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EN
The inventions of the electromagnetic telegraph and the railroads significantly accelerated communication in time and space. It greatly influenced the way time was expressed and forced a change of centuries-old patterns and habits. It became necessary to gradually move away from local times (the average solar times of individual places) to the uniform time in the scale of entire countries, and then to the zone time. This process began in the 1830s on the railway and a few years later in the telegraph service, developing in parallel and in conjunction with the railroads. Initially, individual railway authorities adopted the same railway time on their networks (usually the capital time of a given country or the directorate’s headquarters). From 1884 until the first decade of the 20th century, culminating in the early 1990s, they gradually switched to zone time. Its introduction improved the work of railways, increased traffic safety, and made it easier for passengers to find their way around train timetables. Almost in parallel, since the mid-1860s, the process of switching from a twelve-hour count to a 24-hour count of time on the railways took place. In the rich literature devoted to time in its various aspects, few studies focus on the issues of organizing the measurement and expression of time on railways, and there are virtually no studies relating to railways in the present-day Polish lands which at the time operated under three different state authorities. The work aims to collect and systematize the facts that contributed to the process of introducing the 24-hour zone time on Central European railways and to present this process in the context of the world railways.
Logistyka
|
2015
|
nr 3
136--143, CD 1
PL
W pracy przedstawiono historię kablowca s.s. „Stephan” zbudowanego w stoczni Szczecińskiej Stettiner Maschinenbau AG Vulcan oraz jego rolę w rozwoju niemieckiej sieci transkontynentalnych kablowych połączeń telegraficznych na świecie. Opisano początkową dominacje firm brytyjskich w budowie transkontynentalnych połączeń telegraficznych oraz ideę budowy niezależnej niemieckiej sieci kabli telegraficznych do połączenia Niemiec z koloniami w Afryce i Pacyfiku. Przedstawiono dane techniczne kablowca, opis specjalnego wyposażenie pokładowego do kładzenia kabli oraz listę najważniejszych osiągnięć s.s. „Stephan”.
EN
The history of the cable-ship s.s. „Stephan” built in the shipyard Stettiner Maschinen-bau AG Vulcan in Szczecin and his influence to development of German trans-continental telegraph cable network has been presented in the paper. The first Domination of British companies in building of transcontinental telegraphs connection area and idea of independent transcontinental telegraph network for connection of Germany with his Colonies in Africa and Pacific is described. Main technical data of cable-ship, special deck equipment for cable laying and list of most important achievements in story of s.s. „Stephan” are shown.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono historię wynalezienia telegrafu, a potem kontrowersyjną historię wynalezienia telefonu. Przypomniano długą listę nazwisk osób, które były związane z powyższymi wynalazkami i rolę, jaką w omawianej dziedzinie techniki odegrali: Karol Morisson, Jerzy Lesage, Lhomond, Silva, Samuel Soemmering, Hans Christian Oersted, Andre Marie Ampere, Paweł Szylling, Wiliam Sturgeon, Joseph Henry, Samuel Morse, Hall, Klaudiusz Chappe, Karol Wheastone, Wiliam Cook, Charles Bourseul, Antonio Meucci, Filip Reis, Aleksander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, Enos Barton, Tomasz Sanders, Mabel Hubbard, August Watson.
EN
The article presents history invention of telegraph and controversial history invention of telephone. The article is reminding a long register of people, which were bound up with the above inventions, and presents part, which were playing in these field of technique: Karol Morisson, Jerzy Lesage, Lhomond, Silva, Samuel Soemmering, Hans Christian Oersted, Andre Marie Ampere, Paweł Szylling, Wiliam Sturgeon, Joseph Henry, Samuel Morse, Hall, Klaudiusz Chappe, Karol Wheastone, Wiliam Cook, Charles Bourseul, Antonio Meucci, Filip Reis, Aleksander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, Enos Barton, Tomasz Sanders, Mabel Hubbard, August Watson.
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