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Plant-Derived Smoke Enhances Germination of the Invasive Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.)

Mojzes A., Kalapos T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

280--285

EN

Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) has become an invasive weed in Central and Eastern Europe, where human-induced fires have also taken part in forming the landscape. There is growing evidence that plant-derived smoke enhances seed germination, especially for species from fire-prone ecosystems, via the mechanisms of dormancy-breaking, germination stimulation or both. Hence, we hypothesized that smoke promotes seed germination for common milkweed by either or both mechanisms. To test this, germination responses of A. syriaca to the application of aqueous smoke solution (smoke-water) were studied in laboratory. Seeds were either cold stratified (+7°C, 16 days) in tap water (TW), smoke-water (SW) or were not stratified at all, and then were germinated with SW or with TW (encompassing 5 treatments: 0—TW, 0—SW, TW—TW, TW—SW and SW—TW, where the first abbreviation indicates stratification, the second germination condition). In line with our hypothesis, the low (5%) germination of seeds was enhanced by cold stratification with SW at a greater extent (increasing to 52%) than by cold stratification with TW (25%), indicating that SW contributed to dormancy-breaking of seeds for A. syriaca. In contrast, SW did not stimulate germination when it was applied during the germination phase. To our best knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating smokeenhanced germination for common milkweed, which mechanism may help this species to successfully colonize new habitats after fire. As fire frequency is expected to increase in Europe with recent climate change, these results might contribute to a more efficient control of A. syriaca in areas threatened by its invasion.

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New Stand of Invasive Neophyte Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Its Potential Reproduction

Csontos P., Angyal Z., Chmura D., Nagy J., Halbritter A., Tamás J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

453--459

EN

A new stand, formed by some fifty individuals of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., an invasive plant of alien origin, was discovered at the Katowice railway station (southern Poland), in 2011. Two years later, the stand (increased to more than 160 individuals in the meantime) was re-visited, phytosociological survey was made, and four soil cores (5 cm deep and 80 cm2 surface area, each) were taken for seed bank studies. The phytosociological sampling revealed 28 co-occurring vascular species, most of them representing hemicryptophyte and geophyte life forms. According to Ellenberg's values, the species pool indicated sunny (L7 and L8 species dominating) and semi-dry (mainly F4 species) habitat for the common ragweed population, whereas Zarzycki's soil granulometric data reflected coarse-grained soil. Albedo of the soil was lower than that of the vegetation thus sparsely vegetated sites were considered as heat accumulating microhabitats that might support establishment of the thermophilic A. artemisiifolia. During soil seed bank analysis a high number of naturally opened fruits (dehiscent achenes) were found (718.75 per m2) most probably indicating frequent germination in previous years. Greenhouse germination tests proved successful germination of 125 individuals per m2, which was considered enough to maintain the A. artemisiifolia stand at the station. The results call attention to a newly discovered, established population with increasing demography of A. artemisiifolia, a highly allergenic introduced weed of Poland.

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Ocena skuteczności bionawozu fosforowego w testach kiełkowania

Wyciszkiewicz M., Saeid A., Chojnacka K., Górecki H.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 7

1210-1214

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki doświadczenia mającego na celu ocenę skuteczności, nowego bionawozu fosforowego w testach kiełkowania w początkowej fazie wzrostu roślin. Do produkcji bionawozu wykorzystano kości drobiowe, surowiec fosforowy niskiej jakości oraz bakterie solubilizjące fosfor Bacillus megaterium. Bulion pohodowlany poddano neutralizacji i wykorzystano do nawożenia rzeżuchy. Przygotowano próby z różnymi rozcieńczeniami nawozu (dawka fosforu 11,6–44,6 mg P₂O₅/szalkę), kośćmi i próbę nienawożoną jako kontrolę. Odnotowano korzystny wpływ bionawozu na masę roślin (o 44% większą w przypadku dawki bionawozu 11,6 mg P₂O₅/szalkę w porównaniu z próbą kontrolną), na ich wysokość (o 13%) oraz na intensywność barwy zielonej. Zaobserwowano również największą biodostępność fosforu dla roślin z szalki nawożonej dawką 11,6 mg P₂O₅ (37,1%). Wykazano synergizm dawki fosforu w nawozie z zawartością B, Ca, Co, K, S i Si w roślinie a także z suchą masą i wysokością roślin oraz intensywnością barwy zielonej. Testy kiełkowania stanowią potwierdzenie, że nowy bionawóz z bakteriami solubilizującymi fosfor może być wykorzystany jako zawiesinowy preparat doglebowy.

EN

Chicken bones were converted to a biofertilizer with solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megaterium (P₂O₅ content 11.6–44.6 mg/Petri dish.) and used to fertilize the cress. Use of the biofertilizer resulted in an increase on plant mass yield (by 44% when compared with the control group), length of plants (by more than 13%) and intensity of the green color. The highest transfer factor of P from fertilizer to plants was obsd. for the dish with 11.6 mg P₂O₅. Addnl., a synergistic effect between P content and Ca, Co, K, S and Si contents, dry mass, length of plants and intensity of the green color was evidenced. The results were confirmed in germination tests.

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Ocena jakości ścieków oczyszczonych i osadów

Nałęcz-Jawecki G.

Wodociągi - Kanalizacja

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2007

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nr 1

23-24

PL

Wytwarzanie przez oczyszczalnie ścieków stałych oraz osadów stałych. Kontrola ich jakości, poprzez służby ochrony środowiska. Ocena parametrów fizykochemicznych. Bioindykacja pozwala na kompleksową ocenę rzeczywistej aktywności biologicznej badanego układu potraktowanego całościowo.