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EN
Automating the tasks that require manpower has been considered as an area of active research in science and technology. Challenges in designing such systems include accuracy in the parameters of performance, minimal hardware, cost-efficiency, and security. The efficiency of drones designed for replacing humans is often evaluated using their weight, flying time, and power consumption. Herein, the prototypebased Drone model has been designed and discussed for horticulture applications. In this model, a horticulture drone has been designed for structuring and cutting of plants in street interstates. This methodology focuses on automation engineering that is utilized for cutting the plants in less time and less power, thereby diminishing the contamination that may happen by utilizing fuels. The epic part of this plan includes the less weight drone predesigned using Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) V5 Software. The throttle for the motors is adjusted at 50% to get the required thrust for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to fly. Experimental results show that the horticulture drone has comparatively more flying time and less power consumption.
EN
The conditions of air flow in the intake determine power generated by the engine to a large extent. The biggest resistances in flow of the air sucked or pumped into the engine are generated by the throttle, which is at the same time the main component which allows for regulation of engine power. For the purpose of research conducted in this work, time density of engine work points in analyzed velocity profiles was determined with the use of Engine Road Load Simulator. Thanks to the knowledge of time velocity, it was possible to determine throttle positions at which the engine operates most frequently. With the use of image analysis methods, obtained parameters were experimentally researched, considering flow disturbances which are the effect of air flow through the throttle and uneven air distribution in the intake manifold of a four-cylinder engine.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowy, prototypowy mikrokontrolerowy system testowy do badania i testowania układów regulacji położenia przepustnicy stosowanych w robotach i pojazdach. System zaprojektowano tak, aby umożliwiał wyznaczanie wybranych (statycznych i dynamicznych) charakterystyk badanego/testowanego układu regulacji. Przedstawiono założenia budowy i działania systemu testującego oraz omówiono realizowane przez system funkcje, a także możliwości rozbudowy. Zaprezentowano niektóre rozwiązania dostosowujące system do potrzeb badania układów regulacji położenia przepustnicy, które pozwalają na badanie specyficznych właściwości układów regulacji. Przedstawiono wyniki testów układu regulacji położenia przepustnicy z prototypowym sterownikiem oraz przedstawiono uzyskiwane, za pomocą systemu, charakterystyki całego układu regulacji.
EN
This paper presents a new prototype microcontroller test system for testing and test control systems used in the throttle position and vehicle works. The system is designed to allow determination of selected (static and dynamic) characteristics of the test/test control system. The assumptions of the construction and operation of the test system and discusses the functions performed by the system, as well as scalability. The article presents some solutions to adapt the system to the needs of the study throttle position control systems that allow the study of specific properties of the control systems. The results of the tests provided for adjusting the position of the prototypethrottle controller and presents obtained by means of the system, the characteristics of the entire control system, were presented.
EN
The goal of the current paper is to investigate inner flow behavior on stall inception in a transonic compressor rotor. The stall inception process is numerically carried out by unsteady 3-D simulations based on the throttle model. The current study shows that stall starts from the tip of the blade, and stall cell extends to the axial, circumferential and radial directions. Through the comparison of flow transition characteristics at different flow rate conditions, the interface between the incoming flow and tip clearance flow shifts forward to the upstream as the mass flow decreases. Eventually, the shock detaches from the blade leading edge, and tip clearance flow spills into the adjacent blade passage, thus stall happens in the affected blade passages.
EN
The results of the research to substantiate the possibility and feasibility of raising the pneumatic spring suspension system for realization of efficient damping of vibrations of vehicle bodies, which are equipped with such a suspension, are presented. The influence of parameters of system components of the pneumatic spring suspension and gas-thermal and dynamic phenomena in it on the damping factor of vibrations and the development of the amplitudes of the vibrations in laminar and turbulent mode of the air flow through the orifice that connects the air spring and the additional reservoir was revealed. The dependence of the damping coefficient on the cross-section of the throttle orifice and the capacity of the additional reservoir in both modes of the air flow through the throttle was investigated. It was offered to take into account the "active" capacity of the air spring. It was also grounded the influence of natural frequency and density of the air on the damping ratio, which significantly improved the mathematical model that describes vibrations of boogie parts of vehicles on air springs. An example of calculations of the coefficient of damping of the pneumatic spring suspension for the vehicle was given. It is proved that the pneumatic spring suspension allows you to abandon hydraulic or other vibrations dampers completely by proper choosing of its parameters.
EN
This paper presents a universal throttle steering device which can be used in different SI engines without using his original steering system. Steering of three different electric throttle system were discussed and analysed.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję, założenia konstrukcyjne układu oraz budowę urządzenia służącego do regulacji położenia przepustnicy z aktuatorem elektrycznym. Jest to specyficzne urządzenie przeznaczone do sterowania przepustnicami systemów ETC (ale bez używania ich własnych sterowników) lub do automatyzacji sterowania silnikami ZI z przepustnicą sterowaną mechanicznie z wykorzystaniem dodatkowego aktuatora elektrycznego. Przewiduje się zastosowanie tego urządzenia w tuningu niektórych silników wyposażonych w ETC oraz do testów i badań, w których wymagane jest ustalenie położenia konwencjonalnej przepustnicy za pomocą sygnału elektrycznego (napięciowego lub prądowego). W artykule zaprezentowano schemat urządzenia i główny algorytm sterowania. Omówiono tryby pracy oraz zastosowane rozwiązania podnoszące jego uniwersalność. Dodatkowo porównano charakterystyki pracy układu podczas pracy w stanie ustalonym i podczas przestawiania przepustnicy oraz porównano je z typowymi ruchami przepustnicy wywoływanymi przez kierowcę. Przedstawiono spostrzeżenia oraz wnioski i potencjalne aplikacje.
EN
The paper presents the concept, the design intent and construction of a device for adjusting the position of the throttle using of an electric actuator . It is a unique device designed to control ETC systems (but without using their own drivers), or to automate the control of SI engines throttle mechanically controlled using an additional electric actuator. Provides for the use of this device in tuning some engines fitted with ETC and to tests and trials, which is required to determine the position of a conventional throttle by means of an electrical signal (voltage or current). The paper presents the design of the device and the main control algorithm. Modes are discussed and applied technology to enhance its versatility . Additionally, compared to the performance characteristics of the system to steady-state operation and when moving the throttle and compared with common movements of the throttle caused by the driver. Presented findings and conclusions and potential applications.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania wpływu zastosowania przepustnicy w kolektorze dolotowym wolnossącego silnika ZS na jego wskaźniki ekologiczne. Problem kontroli procesu spalania w komorze silnika spalinowego jest trudnym zagadnieniem, jednak opierając się na przesłankach teoretycznych sformułowano tezę, że proces ten można w pewnym stopniu kontrolować kształtując ruch ładunku. W związku z tym pojawia się możliwość oddziaływania na emisyjność oraz sprawność silnika spalinowego. W pracy omówiono sposób kształtowania kinetyki spalania przez ruch ładunku, przedstawiono konstrukcję zastosowanej przepustnicy, a także opisano metodykę przeprowadzonych badań. Podczas analizy wskaźników ekologicznych wzięto pod uwagę emisję CO, HC, NOx, oraz zaczernienie spalin. Całość uzupełniono rozważaniami dotyczącymi kierunku dalszych prac.
EN
The paper presents the impact of the throttle valve in the inlet collector applied to a CI engine on its ecological parameters. Although combustion control constitutes a multi-faceted problem in the case of combustion engines, it is assumed, on the basis of some theoretical reasoning, that this process can be controlled by means of optimizing air movement. In consequence, it makes possible to control emission to a large extent as well as the efficiency of the engine. The paper shows, firstly, the procedure of optimizing combustion kinetics by modifying air movement. Secondly, it shows the design of the throttle valve together with the methodology of the research and tests. The analysis includes the following ecological parameters: emissions of CO, HC, NOx and opacity. Moreover, it discusses some opportunities for further research.
EN
The paper focuses on the airflow through the throttle in the Wankel engine (Aixro XR50). The author's main challenge was to adapt a Wankel engine for hydrogen injection system, which required a very new full electronic throttle to be installed. Thus, an injector adapter and flow meter were mounted in this engine. The engine will be used as a stationary power unit to generate electricity for small households. Using hydrogen instead of hydrocarbon fuel will reduce the emission of green house gases. The simulation was in the AVL Fire using Computational Fluid Dynamic for 9 different throttle opening angles, i.e. ranging from 20 to 90 centigrade, i.e. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 centigrade. The boundary conditions being as the pressure at the inlet and outlet of the throttle module correspond to the real values in the engine. The data on the properties of the flowing medium (air) were selected by default from the AVL Fire library. The authors use the k-zeta-ef model of turbulence to simulate flow through a Wankel engine throttle. The simulation results include the distributions of pressure, velocity and stream lines. The dependence of the mass flow rate as a function of the throttle position angle was presented. The turbulence disappears when the throttle opening angle of 60 centigrade is crossed. For full throttle the velocity at the pipe walls decreases to about 12 m/s. The highest velocity throughout the model occurs just where the throttle is mounted.
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