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Teoria ocen a ocena map

Kałamucki K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

1998

T. 30, nr 1

3-9

Artykuł poświęcony jest teorii ocen w nawiązaniu do ocen opracowań kartograficznych. Po przedstawieniu istoty problemu oraz znaczenia oceny map w teorii i praktyce kartograficznej, wyjaśniono podstawowe pojęcia związane z teorią ocen, dokonano klasyfikacji ocen oraz omówiono etapy procesu oceny map. Artykuł stanowi wstęp do kolejnej publikacji związanej bezpośrednio z problematyką oceny map.

A rapid increase of the number of maps and atlases published nowodays in the world forces the potential map users to choose the best possible publications. These choices are often associated with the evaluation of maps. The cartographic publications are evaluated not only by their users, but also the mapmakers during the whole process of compilation of new maps. Also, maps are evaluated during the analyses of cartographic market. The word 'evaluation' stands for 'the calculation or judgment of the value or degree of'. According to R. Wawrzyńczak (1981, 1983) the process of evaluating consists in assigning the value to certain object, based on particular criteria. The process of evaluating is inseparably associated with the notion 'value'. The term 'value' designates the feature, or a set of features typical of a given objrct. The science dealing with values is called aksjology. It deals most of all with the ethical and aesthetic values, whereas the utilitarian evaluation is the subject of praxiology. It is the praxiological aspect of evaluation that is most adequate to cartography (W. Ostrowski 1979). In the process of evaluating, we also quite often deal with the term 'quality'. In praxiology the term 'quality' stands for the set of features of a product, most often associated with the evaluation (e.g. good or poor quality). Such an evaluation could be passed, among others, considering the already existing pattern (T. Pszczołowski 1978). The estimates can be classed using the kind of approval or disapproval. Using such a criterion, two basic kinds of estimates can be distinguished: - emotional (adequate, absolute), - utilitarian (instrumental, relative, practical) (T. Pszczołowski 1967, R. Wawrzyńczak 1981, T. Kotarbiński 1982, 1990). The emotional estimates express the emotional attitude toward a certain object. They can be further subdivided into the aesthetic and ethical ones. In cartography we often deal with the aesthetic estimates, chiefly when evaluating the map form. The utilitarian estimates state if a object is adequate (or not) to something, necessary or unnecessary, serviceable or harmful. The utilitarian estimates can also be divided into instrumental - pertaining to objects, and technical - pertaining to human activities and the working of machines etc. An estimate is the outcome of the conscious acts leading to the passing of judgment on the value of an object. These acts as a whole form the process of evaluation. Basing on the opinions presented in this paper, and taking into account the specificity of evaluated objects (maps and atlases in cartography), the following stages of the process of evaluating can be distinguished: - selection of the object and the aim of evaluation, - selection of the evaluating criteria, - selection of the evaluating techniques, - presentation and verifying of the evaluation outcome. The paper presents the characteristics of individual stages of the evaluating process with special regard to evaluation of maps. ‹D$8]_‰0

Kryteria kompleksowej oceny map

Kałamucki K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

1998

T. 30, nr 2

89-96

Autor artykułu porusza problem wyboru kryteriów kompleksowej oceny map, a następnie omawia znaczenie głównych cech mapy w ujęciu historycznym, przedstawia różne podejścia do oceny map oraz omawia kryteria i cechy map, według których należy je oceniać. W końcowej części pracy podaje kilka wskazówek dotyczących wyboru kryteriów kompleksowej oceny map oraz proponuje własne, główne kryteria.

Taking under consideration the specificity of maps as the objects of evaluation, the author separated the following stages of the process of evaluating: 1) defining the object and the aim of evaluation, 2) selecting and defining the criteria, 3) selecting the evaluation techniques, 4) presenting and verifying of the results. The paper briefly presents the development of opinions on the quality of maps and the criteria of map evaluation. The first maps were expected to provide the reliable information. As the mapmakers achived their experience, the number of detail presented on maps became important. From the time maps are based on detailed surveys, also the accuracy of cartographic presentation plays a very important role. During the Renaissance the graphic form of maps was considered vital. Extensive graphic form was the superseded by their informativeness. At the same time the problem of map readability appeared, as a feature also pertaining to the map user. The paper presents the development of concepts on the main properties of maps, according to which it is possible to evaluate maps. The opinions of the following cartographers have been quoted: M. Eckert-Greifendorf, M.K. Bocharov, I.W. Garmiz, L.E. Smirnov, K.A. Salistchev, L. Ratajski, W. Grygorenko, Y.T. Boum. Finally, the author proposes his own criteria for the evaluation of maps. He is of the opinion, like a few other cartographers, that maps should be evaluated considering both their form and contents. However, such criteria seem too general and do not precise the range of evaluation. Therefore, within the criterion of map contents the mathematical components, contents, explanations and cartographic design were subdivided. As to the map form he proposes to take into account the following components: graphic design, coloring and the quality of technological realization, as well as the general composition and additional contents. The above mentioned criteria have been used to evaluate a number of different city maps (K. Kałamucki 1994).