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1
Content available remote Multi-core and single-core raspberry Pi microprocessor’s
EN
A multi-core processor is defined as an integrated chip that consists of two or more processors used for system performance enhancement, speed improvement, and multitasking performances. They collaborate to execute instructions faster than the single-core processor. Hence, this paper provides an overview of the evolution of the processor architecture and analysis of the multi-core processor's performance compared to the single-core processor. It highlights the difference in Central Processing Unit speed, memory bandwidth, power consumption, and the thermal effect on the CPU speed during throttling for single-core ARM11 with Broadcom BCM2835 and a quad-core Cortex-A72 with Broadcom BCM2711B0. Experimental results show that Cortex-A72 has a memory bandwidth of 29 times larger than the ARM11. The CPU speed benchmark indicates that Cortex-A72 is significantly faster and responds to the thermal throttling better than the ARM11 processor. However, as Cortex-A72 has more processing power, it has drawn more power than the ARM11 processor.
PL
Procesor wielordzeniowy jest definiowany jako zintegrowany układ składający się z dwóch lub więcej procesorów służących do zwiększania wydajności systemu, zwiększania szybkości i wydajności pracy wielozadaniowej. Współpracują, aby wykonywać instrukcje szybciej niż procesor jednordzeniowy. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł zawiera przegląd ewolucji architektury procesora i analizę wydajności procesora wielordzeniowego w porównaniu z procesorem jednordzeniowym. Pokazuje różnicę w szybkości jednostki centralnej, przepustowości pamięci, zużyciu energii i wpływie temperatury na szybkość procesora podczas ograniczania przepustowości dla jednordzeniowego ARM11 z Broadcom BCM2835 i czterordzeniowego Cortex-A72 z Broadcom BCM2711B0. Wyniki eksperymentów pokazują, że Cortex-A72 ma przepustowość pamięci 29 razy większą niż ARM11. Test porównawczy szybkości procesora wskazuje, że Cortex-A72 jest znacznie szybszy i lepiej reaguje na dławienie termiczne niż procesor ARM11. Ponieważ jednak Cortex-A72 ma większą moc obliczeniową, pobrał więcej energii niż procesor ARM11.
EN
This paper investigates a three-dimensional CFD analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearing performance for two different available types of lubricants, SEA 10W50 and SEA 15W40, considering thermal, elastic deformation, and cavitation effects. A 3-dimensional CFD model founded on continuity, momentum, energy, in addition elasticity equations has been implemented. The analysis is performed for a bearing with different journal speeds (1000-3000rpm) and eccentricity ratios (0.1-0.9). The cavitation effect was considered using the model of Zwart-Gerber-Balamri multiphase flow model. The bearing material elastic deformation was considered by implementing the two-way FSI technique through ANSYS-FLUENT 2019 R2. A comparative study of the oil film temperature, thermal pressure, also the load capacity by the bearing has been performed. By comparing the current work's oil film temperature results with those obtained by Ferron et al (1983), with a maximum deviation between the results not exceeding 3 percent, the mathematical model was validated. The findings demonstrate that, once the cavitation consequence is taken into account, the lubricant film pressure decreases. Furthermore, at what time the bearing rotates at greater eccentricity ratios and rotational speeds, more deformation material of the bearing is seen. The current research may help in predicting the bearing performance parameters in real-world situations.
EN
The compensation of thermal errors in machine tools is one of the major challenges in ensuring positioning accuracy during cutting operations. There are numerous methods for both the model-based estimation of the thermal tool center point (TCP) deflection and for controlling the thermal or thermo-elastic behavior of the machine tool. One branch of thermal error estimation uses regression models to map temperature sensors directly onto the TCP-displacement. This can, e.g., be accomplished using linear models, artificial neural networks or characteristic diagrams. One of the main limitations of these models is the poor extrapolation behavior with regard to untrained load cases. This paper presents a new method for updating characteristic diagram based compensation models by combining existing models with new measurements. This allows the optimization of the compensation for serial production load cases without the effort of computing a new model. The new method was validated on a 5-axis machining center.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań efektów cieplnych towarzyszących sorpcji i desorpcji ditlenku i tlenku węgla, metanu, etanu, propanu i wodoru na węglach w zrobach ścian eksploatowanych pokładów: 510 w kopalni Wesoła, 505 w kopalni Jankowice i 405/2 w kopalni Bielszowice. Węgle z tych pokładów charakteryzują się zbliżonym stopniem uwęglenia oraz skłonnością do samozapalenia. Tego typu węgle są najczęściej eksploatowane w Polsce. Badania wykonano w temp. 308 K techniką mikrokalorymetrii przepływowej. Wykazano, że największe ilości ciepła wydzielane są podczas adsorpcji ditlenku węgla, a mniejsze podczas adsorpcji węglowodorów nasyconych (metan, etan, propan). Gazy o najmniejszym cieple adsorpcji to CO i wodór. Taką zależność uzyskano dla wszystkich badanych węgli.
EN
Bituminous coal samples of specified elementary compn., petrographic characteristics and particle size distribution collected from longwall gobs of exploited seams of 3 Polish coal mines were tested by microcalorimetry technique. The heats of adsorption and desorption of CO₂, CO, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈ and H₂ on the coal samples were detd. CO₂ showed the highest value of the heat of adsorption and CO and H₂ the lowest. Effect of coal fragmentation on gas adsorption heat was also tested. The adsorption heat increased with the increase in the amt. of larger diam. grains in the sample.
EN
Underwater high-voltage (HV) pulse discharge mainly involves the process of HV discharge, breaking down water and releasing huge amounts of electrical energy, which is then rapidly converted into plasma. The plasma expands and creates shock waves and bubble pulsation effects. These effects are the main ways in which electrical energy transfers into mechanical energy. A breakdown process analysis model and an experimental method are proposed with a view to revealing the energy conversion characteristics during underwater pulse discharge and to understand the basic physical process. A plasma channel model was established in combination with the existing fundamentals of electricity and theoretical analysis. In addition, the discharge process was analyzed, along with shock wave and bubble pulsation action characteristics, on the basis of an underwater pulse discharge experiment. Meanwhile, theoretical analysis revealed the basic physical process involved in the electrical energy conversion effect. The results demonstrate the following: (1) The vaporization-ionization" breakdown model divides the breakdown process into three stages (i.e., heating effect, breakdown detonation and mechanical energy effect stages); (2) the heating effect stage is a phase prior to breakdown, which possesses significant heating characteristics and generates initial plasma; (3) a large electric current (104A) during the breakdown process heats the plasma channel to a high-temperature, where it becomes dense; this condition is followed by an instant decrease in channel resistance; the breakdown current peak depends on the residual voltage at the moment of breakdown; (4) during the breakdown detonation stage, discharge breakdown occurs, along with electric arc detonation. After the heating gasification process, when the electrical field intensity is suficient, the high-temperature HV plasma rapidly expands outward, resulting in a rapid conversion from electrical energy to mechanical energy. Thus, shock waves are formed, followed by bubble pulsation. The proposed method provides a good prospect for the application of underwater HV pulse discharge technology in the field of engineering.
6
Content available remote Termiczne efekty oddziaływania smartfonu na małżowinę uszną
PL
Celem pracy było określenie zmian temperatury oraz zmian skórnych okolic małżowiny usznej związanych z używaniem telefonu komórkowego oraz ustalenie przyczyn ich powstawania. Zmierzony przyrost temperatury na powierzchni ucha po rozmowie telefonicznej jest kombinacją kilku efektów, takich jak zaburzenie konwekcji między skórą a otoczeniem, absorpcji mikrofal przez tkanki czy nagrzewania się elementów telefonu.
EN
The aim of experiment was the determination of temperature distribution and skin effects of auricle region exposed on smartphones and distinction between influence of EM waves generated by device and other factors affected temperature increase.
EN
It is a well-known problem of milling machines, that waste heat from motors, friction effects on guides, the environment and the milling process itself greatly affect positioning accuracy and thus production quality. An economic and energy-efficient method of correcting this thermo-elastic positioning error is to gather sensor data (temperatures, axis positions, etc.) from the machine tool and the process and to use that information to predict and correct the resulting tool center point displacement using regression analysis. This paper compares multilinear characteristic diagrams, B-spline characteristic diagrams, Radial Basis Function fitting and Wavelet fitting in general and also in the context of thermal error compensation. The demonstrations are made using FEM simulation data from a machine tool demonstrator. The results show that all of the above kernel types, if properly used, are able to create good compensation models. However, high-dimensional multivariate analysis usually only works by adding grid structures and regularization.
EN
This article presents semi-analytical solutions for stress distributions in exponentially and functionally graded rotating annular disks with arbitrary thickness variations. The disk is under pressure on its boundary surfaces and exposed to temperature distribution varying linearly across thickness. Material properties are supposed to be graded in the radial direction of the disk and obeying to two different forms of distribution of volume fraction of constituents. Different conditions at boundaries for stresses and displacement are discussed. Accurate and efficient solutions for displacement and stresses in rotating annular disks are determined using infinitesimal theory. Numerical results are carried out and discussed for different cases. It can be deduced that the gradient of material properties and thickness variation as well as the change of temperature sources have a specific effect in modern applications.
EN
The electric spark induced ignition mechanism for explosives needs further study. The ignition of powdery and bulky TATB by electrostatic discharge (ESD) was investigated. Up to 200 kV ultra-high voltage ESD was applied to powdery and bulky explosives of two TATB-based polymer-bonded explosives (named PBX-1 and PBX-2). The results showed that the spark sensitivities of powdery and bulky explosives are extremely different for the same formulation. The 50% ignition voltages of powdery PBX-1 and PBX-2 were 10.8 kV and 8.5 kV, respectively, while the values for the bulky samples (tablets) were not less than 200 kV. Both heat and the electric field can be transmitted into the powdery samples, on the other hand only the electric field can be transmitted into the bulk samples. The electric field has a smaller contribution while the heat has a larger contribution to the ignition during an ESD, i.e., the thermal effect plays a main role in the ignition process. Our experimental results are in good agreement with recent results calculated by density functional theory.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące wykorzystania metody termowizyjnej podczas statycznej próby rozciągania przeprowadzonej na próbkach ze stali konstrukcyjnej. Potwierdzono ścisłą zależność pomiędzy temperaturą powierzchni próbki a poziomem naprężeń normalnych podczas rozciągania. Badanie przeprowadzono na czterech próbkach okrągłych, a w artykule zaprezentowano i omówiono wyniki jednej próbki, na podstawie których wykazano możliwości zastosowania termowizji przy detekcji miejsc krytycznych silnie obciążonych konstrukcji.
EN
The following paper discusses the usage of thermography method during the structural steel tensile tests. The high correlation between temperature on the surface of steel specimens and normal stresses during tensile tests were confirmed. Four circular specimens were tested and representative results for one specimen was presented and analysed. The obtained results confirm usefulness of thermography for early diagnostics of material behaviour and for structures monitoring in exploitation conditions.
EN
The aim of this research was to determine the thermobaric effect of cast composite explosives, with different masses and dimensions of the chosen explosive charges. This was done by measuring the shock wave parameters in air (maximum overpressure and pressure impulse) and quantifying the thermal effect (temperature-time dependence), at different distances from the centre of the detonation. The chosen thermobaric explosive composition, TBE-3, was characterized. Its density, detonation velocity and viscosity-time dependence were determined. Experimental samples of different masses and calibres were prepared. The shock wave parameters in air were determined in field tests, by measuring the overpressure by piezo-electric pressure transducers. The detonation and the expansion of the explosion products were filmed by a TV high-speed camera, Phantom V9. An infrared (IR) camera FLIR SC7200 was used for recording the IR scene of the explosions and for tracking the thermal effects by a thermographic technique, i.e. thermal imaging. This work is an initial step towards establishing a method for the quantification of the thermal effects of a thermobaric detonation.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki hydrokonwersji (co-processing) frakcji naftowej zachowawczej destylacji ropy naftowej w mieszaninie z 20% obj. oleju rzepakowego, sojowego, słonecznikowego, palmowego lub oliwy z oliwek. Uzyskane hydrorafinaty cechowały się zwiększoną zawartość n-parafin, obniżoną gęstością oraz wyższą liczbą cetanową w porównaniu z hydrorafinatami samej frakcji ropopochodnej. Wzrost zawartości n-parafin powodował pogorszenie właściwości niskotemperaturowych hydrorafinatów. Spośród surowców badanych pod kątem wytwarzania biokomponentów paliwowych II generacji, olej palmowy charakteryzuje się najkorzystniejszym składem kwasów tłuszczowych. Zawiera niewiele kwasów tłuszczowych C18+, których pochodne (n-parafiny) znacząco pogarszałyby właściwości niskotemperaturowe paliwa, a także niewiele nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych, w tym polienowych.
EN
Petroleum oil b. 160–240°C (gas oil) was mixed with olive, soya, sunflower, raps and palm oils (20% by vol.) and hydrotreated with H₂ on Al₂O₃-supported Ni-Mo catalyst at 340°C, 3 MPa and flow rate 1.5 h-1. The lowest thermal effect was obsd. for palm oil (temp. increase 5.5°C), the highest for soya oil (temp. increase 9.2°C). The highest cetane no. (58) showed the sunflower oil-contg. hydroraffinate. The lowest cloud point (-8.7°C) showed the palm oil-contg. hydroraffinate.
14
Content available Thermal effect on damaged stay-cables
EN
Cables may suffer severe damage in cable-stayed bridges, leading to cable relaxation and tension loss. Such a damage effect merges in the sag augmentation or tension tightened by the thermal effect. This paper is intended to investigate the static response of damaged cables coupled with the thermal effect. With the introduction of three damage parameters such as damage position, damage degree and damage range as well as temperature parameter, the dimensionless governing equations for cables are derived and the numerical method is employed to solve the nonlinear equations. The static behavior of damaged cables due to the thermal coupling effect is analyzed, and the way to remove the thermal effect is given. It shows that the aspect ratio is the major factor is the deflection of the mid-span and horizontal force in the cable, whereas the angle inclination is the next important parameter. Cables with the natural length close to the chord distance reveal the highest sensitivity to temperature, whereas pre-tensioned and non-pre-tensioned cables are less sensitive to the thermal effect. It further demonstrates that with more damage included, the sensitive scope of the variation coefficient of the axial force with aspect ratio and temperature changes dramatically.
15
EN
According to the results of the laboratory and analytical studies and research-and-industrial operations, it is established the efficiency of complex use of thermal methods, hydrocarbon solvents and surfactants for the effect on high-viscosity oil and it is suggested the technology for high-viscosity oil wells stimulation.
16
Content available remote Thermal effects on cathodoluminescence in forsterite
EN
Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectral analysis has been conducted for luminescent forsterite (olivine) of terrestrial and meteoritic origins. Two emission bands at 3.15 and 2.99 eV in blue region can be assigned to structural defect centres and two emission bands at 1.91 and 1.74 eV in red region to impurity centres of Mn2+ and Cr3+, respectively. These emissions reduce their intensities at higher temperature, suggesting a temperature quenching phenomenon. The activation energy in the quench-ing process was estimated by a least-square fitting of the Arrhenius plots using integrated intensity of each component as follows; blue emissions at 3.15 eV: 0.08-0.10 eV and at 2.99 eV: 0.09-0.11 eV, red emissions at 1.91 eV: ~0.01 eV and at 1.74 eV: ~0.02 eV. The quenching process can be con-strued by the non-radiative transition by assuming the Mott-Seitz model. The values of activation en-ergies for blue emissions caused by structural defects correspond to the vibration energy of Si–O stretching mode in the lattice, and the values for red emissions caused by Mn and Cr impurity centres to Mg–O vibration energy. It implies that the temperature quenching energy might be transferred as a phonon to the specific lattice vibration.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń numerycznych i badań eksperymentalnych efektu cieplnego odkształcenia plastycznego podczas procesu kucia promieniowego prętów ze stopu cyrkonu Zr-Nb W zakresie temperatur 20÷500 °C i przy prędkości odkształcenia 0,5 i 15 s-1.
EN
This paper presents results of mathematical modelling and physical research of thermal effect during radial forging of zirconium alloy rods at temperature under interval 20÷500 °C during strain rate 0,5 and 15 s-1.
EN
The safe operations of LNG terminal in Świnoujście mainly depends on safe operations of LNG tankers. Manoeuvring the LNG tanker at the terminal entrance and basin is always connected with a risk of accident. Areas where the risk of accident is the greatest are those in the vicinity of entrance heads and the turning basin. Accidents within these areas are burdened with the most serious consequences. This article presents possible scenarios of LNG tanker accident consequences in the LNG Terminal in Świnoujście.
PL
Bezpieczna eksploatacja terminalu LNG w Świnoujściu w głównej mierze uzależniona jest od bezpiecznej eksploatacji gazowców LNG. Manewrowanie statkiem na wejściu do terminalu i w jego obszarze zagrożone jest możliwością wystąpienia awarii. Obszarami potencjalnie najbardziej narażonymi na awarie są główki wejściowe do terminalu oraz obrotnica. Wystąpienie awarii w tych obszarach obarczone jest największymi skutkami. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane możliwe warianty wystąpienia skutków awarii tankowca LNG na terminalu w Świnoujściu.
PL
Technika mikrofalowa jest stosunkowo łatwą w zastosowaniu i bezinwazyjną (nie wymagającą destrukcji struktury materiału) metodą osuszania i jednoczesnego pozbawiania materiałów budowlanych mikrobiologicznych zanieczyszczeń. Ze względu na zdolność nawet 2.5-metrowej penetracji promieniowania w głąb eksponowanego na działanie mikrofal materiału, metoda ta daje możliwość inaktywacji mikrobiologicznych zanieczyszczeń nie tylko na powierzchni materiałów budowlanych, ale i wewnątrz nich. W artykule omówiono wpływ termicznego i nietermicznego efektu promieniowania mikrofalowego na właściwości mikroorganizmów powodujących skażenie materiałów budowlanych. Szczególna uwaga została zwrócona na grzyby pleśniowe i promieniewce jako na czynniki odpowiedzialne za występowanie szeregu niekorzystnych efektów zdrowotnych obserwowanych w środowisku wnętrz. Przedstawione zostały wstępne wyniki badań nad wpływem promieniowania mikrofalowego na przeżywalność i cytotoksyczność ich spór rosnących na różnego typu "mokrych" i "suchych" podłożach, w tym na powszechnie stosowanych materiałach budowlanych i wykończeniowych. Omówione zostały też różne aspekty stosowania promieniowania mikrofalowego dla potrzeb rozwiązań w ochronie zdrowia i życia osób w przypadku zagrożeń o masowej skali.
EN
Due to both high (up to 2.5 m) penetration efficiency and sterilization effectiveness, the microwave technique is utilized for non-invasive cleaning of microbial contamination of building materials. The paper describes and influence of both thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave radiation on properties of microorganisms, which contaminate building materials. A special emphasis is given to fila-mentous fungi and actinomycetes as factors responsible for numerous adverse health effects observed in indoor environment. The preliminary results of the study on influence of microwave radiation on viability and cytotoxicity of their "wet" and "dry" spores growing on different media, including common building construction and finishing materials, are presented. Different aspects of microwave radiation applied to protect health and life of exposed individuals in mass scale are also discussed.
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