article is to expand the understanding of the history of cartography of the lands of southern Poland under Austrian rule in the nineteenth century. The Austrian Second Military Survey, at the scale 1:28,800, was produced for the province of Galicia between 1861 and 1864 and for Austrian Silesia between 1838 and 1841. In Galicia, work on 413 sheets was led by thirteen cartographers, and the content and descriptions were prepared by 106 cartographic technicians. On the 42 sheets of the Silesia maps, two directors and 11 technicians were recorded. The military cartographers who prepared the survey of the two provinces belonged to 71 multinational units of the army of the Austrian Empire. Work with nineteenth-century maps is fraught with uncertainty about the consistency of the series, which may be reflected in the content of the maps. The consistency of map content was tested on sheets covering the Polish Carpathians for two types of features: linear (roads) and area (forests). Expanding the understanding of these maps may contribute to reducing uncertainty in their use for various environmental and socio-economic analyses.

4

Presentation of build-up areas on topographic maps of selected European countries

Ostrowski Wiesław, Dukaczewski Dariusz, Markowska Anna

Polish Cartographical Review

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2019

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Vol. 51, No. 1

5--18

EN

The authors present a comparative analysis of presentation of build-up areas with conventional symbols on 60 civil European topographic maps. The above-mentioned maps are in different scales, from 1:10,000 to 1:100,000, and have been published in nineteen European countries and the autonomous community of Catalonia. The analysis has proved that the scope of characteristics of build-up areas presented on the analysed maps was very diverse, from qualitative and quantitative point of view (e.g. there were between 2 and 25 different categories on 1:10,000 maps). The 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 maps generally contain more information on the characteristics of build-up areas than 1:25,000 maps. The characteristics themselves are also very diversified (e.g. only 6 of them appear on more than half of the analysed maps – most often churches). Polish maps stand out due to the fact that they contain particularly rich and consistent representation of both physiognomic characteristics and general functional characteristics of buildings and build-up areas at all the analysed scales.

5

Comparative analysis of a characterization of the built-up area and settlement network on Polish topographic maps from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries

Ostrowski W., Karsznia I., Panecki T.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 2

73--86

EN

Built-up area is a particularly important element of the content of topographic maps. Its presentation changes significantly when map scales are reduced, due to both conceptual and graphic generalization. What is more, historically, changes in the depiction of built-up area were consequences of changes in the intended use of topographic maps, development of technology and changes in the cultural landscape, of which the built-up area is an important component.1 The authors describe the method of presentation of built-up areas on six Polish topographic maps or series of maps. The above-mentioned maps include the following: – Topograficzna Karta Królestwa Polskiego (Topographic Map of the Polish Kingdom) at the scale of 1:126,000 developed in 1822–1843; – topographic maps of the Polish Military Geographical Institute (MGI) at the scales of 1:25,000 and 1:100,000, published in 1930s; – a series of military maps (or military-civilian maps) at the scales of 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, developed in 1956–1989, in accordance with the instruction for developing Soviet maps; – a series of civilian maps at the scales of 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 developed after 1995. The basis for a quantitative comparison of the content of the maps was the number of categories of objects (identifications) which constitute part of built-up area and are presented on individual maps as symbols, as well as the number of characteristics represented by these symbols. These characteristics are divided into two basic types: functional characteristics and physiognomic characteristics. The analysis shows that military maps issued after the Second World War differ from the civilian maps, as they contain a much larger share of physiognomic characteristics, which is caused mainly from the fact that the vast majority of military maps distinguish between wooden and brick buildings. This difference was to large extent already noticeable among the oldest of the analysed maps – the Quartermaster’s Map and nineteenth-century Russian maps, which were partly modelled on the Quartermaster’s Map, and later also Soviet maps. Due to political reasons, the model of these Soviet maps was later adopted for the development of post-war Polish military maps. Out of all maps drawn up by military services, the inter-war MGI map serves special attention, as it was modelled on German maps. The main difference between military and civilian maps is foremost the fact that civilian maps include more functional characteristics of buildings and take into consideration new physiognomic characteristics related to residential development (compact, dense, multifamily dwellings, single family dwellings). The analysed maps include not only the characteristics of buildings and built-up area, but also information on the features of the town – population size, number of village houses and the administrative function.

6

Ideogramy rekonstrukcji i wirtualne modele przestrzenne tworzone na bazie historycznych map topograficznych w badaniach zabytkowych zespołów rezydencjonalno-ogrodowych

Urbański P., Walerzak M., Wilkaniec A., Rosada A.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2017

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T. 45

151--167

PL

W badaniach historycznej zieleni komponowanej wykorzystywane są różne techniki komputerowe, między innymi tworzenie ideogramów rekonstrukcji oraz wirtualnych modeli przestrzennych. Wykonywane są one na podstawie historycznych materiałów kartograficznych, wśród których na szczególną uwagę zasługują mapy pruskie Urmesstischblätter i Messtischblatter, dostarczające niezwykle cennych i niejednokrotnie trudno dostępnych informacji dotyczących układu kompozycji przestrzennej. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady postępowania na wybranych obiektach badań. Tworzenie tego typu opracowań jest niezwykle przydatne w procesie badań, analiz i dokumentacji historycznego stanu obiektów zabytkowych, a także jest istotnym materiałem do dalszych analiz związanych z rewaloryzacją i kreacją krajobrazu kulturowego.

EN

In the research on historic, composed green areas various computer technologies are applied, including among others reconstruction ideograms and virtual spatial models. They are created on the basis of historical cartographic materials, among which Prussian maps Urmesstichblatts and Messtischblatts deserve special attention as they provide extraordinarily useful and often otherwise unavailable information concerning the system of spatial composition. The article presents a method of procedure on the example of selected research objects. Such studies are extremely useful in the process of research, analyses and documentation of the authentic state of historical sites. Moreover, they provide a significant material for further analyses concerning revalorisation and creation of the cultural landscape.

7

Dwie najnowsze generacje podstawowej mapy topograficznej Polski

Głażewski A.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2017

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Vol. 29

85--99

PL

W badaniach wyróżniono zasadnicze generacje podstawowej mapy topograficznej Polski, z których dwie najnowsze poddano analizie ze względu na technologię i zasady opracowania, źródła danych, zakres treści, czy też sposób udostępnienia. Generacje te wskazują na kolejne etapy postępu technologicznego i rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego kraju. Mapa podstawowa oznacza mapę w największej skali, która w poprzednich, analogowych generacjach była podstawowym źródłem danych dla opracowań w skalach mniejszych, a obecnie jest najbardziej szczegółową urzędową mapą topograficzną, jednym z tzw. standardowych opracowań kartograficznych. Poszczególne edycje polskich map topograficznych, związane z przyjętymi zasadami redakcji i opracowania, wydanymi najczęściej w postaci dokumentacji technicznej opracowania mapy (np. instrukcji czy wytycznych technicznych), pogrupowano w cztery generacje map. Dwie pierwsze z nich - mapy Wojskowego Instytutu Geograficznego oraz mapy okresu PRL - nie będą tu przedmiotem zainteresowania. Dwie kolejne generacje (trzecia i czwarta), określone w tytule jako najnowsze, obejmują: generację map topograficznych opracowanych w technologii analogowej z lat 90. XX w., obejmującą mapy w 2 skalach (1:10000 oraz 1:50000), łącznie 3 edycje map oraz współczesną generację map topograficznych, opracowanych w technologii cyfrowej, na podstawie baz danych topograficznych, obejmującą dotychczas (lipiec 2017) łącznie 2 edycje mapy w skali 1:10000 (mapy podstawowej). Pierwsza z wyróżnionych generacji obejmuje dwie edycje mapy podstawowej: mapę opracowaną wedug instrukcji technicznej z r. 1994 (Zasady redakcji mapy topograficznej w skali 1:10000, GUGiK, 1994) oraz mapę topograficzną opracowaną wg instrukcji technicznej z r. 1999 (GUGiK, 1999). Druga - najnowsza generacja obejmuje także dwie edycje mapy podstawowej, obydwie opracowane w technologii cyfrowej: mapę topograficzną w standardzie TBD, opracowywaną na podstawie Wytycznych Technicznych Bazy Danych Topograficznych (2003, zmodyfikowane w 2008 r.) oraz współczesną mapę topograficzną Polski 1:10000, wydawaną w dwóch wersjach: zwykłej i cieniowanej, opracowaną na podstawie obecnie obowiązujących standardów technicznych (Dz.U. Zał. do nr 279, poz. 1642 z 27.12.2011) oraz najnowszych badań naukowych. (Olszewski, et al., 2013).

EN

During studies there has been distinguished generations of basic topographic map of Poland. Two the newest ones were objects of analysis. The data sources, contamination rules and technologies has been presented. These generations of maps shows us the stages of technological as well as economic and social development of Poland. Basic map means the map in the greatest scale, the most detailed governmental topographic map. Two first generations are not interesting here. These are: maps of Military Geographical Institute (pol. WIG) and maps in standards of Warsaw Pact (edited in communist era). The next generations - 3 i 4 are: G3: analog maps had been compiled in 90. of XX c. - 2 scales: 1:10,000 and 1:50,000, together 3 editions of maps; and G4: contemporary generation of topographic maps, being complied in digital environment, containing till now (2017) two editions of basic map. The third generation (G3) was including two editions of basic map: 1994 and 1999, both edited as analog printed maps. The last, fourth generation (G4) including two editions of map: map in standard 2003 (TBD) and contemporary map in standard 2011 (BDOT), is using Topographic DataBase of Poland (TBD, and its new version: BDOT) as a data source. Among these generations of maps, it's worth to point the complex scientific elaborations, often completed with set of technological rules or standard sheets of maps. The studies and its results determined directions of editions development and delivered indications for formulating of new technical standards of maps. It is now interesting in which direction these standards will be evolving, and how will the generation nr 5 of basic topographic map be presented and used.

8

Porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych ziem zaboru rosyjskiego z przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Panecki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 1

47--65

PL

Celem artykułu jest porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych z przełomu XIX i XX wieku obejmujących zabór rosyjski. Do analiz wybrano trzy mapy: rosyjską w skali 1:84 000, austriacką w skali 1:75 000 oraz niemiecką w skali 1:100 000. Do analizy wykorzystano arkusze z czterech obszarów badawczych: okolic Brześcia, Dęblina, Pińska oraz Pułtuska. Głównym etapem prac było opracowanie zestawienia legend w postaci tabeli dla poszczególnych warstw tematycznych: osadnictwa i zabudowy, sieci komunikacyjnej, obiektów sakralnych, obiektów gospodarczych i innych elementów topografii, użytkowania ziemi, wód, rzeźby terenu i granic. Założono, że mimo podobieństwa skal i materiałów źródłowych analizowane mapy cechują się różnorodnym przedstawieniem krajobrazu geohistorycznego. Osadnictwo na mapie rosyjskiej zostało przedstawione dosyć schematycznie, a na pozostałych znacznie bardziej szczegółowo. Niespójności dotyczą także sieci komunikacyjnej, użytkowania ziemi i wód, gdzie znajdują się elementy klasyfikowane na trzech mapach według zupełnie różnych kryteriów. Niekiedy na mapach austriackich i niemieckich pomijanie były pewne kategorii treści z mapy rosyjskiej, np. drogi faszynowane, drewniane kościoły czy radiostacje. Różnice te wynikają nie tylko z „wojennego” trybu opracowywania map niemieckiej i austriackiej, ale także ze świadomych ingerencji w zakres i metody ujęcia ich treści.

EN

The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austria map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.

9

The contemporary cartographic presentation of geographical names of objects lying on the border between Poland and the Czech Republic

Zych M.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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Vol. 47, No. 3

159--174

EN

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the names used on cartographic publications in Poland and the Czech Republic for transboundary geographical objects lying on the common boundary. After the analysis of the Czech and Polish topographic maps that are available on the national geoportals, maps of the divisions into natural regions, and toponymic databases (Polish the National Register of Geographical Names, and Czech Geonames - the Database of geographic names of the Czech Republic) it was established that 360 named geographic objects lie on this boundary. This number includes: 123 hydronyms (names of rivers and other streams), 224 oronyms (139 names of summits, 22 names of mountain passes, 35 names of mountain ranges and ridges, 15 names of highlands, plateaus and uplands, 7 names of mountain basins, valleys and depressions, 3 names of lowlands, and 3 names of rocks), 9 names of forests, 1 name of mountain meadow (alp), and 3 names of tracks. 212 of these objects (59%) have names in both languages – Polish and Czech, however, in 99 cases (47% of objects that have name in both Polish and Czech languages) the Polish and Czech toponyms entirely do not correspond to each other. From the remaining objects 67 (18%) have only the Czech name, and 81 (23%) only the Polish name. In some natural regions, the limits of their ranges set by the Czech and Polish geographers vary widely, for example a single region on one side of the boundary corresponds to two or more regions on other side of the boundary. In other cases illustrations of incorrectness are more sophisticated, like the river that has different course according to the Czech or Polish maps (stream regarded as a main watercourse in one country, which has its own name, in another country is considered as a tributary one with a different name). In the summary, it should be stated that in the large part of the Polish and Czech names of the geographical objects lying on the common boundary were drawn regardless of the names used in the neighboring country.

10

The comparison of the scope of the content and classification methods on topographical maps of Polish territory annexed by Russia issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century

Panecki T.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

|

Vol. 47, No. 1

45--62

EN

The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austrian map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.

11

Codziennie aktualna

Tomiczak E.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2015

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nr 5

30--33

12

Zmiany znaków na XX-wiecznych mapach topograficznych w skali 1:100 000

Kuna J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

|

T. 46, nr 1

47--61

PL

Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia zmian zakresu treści wybranych XX-wiecznych map topograficznych w skali 1:100 000 obejmujących Lublin oraz zmian formy graficznej znaków z uwzględnieniem różnic semantycznych i stosowanych zmiennych graficznych.

EN

The 20th century was a time of change in the concept of topographic map design. The article focuses on analysis related to the influence of 20th century technological changes in the graphic form of symbols applied on topographic maps, using maps in the scale of 1:100 000 as examples. The choice of maps was dictated by availability and representativness for the 20th century Polish territory. The following maps presenting the region of Lublin and its surroundings have been analyzed: Karte des westlichen Rufllands by the Prussian Royal Geodesy Service from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, the tactical map of Poland by the Military Geographical Institute from the 1930s, a topographic map in the "GUGiK-1980" projection from the 1980s and the topographic map of Poland by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces -the tourist edition from the 1990s (fig. 1). The Prussian map from World War I was printed using lithography. The late maps by the Military Geographical Institute made in the 1930s are one of the most beautiful works of the "offset revolution". The maps by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) are the civil version of military maps which were classified as secred in the times of the People's Republic of Poland (before 1990). The map by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces was made at the time when Polish cartography was on the verge of the computerization era. During the past century, there occurred changes in both the contents of maps and its classification, as well as in the form of cartographic symbols. The ten¬dency to define notions and classify topographic objects in better detail has become clearly apparent. The most changes occurred in the methods of clas¬sification of transport contents, a little less in the remaining anthropogenic elements, and the least - in classification of natural elements. Graphic construction of symbols indirectly points to the technological process of map design and publication. Symbols on one- and two-color maps were designed differently than the symbols on multicolor maps. In the first half of 20th century, limited possibilities of color usage influenced bigger diversification of symbols' shapes and sizes. In the beginning of 20th century, image signs or image-symbolic signs constituted a large percentage of symbols applied on maps, whereas by the end of 20th century - symbolic and geometrical signs were most dominant. Therefore we witness a growing level of abstraction of maps as depictions of geographical space.

13

Problematyka efektywności przekazu kartograficznego na przykładzie map topograficznych nowej generacji

Fiedukowicz A., Głażewski A., Kowalski P. J., Olszewski R., Pillich-Kolipińska A.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

|

T. 46, nr 2

129--139

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań obejmujących wizualizację danych topograficznych BDOTIOk i ich publikację w dedykowanym serwisie internetowym. Jednym z celów projektu było określenie zbioru zasad optymalizacji wizualizacji kartograficznej i opracowanie efektywnych sposobów ich publikacji. Wykazano, iż o efektywności lub szerzej - użyteczności mapy jako środka przekazu informacji, oprócz odpowiedniego doboru danych źródłowych, decyduje również czytelność obrazu, logika systemu znaków umownych, estetyka kompozycji oraz funkcjonalność aplikacji internetowej - w przypadku tego środka dystrybucji map.

EN

One of the key challenges in the process of development of IIP (Infrastructure for Spatial Information) in Poland is the construction of a complex model of a multi-resolution database of topographic objects. Effective implementation of an MRDB-type database requires development of geographic information generalization procedures, as well as a method of visualization of spatial data compliant with classical cartographic methodology. The main assumption of contemporary approach to the edition of Polish topographic maps is a significant extension of a semi-automatic stage of generation of cartographic image from BDOTIOk (database of topographic objects) and BDOO (database of geographic objects), with graphic coherence all through the scale series. Altitude presented through contour lines and shading should also be an important element of topographic maps. To facilitate the evaluation of the process of map edition and effectiveness of the resulting cartographic presentation, three levels of visualization of spatial data have been determined. They are conditioned by the applied GIS technology and are linked to the extent of application of cartographic methodology. The first level is raw visualization, the second - auto¬matic cartographic visualization, and the third - cartographic presentation. The results of the so-defined editorial process basing on BDOT referential data are presented in the form of topographic maps of new generation and in a geo-information on-line service. An experimental geo-information service has been designed and launched; it complies with the basics of cartographic methodology and the rules of optimization of cartographic visualization, which is the basic element guaranteeing usefulness of the geo-service, such as: widespread accessibility, quality of information, graphic and cartographic quality (projection, symbolization, generalization) and ergonomics. Functionalities of the prototype of such a service are described: parallel display of topographic maps in various scales, with an option of synchronization of images and scales. The realized projects provided a wider context for the issue of effectiveness, and primarily for the selection of methods and means of cartographic presentation which would guarantee effective communication in the sense of conveying the contents, efficiency, ease of use, information reliability and general usability for the reader.

14

Pilotaż, wdrożenie i produkcja BDOT10k

Bac-Bronowicz J., Pluta P., Rutkowska G., Tomiczak E, Wałachowska M

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2014

|

nr 4

18--20

15

Mierz i zapisuj raz, używaj wiele razy

Tomiczak E.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2014

|

nr 8

20--25

16

Landscape structure changes in the Slepiotka River drainage basin in the period 1824-1993 (The Silesian Upland, Poland)

Mazurek K.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2014

|

Vol. 3, iss. 1

32--40

EN

The area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is the most important underground mining district in Poland. Coal mines, operating in the area since the eighteenth century, have contributed to massive transformations of the landscape structure. River valleys within range of intensive exploitation activities have been undergoing vast changes. The Slepiotka River drainage basin constitutes an interesting regional example of transformations in the river's watercourse as well as in its adjacent area. It is a left-hand tributary of the Klodnica River with a length of about 8.6 km. Changes in the landscape structure that occurred between 1824-1993 have been analyzed. The starting material consisted of topographical maps that were digitized and calibrated and served as a basis to create colorful compositions. The areas occupied by the different land cover types have been calculated, which allowed to determine their participation in the drainage basin. In about 169 years, significant changes took place in the area of research considering the share of different types of cover and land use. During this time, the river changed its course, both naturally and by human activities. Increasing urbanization and technological development contributed to the diametrical transformation of the landscape structure in the discussed area.

17

Polskie mapy topograficzne do użytku powszechnego – ćwierć wieku sukcesów czy niepowodzeń?

Kowalski P., Siwek J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 4

334--343

PL

W artykule zostały omówione dokonania państwowej służby geodezyjnej i kartograficznej na polu kartografii topograficznej po 1989 roku. Zwrócono uwagę na duże braki pokrycia Polski aktualnymi mapami topograficznymi do użytku powszechnego, a także na próbę poprawy stanu naszej kartografii topograficznej poprzez opracowanie dla całego kraju Georeferencyjnej Bazy Danych Obiektów Topograficznych.

EN

Twenty four years pass since the repeal of restrictions that for over 40 years impeded progress in Polish cartography, and the production of topographic maps for general use in particular. Since then, a division of topographic mapping into civilian and military branches that existed before 1898 has been maintained. The evaluation of military maps is not the subject of this article but the military’s role in broadening the choice of topographic maps for civilian users must be acknowledged. In democratic Poland, the first army-made map for general distribution was The Topographic Map of Poland at a scale of 1:200 000 published in 1990–1992 based on data current for the eighties of the 20th century. The second important undertaking was the publication in 1993–2001 of The Topographic Map of Poland at 1:100 000 with added tourist content and the data current as of the eighties and the first half of the nineties. Those two military maps are the only topographic maps of the whole country published after 1990 to meet the needs of civilian users. At the same time period, the civil cartographic service has not delivered any complete map in any scale amid several unsuccessful attempts. Efforts to develop a new concept of a topographic map of Poland at a scale of 1:10 000 began in 1991, and for the 1:50 000 series in 1993. Grounding the maps’ concepts firmly on solid theoretical basis and original mathematical foundations made it possible to map the entire country in a uniform coordinate system (the “1992” system). The resulting set of rules for compiling the contents of both maps and their graphic representation was successively revised taking into account suggestions from the development teams as well as the numerous opinions of other people and institutions. The work on the 1:10 000 map concept continued until 1999. In the analog version, the map covered less than 25% of the country area (all cities and towns with their surroundings and economically important regions). In 2003 works began to design a 1:10 000 map series based on a topographic data base. As of November 2013, approximately 1400 sheets of that series have been completed with content current for the last decade. The development of the final concept for the 1:50 000 map series took 5 years and was completed in 1998. It is worth emphasizing that the 1:50 000 map is very detailed and features a new, original approach to the classification of built-up areas that employs criteria of functionality and physiognomy, not used in other maps, domestic or foreign. However, after nearly eight years (1995–2002) and after publishing 589 sheets (about 55% of the total coverage), the work on the remaining part of the series has been halted. An alternative to the unfinished map series was supposed to be a civilian version of the 1:50 000 military map (VMap L2) in the “WGS-84” coordinate system. Until 2006, the alternative map covered about ¼ of Poland, with a large proportion of the new sheets having earlier counterparts in the “1992” coordinate system. With the content up-to-datedness raging between 1993 and 2006, these maps jointly cover about 74% of the Poland’s land area. For the rest of the country, an old 1:50 000 map is available that was published from 1977 to 1982 using data current for the 1970s. An overview of source materials for the 1:50 000 series in the “1992” coordinate system indicates that many of its map sheets fail to comply with the rules and procedures established for that series. According to those instructions, an up-to-date map at 1:10 000 was to be used as the source material for compiling the maps at 1:50 000 series. However, only 45% of the total number of 1:50 000 map sheets (265) have been made exclusively on the basis of the 1:10 000 map – the source material for the remaining sheets consisted of topographic maps at 1:50 000 (as many as 252 sheets!) and 1:25 000. This puts a question mark on the reliability of over a half of the published sheets. The present state of Polish topographic maps for general use is unsatisfactory. The majority of map coverage is significantly out of date, and three map series that cover Poland at 1:50 000 are incompatible in terms of mathematical basis, content classification and graphic design. Efforts undertaken in recent years by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography give rise to hope for the improvement of Polish topographic mapping. The pace of work on the topographic database, which began at the onset of the 21st century, have accelerated considerably in 2010 thanks to the implementation of the EU INSPIRE Directive in Poland. Subsequently, a geo-referenced data base (BDOT10k) is under construction resembling in terms of accuracy and precision a 1:10 000 topographic map. The database is planned to be used for the compilation of topographic maps at scales from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. Its completion is expected in 2013.

18

Generalizacja NMT w opracowaniu metodologii reprezentacji rzeźby terenu

Bakuła K., Olszewski R., Bujak Ł., Gnat M., Kietlińska E., Stankiewicz M.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2013

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Vol. 25

19--32

PL

Artykuł prezentuje metodę generalizacji numerycznego modelu terenu dla potrzeb prezentacji rzeźby terenu na mapach topograficznych „nowej generacji”. Poprawna generalizacja numerycznego modelu terenu ma szczególnie istotne znaczenie dla zasilania systemów informacji geograficznej (GIS). Dla prowadzenia wiarygodnych analiz przestrzennych szczególnie istotne jest bowiem zachowanie rzeczywistego położenia punktów charakterystycznych kluczowych form terenu. Zdecydowano, że proces generalizacji numerycznych modeli terenu polegać będzie na generowaniu modelu o strukturze hybrydowej z najdokładniejszych danych wysokościowych dostępnych w zasobie geodezyjnym i kartograficznym, które do tego celu musiały zostać odpowiednio przygotowane. Danymi wykorzystywanymi w całym procesie były numeryczne modele terenu pozyskane technologią lotniczego skaningu laserowego w ramach systemu ISOK, a także dane fotogrametryczne z projektu LPIS. W ramach badań stworzono aplikację wykorzystującą w procesie generalizacji: ekstrakcję punktów charakterystycznych wybranymi metodami oraz punktów uzupełniających rozmieszczonych w regularnej siatce, a także ekstrakcję linii strukturalnych do utworzenia wtórnego NMT. Utworzony dla danego poziomu generalizacji model posłużył następnie do generowania warstwic w odpowiedniej skali, prezentujących rzeźbę terenu na mapach topograficznych.

EN

The paper presents the generalization methodology for data contained in digital terrain model (DTM) for the purpose of relief presentation on new topographic maps. An appropriate generalization process of digital terrain model is especially significant for geographic information systems (GIS). It is particularly important for reliable spatial analysis, therefore, to retain real position of characteristic points defining key landforms. It was decided that the proposed generalization process of digital terrain models was based on the hybrid structure of DTM generation from the most accurate height data in geodetic and cartographic resource. For this reason special application was developed which uses: an extraction of characteristic points and regularly distributed complementary points, as well as an extraction of structural lines to create a secondary DTM during generalization. The implementation of the whole process was carried out in Model Builder in ArcGIS 10. DTM created for a selected level of generalization was used then to generate contours for an appropriate scale, presenting the terrain on topographic maps. Two data source was used in presented research i.e. DTM from aerial laser scanning obtained in ISOK project and DTM created from photogrammetric data acquired in LPIS project. The proposed algorithm was tested on five areas representing different types of terrain: old glacial and young glacial landscape, low and high mountains and urban area. The results were compared for both data source. The statistical parameters were also calculated for the selected level of DTM generalization with regard to the raw data. For each test area DTM from LPIS and ISOK projects were positively generalized to hybrid structure which allowed for effective contours creation and acceptable relief representation on topographic maps in selected scale. Only few percent of initial data guaranteed appropriate cartographic accuracy in relief representation in result. As a conclusion authors indicate that full automation procedure of DTM generalization is not possible for whole Poland because of large morphometric diversity of our country. Presented research proved that achieving optimal results and satisfied cartographic accuracy can be obtained with usage of high resolution height data, exposed to the generalization algorithms, and supplemented by the current data from topographic data bases (TBD, BDOT).

19

Możliwości uzupełnienia Państwowego Rejestru Nazw Geograficznych o toponimy leśne umieszczane na wojskowych mapach topograficznych z okresu 1955-1965

Olenderek T

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2012

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T. 10, z. 5

55--60

PL

Państwowy Rejestr Nazw Geograficznych (PRNG) jest oficjalnym wykazem, zawierającym dwieście tysięcy toponimów. Wiele spośród nich opisuje obszary leśne lub obiekty związane z gospodarką leśną. Od paru lat PRNG jest systematycznie uzupełniany, dzięki czemu stał się najbardziej wartościowym źródłem informacji o nazwach geograficznych na obszarze Polski. W niniejszym artykule materiał badawczy stanowiły wojskowe mapy topograficzne 1:25000 oraz 1:50000 wydawane w okresie PRL. Analizowano, w jakim stopniu mogą stanowić one materiał uzupełniający PRNG w zakresie nazw obszarów leśnych. Poszukiwania wybranych kategorii toponimów objęły 480 arkuszy mapy 1:25000 i odpowiadające im 120 arkuszy mapy 1:50000 z obszaru Mazowsza. Okazało się, że rozmieszczenie toponimów leśnych w PRNG oraz na badanych mapach nie jest równomierne. Chociaż PRNG zawiera znacznie więcej toponimów leśnych, to nie uwzględniono w nim aż 60% nazw przedstawionych na mapach wojskowych. Potwierdzono ponadto, że jako materiał badawczy lepiej wykorzystywać mapę 1:25000, gdyż nazwy obszarów leśnych na mapie 1:50000 są bardzo zgeneralizowane.

EN

The Polish National Register of Geographical Names (PRNG) contains two hundred thousands of toponyms. Many of them describe forested areas or objects associated with silviculture. For several years, PRNG was regularly complemented and thus became the most valuable source of geographic names information on the Polish territory. The military topographic maps of 1:25000 and 1:50000 published in the period 1945-1989 were used as a research material for this paper. The possibilities of using these maps as supplementary material for PRNG with regard to the names of forest areas were analyzed. The search of selected categories of toponyms included 480 sheets of 1:25000 maps and corresponding 120 sheets of 1:50000 maps of the Mazowsze region. It was found that the location of forest toponyms in PRNG and on the studied maps is uneven. The PRNG contains significantly more forest toponyms, but it does not include as much as 60% of names shown on military maps. Moreover, the map of 1:25000 is a better research material, as the names of forest areas on the 1:50000 maps are very generalized.

20

Możliwości prezentacji rozwoju miast w wersji drukowanej i cyfrowej na przykładzie Historyczno-topograficznego atlasu miast śląskich

Gierczak D.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2012

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T. 44, nr 2

120-129

PL

Rozwój Internetu stał się poważnym wyzwaniem dla wydawców i autorów publikacji drukowanych. Jednak pomimo obaw związanych z tym nowym medium oraz z przyszłością druku, istnieją możliwości wykorzystania obydwu form edycji, które poprzez odpowiednie dopasowanie treści do danego medium zwiększają atrakcyjność produktu. Przykładem takiej hybrydowej publikacji jest Historyczno-topograficzny atlas miast śląskich, którego wydanie drukowane zawiera obszerniejsze teksty o rozwoju poszczególnych miast w okresie od początków XIX w. po teraźniejszość z przypisami i bibliografią oraz edycję map topograficznych w jednolitej skali 1:25 000. Wersja internetowa natomiast oferuje dodatkowe, multimedialne możliwości wizualizacji rozwoju prezentowanych miejscowości.

EN

Despite a still widespread scepticism, digital publishing has become a common way to distribute a quite different range of publications. It is getting more and more important, especially in the academic world. Therefore, the present paper discusses the option of hybrid publishing which is a particular interesting option for historical atlases as it is shown by the Historical-Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns. The atlas displays the spatial developments of 34 selected Silesian towns from the beginning of industrialization in the 19th century until present times. Each issue of the atlas contains a wide range of topographic maps (standard scale of 1:25 000), starting with the Prussian Urmesstischblatter from the early 19th century to modern Polish and Czech maps, as well as the German orthoimages and aerial photographs. These unique aerial photographs which had been taken by the German Luftwaffe during the final period of World War II were often the last images of urban landscapes of Silesia before the heavy war damages occurred. The Internet version of the atlas is an interactive linking of maps, images, texts and film sources on urban history of the chosen cities. After loading the application and the dynamic introduction, there initially follows a town overview. The switchable legend on the main map shows the border movements of Silesia during the assessment period. The shifting of borders formed the most significant caesuras for urban development in Silesia, particularly in the 20th century. An additional information part provides different texts on the concept of this collaborative project. After clicking on a town in the overview map, a time-line appears which is used to visualize the spatial development of the respective settlement of the town using maps, aerial images and a 3D trailer. 'Additional materials' contain further graphic views, town maps, photographs, and films which also provide an image of the town, whilst the description offers informative texts on its respective development phase. In comparison with the print issue of the atlas, the texts are abridged and adapted to the graphic materials which are used in the digital version. The completion of the survey of the spatial development of each town is depicted by the growth phases maps. In the digital version of the Historical-Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns they build one animated map, which brings together the spatial and temporal developments described in the textual contributions. In parallel with the interactive online version, the research results will be published in the form of individual bilingual volumes for each town. In addition to the complete texts on the development of the respective towns written by an international team of authors and the edited maps at a scale of 1:25 000, these also include an extensive bibliography. So far the two volumes Gorlitz/Zgorzelec (2010) and Opole/Oppeln (2011) have been published.