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Ius or lex? The evolution of the concept of law in continental Europe

Kotowski Artur

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2023

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Vol. 3, no. 1

123--136

EN

The paper analyses the evolution of the concept of law in continental Europe in order to answer the research question – to what extent European law and the direction of its development is closer to the idea of ius or lex. The former obviously implies treating law in a stratified manner. Positive law is limited by an unchanging and not fully human-dependent order of values. The idea of lex, on the other hand, is embedded in the positivist primacy of statute law. The history of European culture has been associated with the mutual inhibition of these two macro-conceptions of law. Meanwhile, the federative legal order of the Union, which is emerging before our eyes, seems to refer exclusively to the idea of lex.

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Legal futurology - potential of foresight research in legal sciences: could legal futurology be treated as an independent science in jurisprudence?

Kotowski Artur

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2022

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Vol. 2, no. 2

93--104

EN

Forecasting the future in relation to the science of law has not been seriously considered so far. It is not only because the fact that half a century ago futurology was treated as an issue of science fiction. Doubts were raised by the specificity of law as a social science and its susceptibility to cultural factors which are impossible to predict. It was also not very clear what legal futurology was supposed to concern itself with and how to define it. Is it about the area of law in force or about the way of practicing the science of law? The limitations of futurological reflection also result from the fact that the characteristics of the law in force determine the way of conducting jurisprudential research. The former, in turn, as already signaled, operate within a wide spectrum of uncertainty. The paper aims to answer the research question to what extent legal futurology, understood as a set of issues oriented towards the analysis of the future of law and legal science, can be cultivated as a sub-discipline within the structure of legal sciences.

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Ocena moralna zachowania braci Kowalczyków na tle formuły Radbrucha i teorii partyzanta Carla Schmitta

Chybiński R.

Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych

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2017

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R. 1

167--174

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena moralna zachowania braci Kowalczyków, którzy w październiku 1971 roku wysadzili aulę Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Opolu. Zamach ten był reakcją na zaplanowane odznaczenie milicjantów tłumiących strajk robotników na Wybrzeżu w grudniu 1970 roku. Czyn ten będziemy rozpatrywać w oparciu o formułę Radbrucha i teorię partyzanta Carla Schmitta. Pierwsza z nich zakładała, że może istnieć system prawny, którego ustawy będą sprzeczne z zasadami moralnymi. Natomiast druga teoria opisywała zachowania partyzantów, którzy walczyli z reżimem komunistycznym w Hiszpanii. Pomoże nam to lepiej zrozumieć działanie Jerzego i Ryszarda Kowalczyków, spojrzeć na nich z innej perspektywy i być może znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie: Czy byli to zwykli zbrodniarze, czy może bohaterowie, o których warto dziś pamiętać?

EN

The point of this article is a moral evaluation of brothers Kowalczyk’s behaviour, who blew up the hall of Higher Pedagogical School in Opole in Ocotber 1971. The attack was a reaction to the planned honoring of policemen, who supressed a riot of workers in Gdansk in 1970. We will consider this accident basing on Radbruch’s formula and Carl Schmitt’s theory. The first of this suggests, that there might be a legal system, whose law will be contrary to the moral principles. The second theory describes behaviour of the partisan, who fought against communists in Spain. It should help us to better understand behaviour of George and Richard Kowalczyk - to look at them from a different perspective and perhaps find the answer of the question - were they regular criminals or maybe heros, that are worth remembering?