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1
Content available The Importance of TDA Thermal Analysis in an Automated Metallurgical Process
Petrus Łukasz, Bulanowski Andrzej, Kołakowski Jakub, Sobieraj Jakub, Paruch Tomasz, Urbanowicz Mariusz, Brzeżański Mateusz, Burdzy Daniel, Zych Jerzy, Janerka Krzysztof
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
|
2021
|
Vol. 5, no. 4
89--93
EN
The article presents the results of research and work related to the implementation of the research and development project POIR.01.01.01-00-0120/17 co-financed by the EU, through the NCBR, entitled: Innovative technology using thermal analysis, TDA, of self-feeding manufacturing of high-quality cast iron to produce new generation, enhanced performance casts. In many foundries, thermal derivative analysis (TDA) is used in addition to chemical analysis to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of an alloy while it is still in the melting furnace or ladle and before it is poured into the mold. This fact makes it possible to improve the metallurgical quality of the alloy by introducing alloying additives, carburizers or modifiers into the furnace as part of the pre-modification or primary or secondary modification in the ladle or when pouring into molds. Foundry machinery (modifier dosing systems and spheroidizing station) is very important in these operations. Only the full synergy of modern equipment with modern technology ensures high quality and repeatability of the casting process. The article mainly discusses the obtained parameters of TDA analysis (with the use of the ITACA system) at different stages of melting and how to improve them by using modern and fully automated dosing systems (Itaca OptiDose, ItacaWire and ItacaStream). Special attention was paid to the minimum temperature of the eutectoid. The change of its value after the modification process, its influence on the quality of the melted metal, a very strong correlation with the number of nuclei and the number of graphite precipitations in the casts were shown.
2
Content available The Influence of Final Inoculation on the Metallurgical Quality of Nodular Cast Iron
Dwulat Rafał, Janerka K., Grzesiak K.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2021
|
Vol. 21, iss. 4
5--14
EN
The article presents the results of research on the physicochemical and mechanical properties, microstructure, and the tendency to form shrinkage of nodular cast iron depending on the type of inoculant used for secondary inoculation. Six different inoculants containing different active elements in their chemical composition were used for the research. Step castings and Y2 wedges were made on the vertical forming line using an automatic pouring machine. The inoculation in the amount of 0.2% was made using a pneumatic dispenser equipped with a vision system controlling the effectiveness of the inoculation. The results of the thermal analysis were determined and compared, and the potential of each of the inoculants was assessed.
3
Content available Crystallization Process of Silicon Molybdenum Cast Iron
Stawarz M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 18, iss. 2
100--104
EN
The article presents results of studies of silicon – molybdenum cast iron (4.42% Si, 2.59% Mo and 2.48% C wt.-%) crystallization process. Metallographic analysis was carried out using SEM-scanning electron microscopy with the EDS system. In order to determine the phase composition, X-ray diffraction studies were performed. Thermo-Calc, a computer simulation program, was used to simulate the crystallization process. . The obtained data allowed to describe the effect of some elements on the crystallization process. The silicon phase of MnSi could not be identified during metallographic studies. Also, computer simulation of the crystallization process did not answer the question at which point the silicon phase of MnSi crystallizes in the tested alloy. Therefore, not all results obtained were linked to the registered crystallization process (TDA process). The EDS analysis revealed an unusual distribution of molybdenum in the microstructure of the sample, where it is clearly visible that the area enriched with this element is also the separation of spheroidal graphite. The possibility of occurrence of Mo-rich micro-areas found in graphite is considered. The case is debatable and difficult to resolve at this stage. Perhaps, at such a high concentration of molybdenum (2.59% Mo) in the alloy, conditions are created for simultaneously crystallization of graphite and molybdenum phases.
4
Content available Zastosowanie badań termicznych na przykładzie analizy termiczno-derywacyjnej wybranych stopów odlewniczych magnezu i aluminium
Król M., Tański T., Snopiński P.
LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania
|
2017
|
R. 22, nr 3
36--40
5
Content available Properties of novel composite alloys used for the engine pistons
Kowalski M., Jankowski A.
Journal of KONES
|
2017
|
Vol. 24, No. 4
109--116
EN
The article presents the results of the investigations cover novel composite silumins with new alloying additives, such as chromium and molybdenum (not yet used in this type of silumin) and increased content of nickel and copper. The samples strength tests were performed at room temperature (20°C) and at elevated temperatures (up to 350°C), and were carried out using the strength machine, equipped with the special climate chamber. The dimensional stability of the new aluminum alloy was investigated using the precision dilatometer. This device allows one to register and record the sample dimensions as a function of temperature, during sample heating and cooling. During the DTA crystallization process investigations, derivative curves have been determined, that allows the analysis of the solidification process and the analysis of the heat transfer process in the sample structure and phase transformations. In the article shows the derivative curve and representative microstructures, and characteristic temperatures for the conventional AlSi12 alloy and novel composite alloy. All research results indicated that the newly developed composite aluminum alloy has far better parameters than aluminum alloys used previously for pistons of the internal combustion engines. This article concludes with a summary of the advantages of the new composite alloys.
6
Content available Analysis of Crystallisation Process of Cast Magnesium Alloys Based on Thermal Derivative Analysis
Król M., Tański T., Matula G., Snopiński P., Tomiczek A. E.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2015
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Vol. 60, iss. 4
2993--3000
EN
The paper presents the results of the crystallisation process of cast magnesium alloys based on the thermal-derivation analysis. The effects of aluminium content and cooling rate on the characteristic parameters of the evaluation of magnesium dendrites during solidification at different cooling rates were investigated by thermal-derivative analysis (TDA). Dendrite coherency point (DCP) is defined with a new approach based on the second derivative cooling curve. Solidification behaviour was evaluated via one thermocouple thermal analysis method. Microstructural evaluations were characterised by light microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This research revealed that utilisation of d2T/dt2 versus the time curve methodology allows for analysis of the dendrite coherency point.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań opisu procesu krystalizacji odlewniczych stopów magnezu w oparciu o analizę termiczno-derywacyjną. Przedstawiono wpływ szybkości chłodzenia oraz stężenia aluminium na charakterystyczne temperatury podczas krystalizacji, jak również wyniki obliczeń udziału frakcji stałej w punkcie koherencji fazy α w oparciu o analizę krzywej d2T/dt2, bazując na pomiarze temperatury jedną termoparą. Przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki wpływu szybkości chłodzenia na charakterystyczne temperatury procesu krystalizacji odlewniczych stopów magnezu. Wpływu założonych szybkości chłodzenia na mikrostrukturę dokonano w oparciu o wyniki badań z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii świetlnej oraz mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej jakościowej i ilościowej z wykorzystaniem elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej. Przedstawiono wyniki badań składu fazowego w oparciu o rentgenowską jakościową analizę fazową.
7
Content available The Effect of Heat Removal from the Casting Mould on the Crystallization High Silicon Cast Iron
Stawarz M., Gromczyk M., Szajnar J.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2015
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Vol. 15, iss. 2 spec.
83--86
EN
Silicon cast iron with high chemical resistance, which is the biggest advantage of this material, did not have any competition for a long time. It was popular on the market of metal materials because of its low price. However, the production of this material requires special attention and precautions, which is a barrier for foundry. The article presents the results of research of high silicon cast iron crystallization based on thermal derivative analysis (which has identified characteristic temperatures of the investigated alloy crystallization process basis on the part of Fe–Si phase diagram and process analysis using calculations made in Thermo–Calc software) and metallographic analysis of the structure.
8
Content available Analiza wpływu warunków odprowadzania ciepła z formy na przebieg krystalizacji żeliwa o podwyższonej zawartości Si
Stawarz M., Gromczyk M., Kondracki M., Szajnar J.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
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Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.
119--122
PL
Żeliwo krzemowe z uwagi na wysoką odporność chemiczną, która stanowi kluczową zaletę tego materiału, przez długi czas nie posiadało większej konkurencji i cieszyło się dużą popularnością na rynku materiałów metalowych ze względu na niewielką cenę. Niestety produkcja odlewów z tego materiału wymaga szczególnej uwagi i ostrożności, co stanowi barierę dla odlewni [1]. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań związanych z procesem krystalizacji żeliwa wysokokrzemowego przeprowadzonych w oparciu o analizę termiczno derywacyjną (wyznaczono temperatury charakterystyczne procesu krystalizacji analizowanego stopu, posiłkując się odpowiednim fragmentem wykresu układu równowagi fazowej Fe – Si oraz analizą procesu w oparciu o obliczenia z wykorzystaniem programu Thermo – Calc) oraz analizę metalograficzną mikrostruktury.
EN
Silicon cast iron with high chemical resistance, which is the biggest advantage of this material, did not have any competition for a long time. It was popular on the market of metal materials because of its low price. However, the production of this material requires special attention and precautions, which is a barrier for foundry [1]. The article presents the results of research of high silicon cast iron crystallization based on thermal derivative analysis (have been identified characteristic temperatures of the investigated alloy crystallization process basis on the part of Fe – Si phase diagram and process analysis using calculations made in Thermo – Calc software) and metallographic analysis of the structure.
9
Wybrane aspekty teorii i technologii wytwarzania żeliwa sferoidalnego z węglikami otrzymywanego w stanie surowym
Gumienny G.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Rozprawy Naukowe / Politechnika Łódzka
|
2013
|
Z. 440
1--148
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wybrane aspekty teorii i technologii otrzymywania żeliwa sferoidalnego z węglikami o różnej mikrostrukturze osnowy metalowej zapewniającej wysoką odporność na zużycie. Proponowaną technologią jest wprowadzenie dodatków stopowych, których wspólne oddziaływanie umożliwia uzyskanie osnowy metalowej żeliwa złożonej z: bainitu, martenzytu, ausferrytu lub ich mieszaniny bez stosowania obróbki cieplnej (w stanie surowym). Jako dodatki stopowe stosowano: molibden, chrom, nikiel oraz miedź w różnych proporcjach. Przeprowadzono badania wpływu ww. dodatków stopowych wprowadzanych pojedynczo i wspólnie na mikrostrukturę badanego żeliwa. Proces krystalizacji zbadano przy zastosowaniu analizy termicznej i derywacyjnej (ATD). Przedstawiono schemat przemiany austenitu w bainit górny lub jego mieszaninę z dolnym. Zbadano mikrosegregację pierwiastków składowych w obszarze ziarna eutektycznego i skład chemiczny węglików. Wykonano badania odporności na zużycie ścierne i adhezyjne wybranych rodzajów żeliwa sferoidalnego z węglikami. Podano zakres własności mechanicznych badanego żeliwa. Opracowano wykresy CTP wybranych rodzajów żeliwa sferoidalnego z węglikami o osnowie metalowej złożonej z: perlitu, bainitu górnego, jego mieszaniny z dolnym, martenzytu oraz ausferrytu. Dokonano symulacji procesu krystalizacji i przemian austenitu w badanym żeliwie sferoidalnym. Przedstawiono graficznie i opisano funkcyjnie ciepło spektralne krystalizacji eutektyki austenit + grafit kulkowy oraz węglików w funkcji temperatury. Analogiczne badania wykonano dla przemian w stanie stałym. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały możliwość uzyskania w żeliwie sferoidalnym osnowy metalowej złożonej z bainitu, martenzytu lub ausferrytu bez stosowania obróbki cieplnej odlewów. Obecność węglików powoduje istotne zwiększenie odporności na zużycie przy nieznacznym spadku własności plastycznych.
EN
The paper presents selected aspects of the theory and technology of carbidic nodular cast iron of various metal matrix microstructure which providing high wear resistance. The proposed technology is the introduction of alloy additions, which joint effect enables to obtain a cast iron metal matrix consisting of bainite, martensite, ausferrite or its mixtures without heat treatment (in raw state). Molybdenum, chromium, nickel and copper in varying proportions were used as alloying elements. The impact of the above mentioned alloy additions introduced individually and jointly on the microstructure of cast iron was investigated. The crystallization process was examined by using thermal and derivate analysis (TDA). The scheme of austenite transformation into upper bainite or its mixture with lower bainite is presented. Elements microsegregation in the eutectic cell and the chemical composition of carbides were examined. The research of abrasive and adhesive wear of the selected kinds of carbidic nodular cast iron were executed. The range of mechanical properties of tested cast iron was shown. The elaborated diagrams demonstrate continuous cooling transformation (CCT) for the selected kinds of carbidic nodular cast iron with metal matrix consisting of pearlite, upper bainite or its mixture with lower bainite, martensite and ausferrite. The experiment presents a simulation of a crystallization process and austenite transformation in tested cast iron. The spectral heat of eutectic austenite + nodular graphite and carbides crystallization versus temperature was presented with graphs as well as functionally described. Analogical research was performed for transformations in solid state. The study showed the possibility of obtaining the metal matrix in nodular cast iron which consists of bainite, martensite or ausferrite without the heat treatment of casts. Carbides cause the significant increase of wear resistance with a slight decrease in plastic properties.
10
Content available Structure and properties of new ecological copper alloys for fittings
Juszczyk B., Kulasa J., Cwolek B., Malec W., Wierzbicki Ł.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 3 spec.
97--102
EN
The article presents the results of studies concerning the selection of the chemical composition of the new ecological copper alloys for fittings. It was analyzed, among other things, the impact of the content of bismuth, aluminum, iron and boron. Their solidification process was characterized on the grounds of thermal and derivative analysis (TDA). Also the microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. Casting properties were determined by the castability spiral test. It was found that zinc is an essential component of the tested group of alloys, determining the course of their crystallization, phase composition and microstructure. There was no significant effect from the other elements on the course of crystallization. The obtained results revealed that bismuth is the element of the strongest impact on the castability changes. The formulated alloys surpass the commonly used standardized alloy intended for components of fittings, namely MO59, in terms of casting and mechanical (hardness) properties.
11
Content available Effect of T6 heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of EN AB-42000 alloy modified with strontium
Pezda J.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 2 spec.
169--174
EN
Process of silumin properties perfection in scope of classic (simple and cheap) methods is connected with change of morphology of silumin precipitations through: process of alloy modification, maintaining suitable temperature of superheating treatment and pouring into moulds, as well as perfection of heat treatment operations. In the paper are presented results of a tests aimed at investigation of an effects of performed heat treatment operations on change of tensile strength of EN AC-42000 silumin modified with strontium. Investigated alloy was melted in electric resistance furnace. Course of crystallization process was recorded with use of thermal-derivative analysis (ATD), and on base of this analysis one determined temperatures range of heat treatment operations of the alloy. Performed heat treatment operation resulted in change of mechanical properties (Rm, A5) of the investigated alloy, whereas performed tests enabled determination of temperature and duration of solutioning and ageing treatments, which condition improvement of its mechanical properties.
12
Content available remote Influence of pouring temperature on a thermal gradient
Suchoń J., Cholewa M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1
167-174
EN
In the thesis there are presented results of computer simulation of casting solidification process, characteristics of solidification rate in several points as well as course of gradient change between these points. Based on the obtained results, an influence of initial conditions on temperature gradient during the solidification process was determined.
13
Content available remote Thermal gradient analysis of solidifying casting
Suchoń J., Cholewa M., Kondracki M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3s
107--110
EN
For description of casting solidification and crystallization process the thermal derivative analysis (TDA) is commonly used. Besides the process kinetics considered in TDA method to describe the solidification process, the thermal gradient analysis can be also used for this purpose [1, 2]. In conducted studies analysis of thermal gradient distribution inside the solidifying wedge casting was shown which enabled determination of heat flow intensity on casting section.
14
Content available remote Carbides in nodular cast iron with Cr and Mo
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2007
|
Vol. 7, iss. 3
223-230
EN
In these paper results of elements microsegregation in carbidic nodular cast iron have been presented. A cooling rate in the centre of the cross-section and on the surface of casting and change of moulding sand temperature during casting crystallization and its self-cooling have been investigated. TDA curves have been registered. The linear distribution of elements concentration in an eutectic grain, primary and secondary carbides have been made. It was found, that there are two kinds of carbides: Cr and Mo enriched. A probable composition of primary and secondary carbides have been presented.
15
Content available remote Żeliwo sferoidalne z węglikami
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2006
|
R. 6, nr 19
233-238
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwość otrzymania węglików w żeliwie sferoidalnym stopowym z dodatkiem chromu, miedzi, niklu i molibdenu.
EN
In these paper the possibility obtaining carbides in ductile cast iron with chromium, nickel, copper and molybdenum have been presented.
16
Content available remote Monitorowanie produkcji żeliwa sferoidalnego w warunkach odlewni
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G., Pisarek B.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2006
|
R. 6, nr 19
239-250
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwość i przebieg procesu monitorowania oraz kontroli produkcji żeliwa sferoidalnego w warunkach odlewni przy użyciu autorskiego programu komputerowego wykorzystującego metodę analizy termicznej i derywacyjnej (ATD).
EN
In this paper process of production control of ductile cast iron under foundry conditions with the self-written computer programme using TDA method have been presented.
17
Content available remote Określenie własności mechanicznych żeliwa sferoidalnego metodą ATD
Stawarz M., Szajnar J.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2005
|
R. 5, nr 15
361--370
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sposób oceny jakości żeliwa sferoidalnego gatunku ZsCu1.0 w oparciu o metodę ATD. Przedstawiono krzywe ATD, dla których wyznaczono punkty charakterystyczne i w oparciu o nie dokonano oceny jakości żeliwa.
EN
The paper presented equation of regression for evaluation of quality of ductile cast iron of sort ZsCu1.0. They were prepared with the use of characteristic points of TDA curves.
18
Content available remote Monitorowanie produkcji i kontrola jakości stopów odlewniczych z wykorzystaniem metody ATD
Pietrowski S., Gumienny G., Pisarek B., Władysiak R.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2005
|
R. 5, nr 15
310--327
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania metody ATD do budowy pro-gramów komputerowych kontroli produkcji wysokojakościowych stopów odlewniczych aluminium oraz żelaza.
EN
This paper presents potential of use of TDA method to create computer systems of production control of advanced casting alloys of aluminium and iron.
19
Content available remote Kompleksowa ocena jakości żeliwa sferoidalnego
Stawarz M.
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
|
2004
|
nr 2
55-58
PL
W pracy przedstawiono ocenę jakości żeliwa sferoidalnego w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania kompleksowe dwóch gatunków żeliw. Przedstawiono równania regresji do oceny jakości żeliwa sferoidalnego gatunku ZsCul. Opracowano je na podstawie charakterystycznych punktów krzywych ATD. Do opisu kształtu wydzieleń grafitu zastosowano współczynnik kształtu C.
EN
The paper presented equations of regression for evaluation of graphite shape in nodular cast iron. They were prepared with the use of characteristic points of TDA curves. The factor shape C was used to describe the nodular cast iron.
20
Content available remote Wyznaczanie ciepła krystalizacji faz w żeliwie EN-GJS-500-7 na podstawie metody ATD
Pisarek B.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2004
|
R. 4, nr 14
420-429
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń ciepła przemian: ciecz (ciekłe żeliwo), -›eutektyka (austenit+grafit), austenit -›ferryt, perlit dla żeliwa ferrytyczno perlitycznego gatunku EN-GJS-500-7 krzepnącego w próbniku ATD-S z wykorzystaniem dwupunktowego pomiaru temperatury podczas krystalizacji żeliwa.
EN
It present results of accounts in paper of latent heat of phase crystallization for ferrite-pearlite ductile cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. It take advantage Thermal Derivative Analysis with two-punctual measurement of temperature in TDA-S probe. Indicated: functions of exhaustion phases, latent heat of transformations of liquid-›eutectic (austenite+graphite), austenite-› ferrite, pearlite.
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