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1
Content available New design of patient-specific, antimicrobial bioactive finger implants for durable functional reconstruction after amputation
Dyner Marcin, Byrski Adam, Major Roman, Gawlikowski Maciej, Kasperkiewicz Katarzyna, Lackner Juergen M., Dyner Aneta, Major Bogusław
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2021
|
Vol. 24, no. 161
8--14
EN
The absence of even a single finger results in a major impairment in the hand function (precise grasping, grip power), therefore significantly affecting the social and professional life of victims who are frequently young people. Finger amputation is a surgical treatment for ~69.000 patients in the EU after traumatic injury, in which replantation microsurgery fails due to the severity of tissue damage. The surgical reconstruction is currently possible only via autograft transplantation, e.g. a toe-to-hand transfer, thus leading to foot impairment. Some motion functional restoration is also possible using a bone-anchored silicone prosthesis but without the sense revalidation. Our current research focuses on alternatives for surgical reconstruction by means of novel patient- -specific, durable, biomimetic, bioactive and antibacterial implants for reconstructing lost bone and joints. The implant design – and the improved micro(neuro) surgery (beyond the project) – will consist in the fast successful rehabilitation, including the soft-tissue related mobility, the implantation of state-of-the-art nerve conduits as well as the aesthetic appearance. Key issues for the long-term functionality of the biomaterial-based reconstruction of hard tissue are based on surgical demands, such as: (1) perfect integration of a bone-substituting metal with the surrounding bone tissue (a) with no signs of loosening due to stress shielding at the interface and (b) enhanced with protective activity against bacterial inflammation (antimicrobial properties and formation of vascularized bone tissue (ossification)) even months to years after the injury; (2) biomimetic finger joints based on non-wearing materials without ossification meant to prevent the loss of the motion function.
2
Content available Self-lubricating properties of thin coatings based on molybdenum disulphide
Zimowski S.
Tribologia
|
2016
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nr 3
205--215
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the friction and wear processes of a composite coating based on molybdenum disulphide doped by tungsten and titanium, taking into account the impact of load and temperature in the contact zone. The tribological tests were performed at room temperature and at 300°C and 350°C in non-lubricated sliding contact with an Al203 ball. The characterization of the micromechanical properties and the adhesion of coatings to steel substrates were done by scratch testing. The analysis of the coatings wear and the sliding tribolayer formation was conducted by the observation of the friction track using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The low hardness of the MoS2(Ti,W) coating, equal to 6 GPa, with the predominantly amorphous structure, allows for quick formation of the tribological contact and the sliding tribolayer creation. Due to self-lubricating properties, the coating has a high wear resistance and a low friction coefficient (below 0.1), both at room and elevated temperatures. The study allowed the determination of the operating temperature limit of the coating-substrate system in sliding point contact, which helped to specify the application area of such material.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę procesu tarcia i zużycia kompozytowej powłoki na bazie dwusiarczku molibdenu dotowanego wolframem i tytanem z uwzględnieniem wpływu obciążenia i temperatury w strefie styku. Badania tribologiczne przeprowadzono w temperaturze pokojowej oraz 300°C i 350°C w niesmarowanym styku ślizgowym z kulą Al203. Dokonano charakterystyki właściwości mikromechanicznych oraz zbadano adhezję powłok do stalowego podłoża metodą zarysowania. W analizie zużycia powłoki i procesu tworzenia ślizgowej tribowarstwy posłużono się wynikami obserwacji powierzchni tarcia przy użyciu mikroskopii świetlnej (LM) oraz elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej (SEM). Nieduża twardość powłoki MoS2(Ti,W) wynosząca 6 GPa, której struktura jest głównie amorficzna, pozwala na szybkie dopasowanie styku tribologicznego i utworzenie ślizgowej tribowarstwy. Dzięki samosmarnym właściwościom powłoka charakteryzuje się dobrą odpornością na zużycie i bardzo niskim współczynnikiem tarcia (poniżej 0,1), zarówno w temperaturze pokojowej, jak i w temperaturze podwyższonej. Badania umożliwiły wyznaczenie granicznej temperatury pracy układu powłoka/podłoże w ślizgowym styku skoncentrowanym, co jest pomocne w określeniu obszaru aplikacyjnego materiału.
3
Charakterystyka powłok z tlenoazotku glinu osadzanych metodą PED i PLD
Jędrzejewski R., Piwowarczyk J., Kochmański P., Baranowska J.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2014
|
Vol. 35, nr 6
496--499
PL
W pracy przedstawiono badania nad wytwarzaniem powłok z tlenoazotku glinu z azotku glinu dwoma metodami: PLD (Pulsacyjna Ablacja Laserowa) oraz PED (Pulsacyjna Ablacja Elektronowa) z zastosowaniem atmosfery zawierającej tlen. Ciśnienie tlenu w komorze oraz liczba impulsów była zmieniana w celu oceny wpływu tych parametrów na mikrostrukturę i skład chemiczny powłok. Metodą SEM-EDX/WDX oraz GDOES określono skład chemiczny powłok. Strukturę chemiczną określono metodą FTIR. Wyznaczono grubość powłok oraz zbadano topografię i chropowatość powierzchni. Stwierdzono możliwość otrzymywania cienkich powłok tlenoazotkowych tymi metodami.
EN
The paper presents results of investigation on thin oxynitride coatings deposited by two methods PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) and PED (Pulsed Electron Deposition) methods at oxygen atmosphere. Aluminum nitride was used as target. Pressure of oxygen and number of pulses were changed in order to investigate an influence of these parameters on microstructure and chemical composition of coatings. Chemical composition was examined by SEM-EDX/WDX and GDOES methods. Chemical structure was studied by means of FTIR method. Thickness, roughness and topography of coatings were also measured. Ability to deposition of oxinitride coatings by these methods was confirmed.
4
Content available Modelling and experimental verification of nanoindentation tests on coating-substrate systems
Kot M., Rakowski W., Łyźniak J.
Tribologia
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2012
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nr 4
67-73
EN
The nanoindentation method is widely used to study the mechanical properties of thin films and surface layers. But the results of such a tests are difficult to interpret, especially for coatings with a thickness less than 1 žm. A new method of analysis of nanoindentation results are presented in this paper. It is based on simultaneous studies of experimental results by transformation indentation curves into stress-strain curves and FEM modelling. This method was compared with a few models provided in published literature. The influence of substrate properties and coating thickness on the deformation of the system and the critical depth of penetration to onset substrate yield are analysed.
PL
Metoda instrumentalnej indentacji jest powszechnie stosowana do badania właściwości mechanicznych cienkich powłok i warstw wierzchnich. Wciąż jednak wyniki testów nanoindentacyjnych są trudne do interpretacji zwłaszcza dla powłok o grubości poniżej 1 žm. W pracy przedstawiono metodę analizy wyników badań indentacyjnych w oparciu o badania rzeczywistych układów powłoka-podłoże oraz wyniki modelowania MES. Badano wpływ właściwości podłoża i grubości powłoki na deformacje układu i krytyczną głębokość penetracji, przy której podłoże nie ma wpływu na pomiar. Do analizy wyników eksperymentów zaproponowano metodę transformacji krzywych indentacyjnych do układu naprężenie-odkształcenie. Metodę tę porównano z modelami podawanymi w literaturze.
5
Content available remote The influence of production method on oxidation resistance of the aluminide coatings obtained on IN 100 alloy
Pytel M., Góral M., Maliniak M.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 53, nr 2
102-108
EN
Purpose: The comparison of three deposition of coatings method. Design/methodology/approach: The diffusion aluminide coatings were deposited using the pack cementation, out of pack and CVD method. Findings: The authors present in the article the results on influence of the method of manufacturing the aluminide coatings on their microstructure and oxidation resistance. Research limitations/implications: The thickness analysis and the chemical composition analysis with a use of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis were performed. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: It has been proven, that the coating obtained with CVD method, despite its small thickness, was characterized by the best cyclic oxidation resistance.
6
Content available remote Comparison of the CrN and TiN/(Ti,Al)N PVD coatings onto plasma nitrited steel
Polok-Rubiniec M., Dobrzański L.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 54, nr 2
78-85
EN
Purpose: The paper presents the results of the mechanical and tribological properties of the CrN and TiN/(Ti,Al)N PVD coatings deposited onto plasma nitrided hot work tool steel X37CrMoV5-1 type. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. The surfaces’ topography, structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. Wear resistance tests with the pin-on-disc method were carried out on the CSEM THT (High Temperature Tribometer). Findings: The results showed that the duplex TiN/(Ti,Al)N coating exhibited higher hardness, very good adhesion and better wear resistance in the elevated temperature as compared to the duplex CrN coating. Practical implications: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the duplex PVD coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels. Originality/value: The very hard and antiwear PVD coatings deposited onto hot work tool steel substrate are needed.
7
Content available remote The wear mechanism of hybrid layer “PN+CrN” during the hot forging process
Smolik J. A.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 49, nr 2
215--223
EN
Purpose: One of the most perspective development directions of surface engineering is related to hybrid technologies, which best fulfil the expectations of the industry concerning the obtainment of adequate properties of the surface of tools and machine components. The best known and widely employed hybrid technology of surface treatment using the diffusion phenomenon is the combination of gas nitriding or plasma nitriding (PN+CrN) followed by the deposition of hard, wear resistant coatings by the PVD methods. In this paper the wear mechanisms of forging dies, covered with the PN+CrN hybrid layer were analysed. Design/methodology/approach: The hybrid layers PN+CrN selected for testing were obtained by means of a multi-stage technology of surface treatment encompassing plasma nitriding (PN) and arc-evaporation process. Maintenance tests were conducted at Institut für Umformtechnik und Umformmaschinen in Hannover, according to different forging time. Findings: It was demonstrated that the dominating mechanisms of the wear process of forging dies covered with the PN+CrN hybrid layer are: thermo-mechanical fatigue of the CrN coating and thermo-mechanical fatigue and plastic deformation of steel substrate. Research limitations/implications: The CrN coating is of great importance in the wear process of forging dies covered with the PN+CrN hybrid layer. Very important in the die wear process is the resistance of the CrN coating to brittle cracking. CrN coating reduces, and as a result significantly limits, stresses initiated in the substrate in the forging process by the operation of external impacts. According to the results of simulation tests, 3 μm-thick CrN coating limits stresses initiated in material and hence reduces the possibility of plastic deformation occurrence in substrate. Practical implications: The obtained results of the tests have been practically applied in the surface engineering laboratory to develop modern surface engineering solutions aimed at increasing the effectiveness of different hybrid layers PN+CrN. Originality/value: In order to ensure the required level of effectiveness of the use of layered composites of the PN+PVD type to increase the durability of forging dies, it is necessary to properly select the composites on the basis of the analysis of the intensity of forging dies wear mechanisms.
8
Content available remote Long-term development directions of PVD/CVD coatings deposited onto sintered tool materials
Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A., Gołombek K., Pakuła D., Mikuła J., Staszuk M., Żukowska L.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 49, nr 2
69-96
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to evaluate strategic development perspectives of physical/ chemical vapour deposition of monolayer, multilayer and gradient coatings onto sintered tool materials with cemented carbides, cermets and tool ceramics substrates. The coating type was adopted as the criterion for technology division, thus obtaining eight technology groups for carried out research. Design/methodology/approach: In the framework of foresight-materials science research: a group of matrices characterising technology strategic position was created, materials science experiments using high-class specialised equipment were conducted and technology roadmaps were prepared. Findings: High potential and attractiveness were shown of the analysed technologies against the environment, as well as a promising improvement of mechanical and functional properties as a result of covering with the PVD/CVD coatings. Research limitations/implications: Research pertaining to covering sintered tool materials with the PVD/CVD coatings is part of a bigger research project aimed at selecting, researching and characterizing priority innovative material surface engineering technologies. Practical implications: The presented results of experimental materials science research prove the significant positive impact of covering with the PVD/CVD coatings on the structure and mechanical properties of sintered tool materials, which leads to the justification of their including into the set of priority innovative technologies recommended for application in industrial practice. Originality/value: The advantage of the article are results of comparative analysis of sintered tools materials with different types of coatings deposited in the PVD/CVD processes together with the recommended strategies of conduct, strategic development tracks and roadmaps of these technologies.
9
Content available remote Application of artificial neural networks in properties modelling of PVD and CVD coatings
Dobrzański L.A., Staszuk M., Honysz R., Honysz R.
Archives of Computational Materials Science and Surface Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 2, nr 3
141-148
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to describe the application of artificial neural networks in development of a model, which describes the influence of PVD and CVD coatings properties on the cutting edge durability from sintered carbides covered with these layers. Design/methodology/approach: The input data used for the artificial neural networks were PVD and CVD coatings microhardness, thickness, grain size and their adhesion to the substrate. On the network's output is the durability of the PVD and CVD coatings coated on sintered carbide blades determined in technological cutting trials of grey cast iron. Findings: Research results shows, that the greatest influence on the durability of coated sintered carbide blades is adhesion to the substrate. Smaller influence on blades durability has the size of grains. Other properties have a minor influence on the cutting tool. Practical implications: The presented results indicates, that the coating material selection and design of PVD and CVD coatings deposition process should be implemented with taking into consideration in the first place the best coating's adhesion to the substrate. Originality/value: The application of artificial neural networks for influence determination of PVD and CVD coatings microhardness, grain size, thickness and adhesion to the substrate on the durability of the sintered carbide blades covered with investigated coatings.
10
Content available remote Thermal diffusivity of RE2Zr2O7 - type ceramic powders intended for TBCs deposited by APS
Moskal G., Witala B., Rozmysłowska A.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 36, nr 2
76-81
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to provide overall characteristics of the Laser-Flash method and to determine the thermal diffusivity of powders intended for thermal spraying of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) of new type by air plasma spray (APS). Lanthanum, samarium, neodymium and gadolinium zirconates based powders with a pyrochlore structure and a general formula RE2Zr2O7 were used as the research material. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of the study encompassed thermal diffusivity tests of zirconium powders with the laser-flash method using the Netzsch LFA 427 apparatus for direct measurement of diffusivity. The scope of measured temperature ranged from 25°C to 1000°C (25, 250, 500, 750 and 1000°C). Every measurement point was repeated three times in order to obtain an average value. Findings: The studies conducted have enabled determining the value of thermal diffusivity of the material analyzed in the form of powder within a wide range of temperature. Research limitations/implications: The studies conducted suggest the necessity for verification of the obtained results for analogical coatings of the TBC type in order to determine the influence of the spraying process on the thermal diffusivity of the powders examined. Practical implications: The research results obtained provide a basis for further research on the base material and in particular, on the influence of porosity on thermal diffusivity. Originality/value: The original value presented in the paper is the information regarding the new type of ceramic materials intended for thermal spraying of TBCs.
11
Content available remote Criteria of assessment of powders provided to spray by the APS method for new and conventional layers type TBC
Moskal G.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 37, nr 1
29-36
EN
Purpose: Verification of up-to-now use of conventional powders, provided to spray by the APS method for layers type TBC and its possible adaptation to layers of new types, which are based on new ceramic compounds, sprayed on conventional high temperature creep resisting alloys. New types of used ceramic powders are so called pyrochlores of the RE2Zr2O7 general formula. Design/methodology/approach: A scope of investigations comprised review of up-to-now used criteria of assessment and verification of them on powders of new types. Investigations of chemical composition were realized, in consideration of carbon and sulphur contents and gas oxygen and nitrogen contents. Investigations on sizes of powders by a sieve method and investigations on surface morphology were carried out. Assessment of microstructure, considering homogeneity in chemical composition and porosity, was carried out. Assessment of phase contents of exemplary powders was carried out. Findings: The carried out analysis enabled to compare criteria of assessment for two types of powders, provided to be sprayed by the APS method. It was stated that up-to-now used criteria of assessment of powders were correct also for materials of new types. Research limitations/implications: The carried out investigations suggest a necessity to verify results also on an example of another type of new powders. Practical implications: The got results reveal a possibility to use up-to-now procedures in assessment of powders for materials of a new type, completed with characteristics of physical and mechanical properties. Originality/value: Information concerning basic principles in assessment of properties microstructure of powders of a new type is an original value, presented in the article.
12
Content available remote Efekt synergiczny w multiwarstwach typu Ti/TiN oraz Cr/CrN w świetle badań mikromechanicznych i tribologicznych
Kot M., Rakowski W., Zimowski S.
Tribologia
|
2008
|
nr 2
297-307
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań strukturalnych (TEM) oraz pomiaru mikrotwardości i adhezji do podłoża metodą zarysowania powłok wielowarstwowych typu ceramika-metal. Dla wszystkich powłok przeprowadzono testy tribologiczne w skojarzeniu kula-tarcza. Powłoki były wytwarzanie metodą PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition). Badano powłoki Ti/TiN oraz Cr/CrN o okresie multiwarstwy z zakresu 30-1000 nm. Wyniki badań wskazują na silną zależność twardości w funkcji ilości warstw w multiwarstwie, przy czym najwyższą twardość z pośród badanych powłok posiadają 4xCr/CrN oraz 16xTi/TiN. Twardość ich jest niewiele niższa od twardości pojedynczych powłok TiN i CrN. Multiwarstwy charakteryzują się lepszą odpornością na zarysowanie niż pojedyncze powłoki ceramiczne. Z badań tribologicznych wynika także, że odporność na zużycie multiwarstw Cr/CrN jest lepsza niż pojedynczej powłoki CrN. W pracy objaśniono efekt synergiczny, polegający na znacznym wzroście wytrzymałości oraz odporności na zużycie multiwarstw typu ceramika-metal w stosunku do pojedynczych powłok ceramicznych.
EN
Ceramic/metal multilayers with nanometer thickness of layers are new kinds of materials for tribological applications. Stacks of hard ceramic and tough metallic layers give coatings with higher adhesion and wear resistance. Introduction of many interfaces parallel to the substrate surface can deflect cracks and provide barriers to dislocation motion, increasing the toughness and hardness of coating sometimes over single ceramic coatings. A critical parameter for the enhancement multilayer properties is the bilayer period [lambda] - because most multilayer systems exist optimum for this parameter. Then synergy effect - high hardness, toughness and wear resistance, obtained as a result of applying soft metallic coatings in a structure, could be observed. Coatings with a bilayer period low than optimum have poore properties caused by losing the multilayer structure. In the article micromechanical and tribological properties of metal/ceramic multilayers are presented. Multilayers of alternate Ti/TiN and Cr/CrN coatings were deposited on Boiler 7002 ferrite steel by the PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) technique. The total thickness of the multilayers was 1 žm, and the bilayer period [lambda] varied from between 30nm and 1,000 nm. For titanium multilayers 16xTi/TiN coating has a highest hardness and the best scratch and wear resistance however properties of this coating are still worse than a single TiN coating and chromium system multilayer 4xCr/CrN has superior properties over a CrN coating. The hardness of multilayer is only slightly lower but critical load and resistance to wear are almost two times higher than for a single ceramic layer. The optimum bilayer period to be found as 62 and 250 nm for Ti/TiN and Cr/CrN systems.
13
Content available remote Carbon and titanium based layers for wood-based materials
Kaczorowski W., Batory D.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 27, nr 2
187-190
EN
Purpose: The main purpose of this work was to work out the technology of manufacturing carbon and titanium based layers on the surfaces of sintered carbides machining edges used in furniture industry. Design/methodology/approach: A hybrid deposition system employing DC magnetron sputtering and radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition (RF PACVD) in one reaction chamber was used to manufacture Ti:C gradient layers. For the laboratory investigation layers were deposited on sintered carbide samples. Friction coefficient and SEM EDS analysis were made. For the exploitation tests layers were deposited on the commercial sintered carbide tools widely used in furniture industry. Findings: As the result of investigation it was noticed that Ti and C based gradient layers deposited on sintered carbides surfaces seems to be a very interesting alternative for standard non modified machining tools because of they noticeably decreased friction coefficient and improved durability. Practical implications: Presented technology is dedicated for furniture industry as a layer improving the cutting properties of the machining tools Originality/value: Application of carbon and titanium based layers deposited by hybrid deposition method on sintered carbide cutting edges for wood and wood-based materials machining.
14
Content available remote The porosity assessment of thermal barrier coatings obtained by APS method
Moskal G.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 20, nr 1-2
483-486
EN
Purpose: The article presents the outline of methods and range of microstructural assessment of ceramic coatings, using the example of thermal barrier coatings. The major structural parameters describing the quality of the barrier layers have been characterised as well as the problems related to the correct metallographic specimen preparation and the methodology of their assessment. Design/methodology/approach: A procedure of porosity assessment, employing quantitative metallographic principles and authomatic image analysis has been propounded, together with types of quantitative parameters and methods of their application. Findings: It was found that the application of the quantitative metallographic methods combined with automatic image analysis can form an effective tool of both quantitative and qualitative assessment such parameters of structural ceramic layers as porosity. Research limitations/implications: This type of assessment enables obtaining more than just the absolute value of the porosity of the given area: it provides the means for determining a number of other qualitative parameters, e.g. the surface area of the pores, their elogation and shape together with the whole statistical analysis. Practical implications: The application of scanning microscopy, especially observation techniques such as BSE, BSETOPO or BSE3D enables a precise differentiation of the areas constituting pores from other artefacts. Originality/value: Description of procedure of porosity assessments in APS TBC system by the use of the quantitative metallographic methods combined with automatic image analysis, and possibility of applications special techniques of scanning microscopy.
15
Content available remote Quality management in development of hard coatings on cutting tools
Soković M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 24, nr 1
421-429
EN
Purpose: In this paper, an attempt is made to establish the general model of quality management also to the field of development and introducing of hard coatings on cutting tools. Design/methodology/approach: The conventional PVD and CVD methods have its limitations and that innovative processes are essential within the framework of an environmentally oriented quality management system. Meeting the requirements of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 standards, the proposed model ensures the fulfilment of the basic requirements leading to the required quality of preparation processes and the quality of end products (hard coatings). Findings: One of the main pre-requisites for successful industrial production is the use of quality coated cutting tools with defined mechanical and technological properties. Therefore, for the development and introduction of new coated cutting tool (new combination of cutting material and hard coatings), it is necessary to carry out a number of studies with the purpose to optimize the coatings composition and processing procedures, and also to test new tools in working conditions. Research limitations/implications: The requirements from industry: produce faster, better, safety and more ecologically, force us to develop new effective tools and innovative technologies. This provides a technological challenge to the scientists and engineers and increases the importance of knowing several scientific disciplines. Practical implications: The quality of a company's product directly affects its competitive position, profitability and credibility in the market. Quality management system must undergo a process of continuous improvement, which extends from the deployment of preventive quality assurance methods to the application of closed loop quality circuits. Originality/value: Design of the original and structured model of quality management system for successful development, producing and involving of new coated tools in the practice.
16
Content available remote Mechanical properties of the PVD gradient coatings deposited onto the hot work tool steel X40CrMoV5-1
Lukaszkowicz K., Dobrzański L. A., Pancielejko M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 24, nr 2
115-118
EN
Purpose: The aim of the research is the investigation of the mechanical properties of gradient coatings deposited by PVD technique (cathodic arc evaporation method) onto the substrate from the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work steel. Design/methodology/approach: The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Tests of the coatings' adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. The wear and friction tests were performed on a standard pin-on-disc device. Findings: The hard PVD gradient coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation method demonstrate the high hardness, adhesion and wear resistance. The critical load LC2, which is in the range 46-59 N, depends on the coating type. The friction coefficient for the investigated coatings is within the range of 0.30-0.90. Research limitations/implications: In order to evaluate with more detail the possibility of applying these coatings in tools steel, further investigations should be concentrated on the determination of the mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings. Originality/value: It should be stressed that the mechanical properties of the PVD coatings obtained in this work are very encouraging and therefore their application for products manufactured at mass scale is possible in all cases where reliable, very hard and abrasion resistant coatings, deposited onto tools steel substrate are needed.
17
Content available remote Measurement of residual stress in plasma-sprayed TBC with a gradient of porosity and chemical composition
Moskal G., Swadźba L., Rzychoń T.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 23, nr 2
31-34
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the research was identification of the residual stress in the top coat of different type of thermal barrier coating with gradient of chemical composition and gradient of porosity. Design/methodology/approach: The APS technique was used to deposition of gradient coating. As a bond coat the NiCrAlY overlay coating was applied. Top-coat consist in the case of gradient of porosity - YSZ with different thickness and porosity and in the case of chemical composition gradient YSZ with AMDRY 365-2 powder. The research allowed the identification of qualitative and quantitative phase constitution of top coat and residual stress measurement by sin square Psi method form surface of coatings. Findings: It was found that the dominant phase in all the top coats was tetragonal zirconia with minor addition of monoclinic type of ZrO2 and in the case of residual stress the tensile conditions was observed in the case of gradient porosity and compressive stresses in the case of chemical gradient. Research limitations/implications: Characterization of stress level in gradient TBC's give possibility description of degradation mechanism of barrier coating. Practical implications: The results obtained allow the determination of the degree of life-time lost of the TBC system used as protection for creep resistant alloys. Originality/value: The results obtained are valuable contribution to the development of new type of TBC. They enable the identification of the degradation mechanisms in YSZ / MCrAlY / substrate system.
18
Content available remote Effect of TBC on oxidation behaviour of gamma-TiAl based alloy
Moskal G.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 22, nr 2
31-34
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the research was identification of the influence of TBC coating system on oxidation resistance of TiAl based alloy during oxidation at temperature of 900 and 950 degrees centigrade for 500 h and 200 h respectively. Design/methodology/approach: The APS technique was used to modify and improvement of oxidation resistance of TiAl intermetallic alloy. As a bond coat the NiCrAlY overlay coating was applied. The bond-coat provided a good bonding strength between matrix and ceramic top coat. The research allowed the identification of microstructural changes that take place between top coat and bond coat and bond coat and substrate. The examinations were conducted on specimens after 200 h and 500 h of exposition at 950 and 900 degrees centigrade. Findings: It was found that the surface conditions of basic alloy is electively protected by used type of ceramic coating. The basic alloy exhibited poor oxidation resistance at this range of temperature due to formation of mixed Al2O3 + TiO2 scale which is easily spalled off. A ceramic top coat together with bond coat can be effectively coated on the surface of TiAl basic alloy by APS method. Oxidation test both at 900 and 950 degrees centigrade showed that oxidation resistance of APS coated 48-2-2 alloy was improved. Research limitations/implications: Application of TBC remarkably improve the oxidation resistance of TiAl basic alloy due to lowering temperature of the substrate surface and due to formation of dense alumina sublayer (TGO) on the top surface of bond coat which can prevent diffusion processes of titanium and oxygen. Practical implications: The results obtained allow the determination of the degree of life-time lost of the TBC system used as protection for titanium aluminides alloys. Originality/value: The results obtained are valuable contribution to the development of new type of TBC for TiAl alloys. They enable the identification of the degradation mechanisms in YSZ/MCrAlY/substrate system.
19
Content available remote Comparison of the PVD coatings deposited onto hot work tool steel and brass substrates
Polok-Rubiniec M., Lukaszkowicz K., Dobrzański L. A., Adamiak M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2007
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Vol. 24, nr 2
195-198
EN
Purpose: The aim of the research is the investigation of the structure and mechanical properties of monolayers CrN, TiN and multilayers TiN/TiAIN and Ti/TiAIN coatings deposited by PVD techniques onto the substrate from the X37CrMoV5-1 steel and CuZn40Pb2 brass. Design/methodology/approach: The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Tests of the coatings' adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. The wear and friction tests were performed on a standard pin-on-disc device. Findings: The monolayer PVD coatings deposited onto hot work steel and brass substrate demonstrate the high hardness, adhesion and wear resistance. The critical load LC2, which is in the range 32-60 N, depends on the coating and substrate type. The friction coefficient for the investigated coatings is within the range of 0.33-0.75. Practical implications: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the PVD coating for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels and brass substrates. Originality/value: It should be stressed that the mechanical properties of the PVD coatings obtained in this work are very encouraging and therefore their application for products manufactured at mass scale is possible in all cases where reliable, very hard and abrasion resistant coatings, deposited onto tools steel and brass substrate are needed.
20
Content available remote Characterisation of air plasma sprayed TBC coating during isothermal oxidation at 1100 degrees centigrade
Swadźba L., Moskal G., Mendala B., Gancarczyk T.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2007
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Vol. 21, nr 2
81-84
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the research was characterization of failure modes of air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings system in isothermal oxidation test conditions at 1100 degrees centigrade. Design/methodology/approach: The research allowed the identification of microstructural changes that take place during oxidation test of TBC system in area of ceramic top-layer, bond coat and superalloy substrate. The examinations were conducted on specimens after 50, 120, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 h of exposition. The scope of the research encompassed a microstructural analysis with the use of macro and micro investigation - LM, SEM microscopy. Findings: It was found that the lifetime of commercially quality TBC system is related to progress of degradation in area of bond coat and ceramic top layer. During isothemal oxidation, the bond coat in the TBCs was oxidized to form an alumina and a mixed oxide layer between the top coat of yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) and bond coat of NiCoCrAlY alloy. At the moment of oxidation acceleration, the cracks initiation and propagation was observed in the mixed oxide layer near the YSZ. The crack propagation inducted the delamination and spallation of top coat after 1000 h oxidation. Research limitations/implications: The discussed research proves that main reason of degradation in TBC system is related to progressive development of cracks at the interface of the thermally grown oxide with bond coat, within the top coat or at its interface with TGO. Practical implications: The results obtained allow the determination of the degree of life-time lost of the investigated TBC system and specification of the time of safety operation. Originality/value: The results obtained are valuable contribution to durability characterization of TBC systems. They enable the identification of the degradation mechanisms, which enhances the durability and safety of high temperature operation.
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