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1

Effect of Post Cast Heat Treatment on Cu20wt.%Sn on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Slamet S., Suyitno S., Indraswari Kusumaningtyas I. K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, iss. 4

87--92

EN

Casting is one method of making metal components that are widely used in industry and up to date. The sand casting method is used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, and low cost. In addition, the casting method can produce cast products in various sizes and is well-suited for mass production. However, the disadvantage of casting, especially gravity casting, is that it has poor physical and mechanical properties. Tin bronze Cu20%wt.Sn is melted in a furnace, then poured at a temperature of 1100°C into a sand mold. The cast product is a rod with 400 mm in length, 10 mm in thickness, and 10 mm in width. The heat treatment mechanism is carried out by reheating the cast specimen at a temperature of 650°C, holding it for 4 hours, and then rapid cooling. The specimens were observed microstructure, density, and mechanical properties include tensile strength and bending strength. The results showed that there was a phase change from α + δ to α + β phase, an increase in density as a result of a decrease in porosity and a coarse grain to a fine grain. In addition, the tensile strength and bending strength of the Cu20wt.%Sn alloy were increased and resulted in a more ductile alloy through post-cast heat treatment.

2

Preparation and Microstructure Evolution of Continuous Unidirectional Solidification Tin Bronze Alloy at Different Continuous Casting Speed

Luo Jihui

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 2

118--122

EN

The mold temperature of the downward continuous unidirectional solidification (CUS) cannot be controlled higher than the liquidus of alloys to be cast. Therefore, the continuous casting speed becomes the main parameter for controlling the growth of columnar crystal structure of the alloy. In this paper, the tin bronze alloy was prepared by the downward CUS process. The microstructure evolution of the CUS tin bronze alloy at different continuous casting speeds was analysed. In order to further explain the columnar crystal evolution, a relation between the growth rate of columnar crystal and the continuous casting speed during the CUS process was built. The results show that the CUS tin bronze alloy mainly consists of columnar crystals and equiaxed crystals when the casting speed is low. As the continuous casting speed increases, the equiaxed crystals begin to disappear. The diameter of the columnar crystal increases with the continuous casting speed increasing and the number of columnar crystal decreases. The growth rate of columnar crystal increases with increasing of the continuous casting speed during CUS tin bronze alloy process.

3

Assessment of Impact of Nickel Additions on Tin Bronzes

Kozana J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Piękoś M., Czekaj J., Perek-Nowak M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 1

53--60

EN

High prices of tin and its limited resources, as well as several valuable properties characterising Cu-Sn alloys, cause searching for materials of similar or better properties at lower production costs. The influence of various nickel additions to CuSn10 casting bronze and to CuSn8 bronze of a decreased tin content was tested. Investigations comprised melting processes and casting of tin bronzes containing various nickel additions (up to 5%). The applied variable conditions of solidification and cooling of castings (metal and ceramic moulds) allowed to assess these alloys sensitivity in forming macro and microstructures. In order to determine the direction of changes in the analysed Cu-Sn-Ni alloys, the metallographic and strength tests were performed. In addition, the solidification character was analysed on the basis of the thermal analysis tests. The obtained results indicated the influence of nickel in the solidification and cooling ways of the analysed alloys (significantly increased temperatures of the solidification beginning along with increased nickel fractions in Cu-Sn alloys) as well as in the microstructure pattern (clearly visible grain size changes). The hardness and tensile strength values were also changed. It was found, that decreasing of the tin content in the analysed bronzes to which approximately 3% of nickel was added, was possible, while maintaining the same ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness (HB) and improved plasticity (A5).

4

Analysis of a Castings Quality and Metalworking Technology. Treasure of the Bronze Age Axes

Garbacz-Klempka A., Kaczmarek Ł., Kwak Z., Kozana J., Piękoś M., Perek-Nowak M., Długosz P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 3

179--285

EN

Cast axes are one of the most numerous categories of bronze products from earlier phases of the Bronze Age found in Poland. They had multiple applications since they were not only used objects such as tools or weapons but also played the prestigious and cult roles. Investigations of the selected axes from the bronze products treasure of the Bronze Age, found in the territory of Poland, are presented in the hereby paper. The holder of these findings is the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Metallurgical investigations of axes with bushing were performed in respect of the casting technology and quality of obtained castings. Macroscopic observations allowed to document the remains of the gating system and to assess the range and kind of casting defects. Light microscopy revealed the microstructure character of these relicts. The chemical composition was determined by means of the X-ray fluorescence method with energy dispersion (ED-XRF) and by the scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion analysis in micro-areas (SEM-EDS). The shape and dimensions of cores, reproducing inner parts of axes were identified on the basis of the X-ray tomography images. Studies reconstructed production technology of the mould with gating system, determined chemical composition of the applied alloys and casting structures as well as revealed the casting defects being the result of construction and usage of moulds and cores.

5

Influence of Tin Bronze Melting and Pouring Parameters on Its Properties and Bells’ Tone

Bartocha D., Baron C.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 4

17--22

EN

The most important feature of bells is their sound. Its clarity and beauty depend, first of all, on the bell’s geometry - particularly the shape of its profile, but also on the quality of alloy used to its cast. Hence, if the melting and pouring parameters could influence the alloy’s properties, what influence they would have on the frequencies of bell’s tone. In the article authors present their own approaches to find answers on that and more questions.

6

Wpływ liczby warstw i sposobu obróbki ubytkowej na twardość napoin z brązu

Góral T., Skorupa A.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2015

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R. 87, nr 3

25--29

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ liczby warstw z brązu oraz sposobu i rodzaju obróbki ubytkowej na twardość napoiny. Badano warstwy z brązu cynowego ułożone na podłożu ze stali 45. Do nałożenia napoin użyto metody MIG. Wyznaczano twardość dla napoin jedno- i dwuwarstwowych oraz porównywano ją z twardością próbki wykonanej z brązu o tym samym składzie chemicznym i obrabianą w taki sam sposób, a także z danymi dostarczonymi przez producenta drutu elektrodowego. Wyniki wskazują na wpływ zarówno liczby warstw, jak i sposobu i rodzaju obróbki na twardość napoin.

EN

This article presents the influence of the number of layers and the method of machining on properties of bronze padding welds deposited on steel 45 with MIG method. As a coating material applied tin bronze. The hardness was determined for the single and double-layer of padding welds. Properties of obtained padding welds was compared with properties of filler material. The results show the influence of both the number of layers, as well as the method and type of treatment on the hardness of the padding welds.

7

Modyfikacja brązu cynowego CuSn10 cyrkonem

Modrzyński A., Hajkowski M., Grześkowiak K.

Archiwum Technologii Maszyn i Automatyzacji

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2009

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Vol. 29, nr 1

39-49

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań modyfikacji brązu cynowego CuSnlO za pomocą zaprawy CuZr33. Badania wytrzymałościowe oraz analiza struktury potwierdziły skuteczność zabiegu modyfikacji cyrkonem stopu technicznego BIO (gąski brązu BIO). Analiza zabiegów modyfikacji brązu CuSnlO z użyciem różnych ilości modyfikatora pozwoliła na określenie optymalnej zawartości cyrkonu w stopie. Zawartość 0,13% masy modyfikatora (Zr) w stopie pozwala na osiągnięcie najwyższej wytrzymałości i gęstości stopu CuSnlO. Badania struktury potwierdziły, że zawartość 0,13% Zr w stopie CuSnlO spowodowała największe jej rozdrobnienie i najmniejszą wartość DAS.

EN

This paper presents the results of investigations carried out of the tin bronze CuSn 10 modification process by additions of CuZr33 alloys. The results of mechanical properties testing and micro-structure analysis investigations show that the process of modification of tin bronze CuSn1O by zirconium is very effective. The analysis of effectiveness of modification process enabled to deermine optimal final Zr content is tested alloy. The zirconium content on the level of 0,13% Zr enabled to receive the highest strength and density of CuSnlO alloy. The investigation of micro-structure of testing melts let us prove that addition 0,13% of zirconium to CuSn1O alloys casting let to receive the highest comminute of microstructure and smallest value of DAS.

8

Usuwanie wodoru z brązów cynowych metodami rafinacji gazowej i chemicznej

Łągiewka M., Konopka Z., Nadolski M.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2008

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Vol. 75, nr 7

375-378

PL

Celem pracy była ocena efektywności usuwania wodoru z brązu cynowego B10 metodą przedmuchiwania kąpieli argonem oraz metodą żużlową polegającą na wprowadzeniu do kąpieli soli rafinującej Ecosal Cu 440. Efektywność rafinacji określano przez pomiar gęstości i wyznaczanie porowatości odlewów oraz ocenę jakościową powierzchni i struktury. Wyniki rafinacji przetapianych złomów porównano z jakością odlewów wykonanych z gąski. Wykonano odlewy wałków o średnicy 15 mm w formie metalowej wygrzanej do temperatury 300 °C. Wszystkie odlewy odlewano ze stałej temperatury 1050 °C. Stwierdzono wysoką efektywność rafinacji stopu metodą żużlową, która pozwoliła otrzymać wynik porowatości porównywalny z niską porowatością odlewów wykonanych z przetopu gąski. Rafinacja metodą przedmuchiwania nie dała zadowalających wyników, a porowatość odlewów była tylko nieco niższa od wysokiej porowatości odlewów z przetopu złomu nierafinowanego. Wyniki te zostały potwierdzone obserwacją struktury badanego stopu, gdzie oddziaływanie soli rafinującej w znacznym stopniu przywróciło prawidłową strukturę porównywalną ze strukturą stopu z gąski.

EN

The work has been intended to assess the effectiveness of elimination of hydrogen from the B10 tin bronze by two methods: blowing the melt with argon and slag forming, the last relying on the introduction of the Ecosal Cu 440 refining salt into the melt. The refining effectiveness has been determined by measuring density and porosity of castings and by assessing the quality of their surfaces and structures. Castings made of the re-melted scrap material have been compared with those made of a melted pig. Cylindrical specimens of 15 mm diameter have been cast in metal mould heated to the temperature of 300 °C All castings have been produced at constant pouring temperature of 1050 °C. A high effectiveness of the alloy refining by slag method has been ascertained, as the achieved porosity has been comparable with the low porosity of castings made directly of a melted pig. Refining by the blowing method has not given satisfactory results, and the porosity of casting has been found only a little less than the high porosity of the castings produced from the not refined scrap. These results has been confirmed by examination of the structure of castings, which has revealed that the influence of refining salt restored to the significant degree the proper structure comparable with the structure of the alloy cast of a pig.

9

Zastosowanie symulacji krzepnięcia do określenia zdolności do zasilania brązów cynowych

Swadowski J., Wilk M.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 18/1

227--232

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wykorzystania komputerowej analizy krzepnięcia do oszacowania zdolności do zasilania brązów wysokocynowych, stosowanych w ludwisarstwie. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w celu wstępnego rozpoznania tego tworzywa przed dokonaniem prób, mających na celu opracowanie nowej technologii, gwarantującej zapewnienie wysokich własności akustycznych dzwonów.

EN

Results of the computer solidification analysis application to high-tin bronze feeding ability assessment, used in the bells technology, were shown in the paper. Research were conducted in order to the preliminary recognition of this alloy before the main examination, which will be used to creating a new technology ensuring high acoustic properties of bells.

10

Súvislosti medzi metalurgicko-technologickými parametrami a kvalitou odliatkov z cínových bronzov

Bobok L'., Lukáč I., Schützová D., Lenárthová J.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 18/1

239--244

CS

Tento príspevok je venovaný analýze niektorých chýb vyrábaných odliatkov z cínových bronzov a príčinných súvislostí ich vzniku, v záujme zvýšenia kvality výroby.

EN

Almost every fault is result of various reasons, so characteristics of possible effects on the quality of castings is not easy and many times unambiguous. The contribution deals with connections between metallurgical-technological parameters and quality of tin bronze castings.

11

Modyfikowanie stopu CuSn10

Górny Z., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Połcik H.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 18/1

233--238

PL

Badano - w ramach prób wyrywkowych – modyfikowanie stopu CuSn10 przy pomocy wapnia, uzyskując znaczące wartości właściwości plastycznych (A5, Z) – przy zadawalających wytrzymałościowych (Rm) i nieco niższych od wymagań normy PN-EN-1982 (XI 1988) wartościach R0,2.

EN

In random tests the modification of CuSn10 alloy with calcium was investigated. High plastic properties (A5, Z) were obtained with satisfactory tensile strength (Rm) and limit of proportionality (R0.2) slightly inferior to the values specified by the Polish Standard PN-EN-1982 (XI 1988).

12

Ocena struktury materiałów spiekanych z udziałem fazy ciekłej.

Frydrych H., Sowa M., Olszewska I., Goleń R.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne

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1998

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R. 43, nr 9

444-449

PL

W ramach pracy badano wpływ temperatury i czasu spiekania na własności i strukturę spieków żelaza z dodatkiem 20% brązu cynowego B10. Spiekanie prowadzono w zakresie temperatur 800-1050 stopni Celsjusza, w atmosferze wodoru, stosując czasy od 15 do 240 minut. Mierzono: gęstość, twardość i wytrzymałość na zginanie uzyskanych spieków. Wykonano też badania mikroskopowe oraz określono udział objętościowy brązu znajdującego się pomiędzy ziarnami żelaza V V do B, powierzchnię względną granic brąz-żelazo SV do B i powierzchnię właściwą ziarn brązu SV(V V do B). Ustalono, że najkorzystniejszą temperaturą spiekania dla badanego brązu jest 950 stopni Celsjusza.

EN

The influence of temperature and of sintering time on the properties and structure of the iron sinters with addition of 20% tin bronze B10 was studied. Sintering lasted 15 to 240 minutes in the temperature-range 800-1050 degrees centigrade, in the atmosphere of hydrogen. The specific gravity, hardness and bending-resistance of the sinters were measured. There were also realized microscopic studies and defined volumetric participation of the bronze between the iron-granules V to the B, the relative surface of the adjacent bronze-iron SV to the B and specific surface of the bronze-granules SV(VV to the B). It was stated that the most advantageous sintering temperature for the studied bronze is 950 degrees centigrade.