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1

History of infrared detectors

Rogalski A.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2012

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Vol. 20, No. 3

279-308

EN

This paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel's experiment with thermometer on February 11th, 1800. Infrared detectors are in general used to detect, image, and measure patterns of the thermal heat radiation which all objects emit. At the beginning, their development was connected with thermal detectors, such as thermocouples and bolometers, which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and operate at room temperature. The second kind of detectors, called the photon detectors, was mainly developed during the 20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time. These detectors have been extensively developed since the 1940's. Lead sulphide (PbS) was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to ~3 µm. After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications. Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co-workers in 1959 opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design. Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence research. Later on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called "dual-use technology applications." One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies, as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost technologies. In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays (FPAs). Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging. Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.

2

State of the art bolometers : principles, devices, applications

Wierzba P.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2009

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Vol. 50, nr 3

95-102

EN

The paper outlines operation principles of bolometers used for detection of electromagnetic radiation in the range from microwaves, through terahertz radiation to x-rays. Materials used in the manufacturing of bolometers are presented. Representative state of the art bolometers are presented, including superconducting and guantum effect bolometers. Selected technical, industrial and military applications of bolometers are presented. Moreover, selected bolometers and bolometer arrays are presented, as well as their applications.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania bolometrów wykorzystywanych do detekcji promieniowania elektromagnetycznego w zakresie od mikrofal, przez promieniowanie terahercowe do promieniowania X. Omówiono materiały stosowanych w konstrukcji bolometrów. Przedstawiono reprezentatywne rozwiązania konstrukcyjne nowoczesnych bolometrów, w tym bolometry nadprzewodzące oraz bolometry wykorzystujące zjawiska kwantowe. Zaprezentowano wybrane techniczne, przemysłowe i wojskowe zastosowania bolometrów.

3

Uniwersalne stanowisko do pomiaru termicznej stałej czasowej bolometrów

Wierzba P.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2008

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Vol. 49, nr 6

206-208

PL

W pracy przedstawiono stanowisko umożliwiające pomiar termicznej stałej czasowej bolometrów. Stanowisko składa się z układu pomiarowego połączonego z cyfrowym oscyloskopem lub analizatorem sygnału i umożliwia pomiar stałej czasowej w zakresie do kilku sekund. Omówiono budowę i działanie opracowanego układu i zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów oraz przedstawiono kierunki dalszych prac.

EN

A setup for measurement of thermal time constant of bolometers is presented in the paper. Consisting of a circuit connected to a digital oscilloscope or dynamic signal analyzer, this setup allows the thermal time constant to be measured in the range up to few seconds. Design of the circuit and its operation are discussed and results of time constant measurements are presented. Directions of further work are also presented.

4

Podczerwień w praktyce

Grudzień M.

Nowa Elektrotechnika

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2007

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nr 10 (38)

1--6

5

Optical detectors for focal plane arrays

Rogalski A.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2004

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Vol. 12, No. 2

221-245

EN

The paper presents progress in optical detector technologies during the past 25 years. Classification of two types of detectors (photon detectors and thermal detectors) is done on the basis of their principle of operation. The overview of optical material systems and detectors is presented. Also recent progress in different technologies is described. Discussion is focused mainly on current and the most rapidly developing focal plane arrays using: CdZnTe detectors, AlGaN photodiodes, visible CCD and CMOS imaging systems, HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes, quantum well AlGaAs/GaAs photoresistors, and thermal detectors. The outlook for near-future trends in IR technologies is also presented.

6

Advanced technologies in development of optical detectors

Rogalski A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2004

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Vol. 45, nr 12

12-19

PL

W pracy przedstawiono postęp w rozwoju detektorów promieniowania optycznego w ciągu ostatniego ćwierćwiecza. Omówiono podstawy działania dwu grup detektorów (termicznych i fotonowych) stosowanych w szerokim zakresie widma optycznego. Przedyskutowano nowe tendencje rozwojowe w technologii i konstrukcji detektorów promieniowania X, promieniowania g[gamma] promieniowania ultrafioletowego i podczerwonego. Przedstawiono przykłady najbardziej spektakularnych osiągnięć w tym zakresie, dotyczące detektorów z CdZnTe, detektorów ultrafioletowych z AIGaN, matryc CCD i CMOS zakresu widzialnego, detektorów heterozłączowych z HgCdTe, fotorezystorów ze studni kwantowych układu AIGaAs/GaAs i bolometrów krzemowych.

EN

The paper presents progress in optical detector technologies during the past 25 years. Classification of two types of detectors (photon detectors and thermal detectors) is done on the basis of their principle of operation. The overview of optical material systems and detectors is presented. Also recent progress in different technologies is described. Discussion is focused mainly on current and the most rapidly developing focal plane arrays using: CdZnTe detectors, AIGaN photodiodes, visible CCD and CMOS imaging systems, HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes, quantum well AIGaAs/GaAs photoresistors, and thermal detectors.

7

Współczesne detektory promieniowania podczerwonego dla potrzeb termografii

Więcek B.

Elektronika : prace naukowe

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2002

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nr 7

81-94

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe trendy rozwoju detektorów podczerwieni, w tym detektory termiczne - mikrobolometry i piro-elektryki, oraz detektory fotonowe ze studniami kwantowymi. Omówiono budową i działanie detektora uśredniającego SPRITE o dużej wartości wykrywalności pasmowej.

EN

This paper presents. In this paper the comparison of uncooled thermal and deeply cooled QWIP (Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector) detectors are briefly presented. Different types of QWIP detectors have been mentioned. The limits of detectivity both for thermal and photon detectors are discussed. Today, the significant progress in infrared technology is observed. It is due to increasing interest of infrared sensitive equipment, especially in the domain of uncooled devices, which are much chipper with satisfactory parameters. Such detectors are widely used for e.g.: thermal inspection, observation, and maintenance. On the other hand very precise quantum detectors are still under development. The most efficient quantum detection based on MCT (HgCdTe) now has a competitor which uses traditional wide band gap semiconductor (AlxGal-xAs/GaAs), where the carrier excitation takes place in quantum well. Both resposivity and detectivity of quantum infrared detectors is a Junction of wavelength, while it does not depend on spectral range for thermal ones.

8

Infrared detectors at the beginning of the next millennium

Rogalski A.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2001

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Vol. 9, No. 2

173-187

EN

The paper presents progress in infrared (IR) detector technologies during two hundred history of their development. Classification of two types of infrared detectors (photon detectors and thermal detectors) is done on the basis of their principle of operation. The overview of infrared systems and detectors is presented. Recent progress in different IR technologies is described from a historical point of view. Discussion is focused mainly on current and the most rapidly developing detectors: HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes, quantum well AlGaAs/GaAs photoresistors, and thermal detectors. The outlook for near-future trends in IR technologies is also presented.