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Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

Singh Ashish Kumar, Pali Harveer Singh, Khan Mohammad Mohsin

Archives of Thermodynamics

2024

Vol. 45, no 1

109--118

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

Ternary PC/ABS/PMMA blends — morphology and mechanical properties under quasi-static loading conditions

Rybnicek J., Lach R., Grellmann W., Lapcikova M., Slouf M., Krulis Z., Anisimov E., Hajek J.

Polimery

2012

T. 57, nr 2

87-94

PC/ABS/PMMA blends with a varied content of PMMA were studied. TEM microscopy was employed to reveal the individual phases. Uniaxial tensile testing and instrumented macro-hardness indentation were carried out to quantify the hardness, indentation modulus, elastic and plastic deformation work during indentation, yield strain and stress values. The data was correlated with the morphology. In case PMMA is the minor phase, it tends to locate on the PC/SAN interface; whereas in case of being the major one, SAN plays the role of compatibilizer and encapsulates the PC particles. Good compatibility of the blends was confirmed by the results of mechanical testing, which revealed strain-controlled plasticity.

Sporządzono mieszaniny poliwęglanu (PC) i kopolimeru akrylonitryl/butadien/styren (ABS) z różną zawartością poli(metakrylanu metylu) (PMMA). Metodą transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej (TEM) zbadano morfologię próbek PC/ABS/PMMA, analizując strukturę fazową (rys. 1—3). W testach jednoosiowego rozciagania oceniano granicę plastyczności (sy) oraz wydłużenie względne przy granicy plastyczności (ey) (rys. 4, 5). Na podstawie badań twardości metodą Martensa określano wartości pracy odkształcenia sprężystego (Wel) i odkształcenia plastycznego (Wpl) wytworzonych próbek z udziałem PMMA. Stwierdzono, że w przypadku dużej zawartości poli(metakrylanu metylu) w mieszaninie z PC/ABS, kopolimer poli(styren-co-akrylonitryl) (składnik ABS) pełni w układzie rolę kompatybilizatora, przyczyniając sie do enkapsulacji cząstek PC, niewielka zaś ilość PMMA w mieszaninie powoduje międzyfazowe rozproszenie jego cząstek w układzie PC/ABS. Dobrą kompatybilność składników mieszaniny potwierdzają jej korzystne właściwości mechaniczne.