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1

The discrete, fractional order model of a two-dimensional temperature field using Grünwald-Letnikov definition

Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 4

art. no. e150332

EN

In the paper a new, fractional order, discrete model of a two-dimensional temperature field is addressed. The proposed model uses Grünwald-Letnikov definition of the fractional operator. Such a model has not been proposed yet. Elementary properties of the model: practical stability, accuracy and convergence are analysed. Analytical conditions of stability and convergence are proposed and they allow to estimate the orders of the model. Theoretical considerations are validated using exprimental data obtained with the use of a thermal imaging camera. Results of analysis supported by experiments point that the proposed model assures good accuracy and convergence for low order and relatively short memory length.

2

Tests onignition capability of gas from a propane-butane cylinder after shooting it through

Badurowicz Przemysław, Wiśniewski Adam, Pacek Dawid, Jasiński Marcin, Szczurowski Krzysztof

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R. 52, z. 163

27--38

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodykę i wyniki badań strzelania używając różnych pocisków z broni strzeleckiej do butli z gazem propan-butan (P-B) pod kątem podatności na za-palenie (zdolności do inicjacji pożaru) w czasie ostrzału. Butle były ustawione w dwóch konfiguracjach: sama butla lub butla, za którą znajdowała się płyta pancerna. Podczas badań obserwowano lot pocisku, zachowanie się butli i temperaturę wydzielaną w czasie uderzenia pocisku w butlę z gazem P-B za pomocą kamery szybkiej (FASTCAM SA-Z 2100K 50 400 fps) i kamer termalnych (FLIR X6580sc, FLIR X6901scSLS). Użyta w badaniach masa skroplonego gazu P-B w butli była 0,5÷11 kg.

EN

The paper presents a methodology and research results over propane-butane (P-B) gas cylinders hit by various projectiles fired with a firearm for assessing the susceptibility on initiation a fire(ability to initiate the fire) at the shooting. Cylinders were arranged in two configurations: the cylinder alone, or the cylinder with an armour plate behind it. During the tests, the projectile flight, a gas cylinder behaviour and the temperature released during the projectile impact to the P-B gas cylinder were measured using a high-speed camera (FASTCAM SA-Z 2100K 50.400 fps) and thermal cameras (FLIR X6580sc, FLIR X6901scSLS). The mass of liquid P-B gas in a cylinder at the tests was between 0.5÷11.0kg.

3

The positivity of the fractional order model of a two-dimensional temperature field

Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

art. no. e145675

EN

The paper presents analysis of the positivity for a two-dimensional temperature field. The process under consideration is described by the linear, infinite-dimensional, noninteger order state equation. It is derived from a two-dimensional parabolic equation with homogenous Neumann boundary conditions along all borders and homogenous initial condition. The form of control and observation operators is determined by the construction of a real system. The internal and external positivity of the model are associated to the localization of heater and measurement. It has been proven that the internal positivity of the considered system can be achieved by the proper selection of attachment of a heater and place of a measurement as well as the dimension of the finite-dimensional approximation of the considered model. Conditions of the internal positivity associated with construction of real experimental system are proposed. The postivity is analysed separately for control and output of the system. This allows one to analyse the positivity of thermal systems without explicit control. Theoretical considerations are numerically verified with the use of experimental data. The proposed results can be applied i.e. to point suitable places for measuring of a temperature using a thermal imaging camera.

4

Fractional order, state space model of the temperature field in the pcb plate

Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof, Mitkowski Wojciech, Rosół Maciej

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 2

180--187

EN

In the paper the fractional order, state space model of a temperature field in a two-dimensional metallic surface is addressed. The proposed model is the two dimensional generalization of the one dimensional, fractional order, state space of model of the heat transfer process. It uses fractional derivatives along time and length. The proposed model assures better accuracy with lower order than models using integer order derivatives. Elementary properties of the proposed model are analysed. Theoretical results are experimentally verifed using data from industrial thermal camera.

5

Analysis of Ignition Capability of Flammable Gases from Small Arms Propellant Gases

Badurowicz Przemysław, Wiśniewski Adam, Pacek Dawid, Jasiński Marcin, Szczurowski Krzysztof, Woliński Marek, Bartkowiak Tadeusz

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2022

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Vol. 13, Nr 4 (50)

39--50

EN

The article presents the results of tests on the temperature of propellant gases shortly after the bullet leaves the barrel. The temperature and movement of these gases were recorded with thermal cameras and a high-speed camera. Weapons with and without muzzle devices (flash suppressor, silencer) were used. The aim of the research was to check the capability to ignite flammable gases located in the vicinity of the propellant gases produced during firing. Comparison of the maximum temperature of the propellant gases and the ignition temperature of the flammable gases makes it possible to determine the probability of fire. The lowest temperature of propellant gases was in the case of shooting with 9 × 19 mm bullets with the lowest kinetic energy (518 J), and the highest temperature of these gases was during shooting with 5.56 × 45 mm HC (SS109) bullets with the highest kinetic energy (1,785 J).

PL

W artykule przestawiono wyniki badań temperatury wylotowych gazów prochowych w krótkim okresie po opuszczeniu pocisku z lufy. Temperaturę i ruch tych gazów rejestrowano kamerami termalnymi i kamerą szybką. Użyto broni z urządzeniami wylotowymi (tłumik płomienia, tłumik dźwięku) oraz bez nich. Celem badań było sprawdzenie zdolności zapalenia gazów łatwopalnych znajdujących się w otoczeniu wylotowych gazów prochowych powstających w czasie strzału. Porównanie maksymalnej temperatury gazów prochowych i temperatury zapłonu gazów łatwopalnych umożliwia określenie prawdopodobieństwa powstania pożaru. Najniższa temperatura wylotowych gazów prochowych była w przypadku strzelania pociskami 9 × 19 mm o najniższej energii kinetycznej (518 J), a najwyższa temperatura tych gazów była podczas strzelania pociskami 5,56 × 45 mm HC (SS109) o najwyższej energii kinetycznej (1 785 J).

6

Simulation of the Operation of a Single Pixel Camera with Compressive Sensing in the Long-Wave Infrared

Szajewska Anna

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2021

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R. 25, nr 2

53--60

EN

Imaging with the use of a single pixel camera and based on compressed sensing (CS) is a new and promising technology. The use of CS allows reconstruction of images in various spectrum ranges depending on the spectrum sensibility of the used detector. During the study image reconstruction was performed in the LWIR range based on a thermogram from a simulated single pixel camera. For needs of reconstruction CS was used. A case analysis showed that the CS method may be used for construction of infrared-based observation single pixel cameras. This solution may also be applied in measuring cameras. Yet the execution of a measurement of radiation temperature requires calibration of results obtained by CS reconstruction. In the study a calibration method of the infrared observation camera was proposed and studies were carried out of the impact exerted by the number of measurements made on the quality of reconstruction. Reconstructed thermograms were compared with reference images of infrared radiation. It has been ascertained that the reduction of the reconstruction error is not directly in proportion to the number of collected samples being collected. Based on a review of individual cases it has been ascertained that apart from the number of collected samples, an important factor that affects the reconstruction fidelity is the structure of the image as such. It has been proven that estimation of the error for reconstructed thermograms may not be based solely on the quantity of executed measurements.

PL

Obrazowanie kamerą jednopikselową z użyciem CS (compressed sensing) jest nową i obiecującą technologią. Za pomocą CS można rekonstruować obrazy w różnych zakresach widmowych zależnie od czułości spektralnej użytego detektora. W pracy wykonano rekonstrukcję obrazu w zakresie LWIR (Long-Wave Infrared) na podstawie termogramu z zasymulowanej kamery jednopikselowej. Do rekonstrukcji użyto CS. Na podstawie analizy przypadków stwierdzono, że metodę CS można wykorzystać do budowania kamer obserwacyjnych jednopikselowych na podczerwień. Możliwe jest również zastosowanie tego rozwiązania w kamerach pomiarowych. Aby wykonać pomiar temperatury radiacyjnej należy dokonać kalibracji wyników uzyskanych na drodze rekonstrukcji CS. W badaniu zaproponowano sposób kalibracji kamery pomiarowej na podczerwień oraz zbadano wpływ liczby pomiarów na jakość rekonstrukcji. Zrekonstruowane termogramy porównano z referencyjnymi obrazami promieniowania podczerwonego. Stwierdzono, że redukcja błędu rekonstrukcji nie jest wprost proporcjonalna do zwiększanej liczby pobieranych próbek. Na podstawie analizy przypadków zaobserwowano, że poza liczbą pobieranych próbek, istotnym czynnikiem mającym wpływającym na wierność rekonstrukcji jest struktura samego obrazu. Dowiedziono, że szacowanie błędu dla zrekonstruowanych termogramów nie może być oparte tylko na liczbie wykonywanych pomiarów.

7

Affordable hybrid thermography for merchant vessel engine room fire safety

Krystosik-Gromadzińska Agata

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2019

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nr 57 (129)

21--26

EN

Hot surfaces in ship engine rooms are the risk objects that most frequently contribute to fire ignition. Thermography, especially when using thermal cameras, offers many advantages over more common infrared thermometers, but dedicated systems are often prohibitively expensive. An affordable hybrid approach was thus tested in this study, where a low-cost thermal camera smartphone was paired with a common infrared thermometer. Measurements were taken in situ during a sea voyage in an engine room under normal operating conditions, and the surfaces of the main engine, the generating set auxiliary engine, and the exhaust gas boiler were tested. Several areas were discovered to be well above the generally-accepted temperature limit of 220°C, primarily due to absent or poor insulation. Clear recommendations for remediation are made, and the proposed testing method offers fast, easy, effective, and affordable inspection.

8

Application of terrestrial laser scanner with an integrated thermal camera in non-destructive evaluation of concrete surface of hydrotechnical objects

Kowalska M., Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 4

35--43

EN

The authors present possible applications of thermal data as an additional source of information on an object’s behaviour during the technical assessment of the condition of a concrete surface. For the study one of the most recent propositions introduced by Zoller + Fröhlich company was used, which is an integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner. This solution enables an acquisition of geometric and spectral data on the surveyed object and also provides information on the surface’s temperature in the selected points. A section of the dam’s downstream concrete wall was selected as the subject of the study for which a number of scans were carried out and a number of thermal images were taken at different times of the day. The obtained thermal data was confronted with the acquired spectral information for the specified points. This made it possible to carry out broader analysis of the surface and an inspection of the revealed fissure. The thermal analysis of said fissure indicated that the temperature changes within it are slower, which may affect the way the concrete works and may require further elaboration by the appropriate experts. Through the integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner one can not only analyse changes of temperature in the discretely selected points but on the whole surface as well. Moreover, it is also possible to accurately determine the range and the area of the change affecting the surface. The authors note the limitations of the presented solution like, inter alia, the resolution of the thermal camera.

9

Thermal camera system integrated into firefighter helmet

Sosnowski T., Madura H., Bieszczad G., Kastek M.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 2

52--56

EN

The paper presents a firefighter helmet with integrated thermal camera system, OLED display, sensors for monitoring the vital signs of a firefighter-rescuer and communication system for transmitting such data as live thermal video streaming, body temperature, heart rate and ambient temperature. The developed helmet, apart from its typical function as personal protection device against threats associated with firefighter’s work, also provides enhanced capability of carrying out rescue missions in low-visibility scenarios, thus increasing the safety of a firefighter itself.

10

Device for emissivity estimation in LWIR range

Olbrycht R.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 3

90--93

EN

The paper deals with the influence of emissivity on infrared measurements (Tab. 1; Fig. 1-3) and presents the developed device for emissivity estimation (Fig. 4). There is comparison shown between the reference emissivity values measured with thermal camera (Fig. 5) and estimated with the developed device (Tab. 2). Obtained results are in good agreement for three examined samples with emissivity ranging from 0.1 to 0.95.

11

Estimation of power losses in a high-frequency planar transformer using a thermal camera

Barlik R., Nowak M., Grzejszczak P., Zdanowski M.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 65, nr 3

613--627

EN

This paper presents the implementation of a thermal camera for the quantitative estimation of power losses in a high frequency planar transformer (100 kHz/ 5600 VA). The methodology is based on the observation of the transient temperature rise and determination of the power losses by means of curves representing the derivative of temperature as a function of power losses dissipated in the transformer. First, the thermal calibration characteristics had to be obtained from a simple experiment, where power losses are generated by DC current in the ferrite core and windings. Next, experimental investigations focused on the determination of the transformer power losses for a short circuit and no load, with a resistive load and with the rectifier as a load were carried out. Finally, to verify the obtained results, analytical calculations based on Dowell’s and modified Steinmetz’s equations were additionally made, which showed a good convergence. The proposed method is easy to implement and can be used as an alternative to the calorimetric method which is time-consuming and requires a complicated measurement setup.

12

Thermovision system for aircraft landing

Sosnowski T., Madura H., Bieszczad G., Kastek M.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2015

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Vol. 61, No. 6

180--183

EN

The paper presents the developed multispectral optoelectronic aircraft landing assistance and data transmission system for flight control. The purpose of the system is to provide information about the landing aircraft (in the day, at night and in the haze), such as the location of the aircraft in the runway axis, altitude, distance to touchdown and the condition of the plane components like landing gear etc. The system employs two infrared cameras working in spectral range of 3-5 µm and 8-12 µm and a video camera module. The system was tested in laboratory and in the field.

13

Low-cost thermal scanner image enhancement by merging thermal and visual data

Olbrycht R., Militowski S.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2015

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Vol. 61, No. 6

184--186

EN

This paper demonstrates the application of different image processing techniques to process high resolution visual images and merge it with low resolution thermograms to improve its level of detail. The same idea is applied in commercially available thermal cameras (e.g. FLIR with MSX® technology). Low resolution thermograms considered in this paper were obtained from a thermal scanner with point infrared detector (Fig. 1) sensitive to long wavelength infrared spectral range. The proposed algorithms are Laplacian, Sobel operator, embossing and Gaussian differential blur (described in section 3). The authors processed 6 different thermograms to qualitatively assess obtained results. It was done in a statistical manner through a survey and revealed that both Sobel operator and embossing provided the most clear, detailed and unambiguous results (Fig. 5). Such algorithms may be applied for processing more channels in a multispectral, cost-effective system.

14

Hyperspectral LWIR measurements with imaging diffraction grating spectrometer and uncooled thermal camera

Olbrycht R., Rzeszotarski D.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2015

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Vol. 61, No. 6

169--172

EN

This paper demonstrates how to perform hyperspectral infrared measurements with uncooled thermal camera and imaging spectrometer. Such thermal cameras are sensitive to wavelengths in the range of 7 – 14 µm (LWIR). There is a description of a diffraction grating based spectrometer with Czerny-Turner optical configuration. To perform hyperspectral acquisition of thermograms it is required to have the camera synchronized with spectrometer, so that recorded frames correspond to known wavelengths. For this purpose the dedicated software was developed and it is also described in this paper, with its operation algorithm. There is a problem of thermal camera drift, and this paper proposes the solution to deal with it. Moreover a description how to obtain transmission plot and exemplary results is presented with the description of measurement rig. In addition, noise related issues are covered and discussed.

15

Determining of a passenger car fire temperature

Szajewska A., Świder R., Rybiński J.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2015

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Vol. 61, No. 6

275--277

EN

A fire test was carried out. In the test a lift back passenger car with LPG system was burnt. Fire footprints, visible only in IR were observed with a thermal camera. Temperature was measured at specific points of the car and results were presented in graphs. Comparative measurements of surface temperature were taken by a thermocouple and thermal camera. Value of emissivity coefficient was delimited using ThermaCAM Researcher programme, by Flir Co.

16

Application of 3D metallic structures for IR emitters with gradient temperature distribution

Polakowski H., Zarański Z., Piątkowski T., Sulej S., Trzaskawka P.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2014

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Vol. 63, nr 2

125-137

PL

Badania porównawcze kamer termowizyjnych, służących do obserwacji sceny termalnej, sprowadzają się zwykle do obserwacji wzorcowych różnic temperatury lub wzorcowego kontrastu termicznego. Standardowe badania wykonuje się zwykle przy wykorzystaniu drogich wzorcowych źródeł promieniowania, które tworzą wraz z dodatkowymi elementami powszechnie stosowany test czteropaskowy. W pracy przedstawiono sposoby wykonania metodami WEDM promienników podczerwieni spełniających rolę płytek testowych, w postaci metalowej grzebieniowej struktury przestrzennej. Właściwości promienne takiego promiennika zależą od współczynnika emisyjności, charakterystycznego dla powierzchni płaskiej materiału wyjściowego oraz parametrów geometrycznych struktury grzebieniowej. Płytki tego typu promienników wymagają mniej złożonych systemów kontroli temperatury, są bardziej stabilne w czasie oraz zapewniają dodatkowe możliwości metrologiczne, niemożliwe do uzyskania innymi metodami.

EN

Comparative evaluation of thermal camera relies mainly on the measurements of standard temperature difference or thermal contrast. The tests are usually performed using expensive IR sources and standard four-bar pattern, which cannot reproduce stepped or gradient temperature distribution required across camera’s field of view [1]. The paper presents IR emitters capable of creating such temperature distribution patterns. The emitters are 3D comb-like patterns, manufactured using WEDM (wire electrical discharge machining) method. Radiative properties of such structures depend on the emissivity of base material and geometry of manufactured structure. Presented emitters require less sophisticated temperature control solutions and yet they exhibit better temperature stability. Additionally, they provide metrological features that cannot be achieved using standard test procedures [2].

17

Construction and evaluation of the terahertz human phantom

Palka N., Ryniec R., Piszczek M., Kowalski M., Rurka E., Szustakowski M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 6

248--252

EN

We report on construction and evaluation of a moving wirelessly-controlled thermal phantom for testing cameras working in the terahertz range (0.1-3.0THz). A terahertz camera operating at 0.25 THz and a standard thermal camera were used for tests. We compared the images taken for the phantom and a man and we obtained satisfactory similarities both for naked as well as dressed objects with hidden items (guns, knives, bombs). The temperature stability of the phantom is also sufficient for evaluation of the cameras.

PL

Przedstawiono konstrukcję i badania ruchomego zdalnie sterowanego fantomu termalnego człowieka opracowanego do testów kamer terahercowych (0,1-3,0THz). Do testów użyto kamery terahercowej pracującej w zakresie 0,25THz i kamery termalnej. Uzyskano bardzo dobre podobieństwo pomiędzy obrazami w zakresie THz dla człowieka oraz fantomu oraz satysfakcjonującą stabilność termalną fantomu.

18

Wykorzystanie termowizji w działaniach taktycznych straży pożarnej

Rybiński J., Durka S., Szajewska A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2013

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R. 59, nr 9

888--890

PL

W artykule opisano częstotliwość i sposoby wykorzystania kamery termowizyjnej w działaniach taktycznych na terenie wybranej jednostki ratowniczej gaśniczej Państwowej Straży Pożarnej. Przedstawiono termogramy i fotografie wykonane w trakcie rzeczywistych działań gaśniczych. Ilustrują one przykłady, w których kamera przyczyniła się do szybkiej i precyzyjnej oceny sytuacji pożarowej, pozwoliła w warunkach silnego zadymienia wykryć pęknięcie ściany nośnej budynku, stwarzającego zagrożenie dla ratowników, pozwoliła zmniejszyć do niezbędnego minimum zużycie kosztownego środka gaśniczego. Dokonano oceny jakości sprzętu termowizyjnego i sposobów jego wykorzystywania.

EN

The paper presents some examples of using thermal cameras in fire fighting. It includes descriptions of using thermal cameras in fire fighting actions. Cameras enable running identification of the situation with higher precision. All the factors improve the fire fighting action, let the firefighters get to the source of fire more quickly, increase level of firefighters security, enable lowering the usage of extinguishing agents and reducing losses caused by using those agents. The literature includes many examples of using thermovision in safety engineering but there are no original works on real fire fighting actions. The paper presents thermograms and photographs taken during real fire fighting actions. They illustrate example actions where the camera contributed to quick and precise assessment of fire situation. It also allowed for detecting a crack in the supporting wall of the building that posed a risk for the rescuers in extremely smoky conditions. The camera allowed for minimizing the usage of expensive extinguishing agent as well (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The paper presents frequency and ways of using a thermal camera during tactical actions run by a particular rescue and firefighting unit of the State Fire Service. There are also some comments on functional advantages of thermal cameras included in the State Fire Service equipment that prove the decision of enquiring the cameras was right. These cameras are observational ones (in colour) with the ability of measuring temperature at one point. The cameras are easy to operate, they have been adopted for fire conditions and their indications are adequate enough. Their usefulness is highly appreciated by firefighters. Thermal cameras should be part of the Volunteer Fire Departments because their units usually come first to the fire especially in the countryside. Thermal cameras are especially useful at the beginning of fire fighting actions.

19

Badanie rozwoju pożaru samochodu osobowego z wykorzystaniem termowizji

Rybiński J., Omazda A., Szajewska A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2013

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R. 59, nr 9

891--893

PL

W artykule opisano przebieg testowego pożaru samochodu osobowego. Podczas eksperymentu mierzono temperaturę w wybranych miejscach samochodu za pomocą termopar i kamery termowizyjnej. Przebieg eksperymentu rejestrowano w podczerwieni i świetle widzialnym. Wyodrębniono i scharakteryzowano fazy tego pożaru. W szczelnie zamkniętym pojeździe pożar rozwijał się powoli. Gwałtowny wzrost jego dynamik następuje po rozszczelnieniu okien. W ciągu kilku minut temperatura w kabinie wzrasta do ponad 10000C. Na rys. 3 i rys. 5 zamieszczono wykresy, na których przedstawiono zależność temperatury od czasu dla wybranych miejsc wnętrza samochodu i powierzchni karoserii. Temperaturę powierzchni karoserii mierzono kamerą termowizyjną i równocześnie termoparą w celu porównania wskazań tych przyrządów. Przedstawiono trudności związane z pomiarem temperatury karoserii za pomocą kamery termowizyjnej wynikające z nieznajomości emisyjności powierzchni obiektu i niestabilnych warunków zadymienia.

EN

The Main School of Fire Service carries out a full scale research on development of fire in a passenger car. The research is aimed at improving the security of both car users and rescuers. Thermal cameras are used in such experiments in order to obtain visualization of the object surface and measure the temperature. Similar researches are conducted at the University in Zilina (Slovakia). The paper presents the process of test fire of a passenger car Opel Ascona. During the experiment the temperature was measured using thermocouples and a thermal camera in specific car parts. The experiment was recorded in IR and the visible light. The fire was developing slowly in the tightly closed car. A rapid increase in its dynamics was recorded after unsealing windows and was caused by high temperature. Within a couple of minutes the temperature in the car increased to over 10000C. Fig. 3 shows the graphs of the temperature dependence on time for specific inside parts of the car and its bodyshell surface. The temperature of the bodyshell surface was measured simultaneously by the thermal camera and the thermocouple in order to compare their indications. The precise temperature measurement made by the thermal camera washampered due to lack of knowledge of the object surface emissivity and unstable smoky conditions.

20

Analiza efektów cieplnych procesu polimeryzacji nowoczesnych materiałów stomatologicznych utwardzanych za pomocą różnych lamp diodowych

Dąbrowski M., Zaborowski P., Trzaskawka P.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2013

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R. 59, nr 9

879--881

PL

Celem badań było uzyskanie informacji na temat efektów cieplnych związanych z procesem polimeryzacji wybranych, nowoczesnych materiałów do wypełnień ubytków zębów. Do polimeryzacji próbek wykorzystano trzy lampy diodowe różnych producentów. Pomiary zmian temperatury w trakcie polimeryzacji wykonano za pomocą kamery termowizyjnej. Opracowane wyniki badań pozwoliły na uzyskanie informacji o właściwościach badanych materiałów oraz lamp, istotnych dla ich prawidłowego stosowania w praktyce stomatologicznej.

EN

The paper deals with determination of thermal effects that occur during polymerization of dental filling materials. Three modern composite materials were tested and curing process was conducted using three LED lights from different manufacturers. Light parameters, important for the evaluation of thermal effects, were measured (Fig. 2, Tab. 1). The measurements were taken according to the previously developed and verified procedure [2, 3] on a test stand designed especially for that purpose (Fig. 1). During the tests the maximal temperature values, the polymerization time and the rate of temperature changes were determined for all the tested materials. The results are shown in Figs. 3-6. There are discussed the differences in thermal behavior between the tested materials as well as the behavior of the same type material but of different color when cured by various LED light types. The largest temperature rise of 17,5°C was observed for N`Durance® Cristal material cured by light C. The lowest temperature rise of 7,5°C was in turn observed for Filtek™ Z250 material cured by light A. Filtek materials cured by a light A exhibited the lowest temperature rise at the smallest rate. However, when cured by light B the significant thermal differences in polymerization process occurred for different material color. In the paper the authors point out the direct connection between physical properties of dental materials and their successful applications in tooth filling. The influence of the curing light type on the temperature rise in a polymerized material is also emphasized.