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PL
W pracy zbadano strukturalne i optyczne właściwości cienkowarstwowych matryc na bazie SiO2 wytworzonych techniką zol-żel używanych do wykrywania amoniaku. Określono związek pomiędzy właściwościami strukturalnymi oraz odpowiedzią optyczną przy detekcji amoniaku. Wykazano możliwość zastosowania wytworzonych warstw w analizatorach gazów.
EN
The paper present structural and optical properties of thin-layer matrices on base SiO2 formed by sol-gel technology was used to detect ammonia. Relations between structural properties and optical response at ammonia detection was determined. Chance of application of created layers in the gas analyzer was showed.
EN
Despite the beneficial effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin, radiation can cause sunburn, skin aging, allergies and even skin cancer. Textiles can provide effective protection against such damage. Unlike cosmetics, using textiles to protect the skin has only recently been researched. The design and modification of fabrics leading to a high protection against UV radiation is a relatively new application. It is important to consider the kinds of textiles to be used because most of the garments worn during summer, the time of highest exposure, are light and colourless materials that provide the lowest protection. Here, we report the synthesis and characterisation of nanosized zinc oxide particles known to absorb UV light. Sol-gel-based inorganic-organic hybrid polymers were modified with these particles and applied to cellulosic cotton (100%) and cotton/polyester (65/35%) fabrics. These modified inorganic-organic hybrids polymers were based on 3-GPTMS. The complete finishing sol prepared in this work has a marked long stability. The effectiveness of the novel finishing was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy to evaluate the UV protection factor. The influences of the finishing for general textile properties such as tensile strength, elongation, air permeability, degree of whiteness, wear resistance, stiffness and the durability of the treatments were investigated.
EN
The main goals of the presented paper were focused on synthesis of nanocrystalline BaTiO^3 materials doped with chosen rare earth ions (Eu^3+ and Yb^3+) utilizing sol-gel technique. Structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties were characterized. Size effects and their influence on the mentioned physicochemical properties were discussed. Strong effect of the dopant concentration on the structure of BaTiO_3 was found. In case of the Eu3+ ions doping results in stabilization of tetragonal phase of BaTiO^3 whereas addition of the Yb^3+ ions favors formation of the cubic structure. Besides that all introduced ions could be considered as inhibitors for the grain growth process. Moreover resulted powders showed co-existence of the tetragonal (ferroelectric) and cubic (paraelectric) phases. The amount of the tetragonal phase depends on the heat treatment temperature and concentration of the incorporated rare earth ions. The structural changes of a matrix were studied using the Eu^3+ and Yb^3+ ions as optical probes. Their luminescence properties were dependent on the sintering temperature. In case of the Eu^3+ ions we have found that the intensities of D→7F transitions increased with the increasing temperature. It means higher Eu3+ ions symmetry associates with higher temperature [1–4]. On the other hand in nano-crystals doped with Yb3+ ions a higher intensity of SHG (second harmonic generation) was observed in the tetragonal phase, whereas the isotropic cubic phase was detected by the absence of a SHG signal. Cooperative emission, indicating the presence of Yb3+ ion pairs, was easily detected in the cubic phase and not seen in the ferroelectric tetragonal structure [5]. BaTiO_3 nanoceramics were fabricated from the nanopowders using LTHP (low-temperature high pressure) sintering process [6, 7]. The impedance spectra indicated the complex nature of the effects appearing in the analyzed BaTiO3 nanoceramics. Four types of physical mechanisms contributing to the overall conductivity were found, namely hopping, diffusion, two relaxation mechanisms and the dc conduction. The studied samples show a ferroelectric-paralelectric phase transition observed for the higher frequency regions.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwości modyfikacji warstwy wierzchniej czystego technicznie tytanu cpTi oraz stopu Ti6Al4V poprzez wytworzenie warstw SiO2 i SiO2-TiO2 techniką zol-żel. Przeprowadzono analizę mikrostrukturalną za pomocą elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego oraz badania zużycia warstw metodą pin-on-disc. Wykazano, że (1) proces wytwarzania warstw SiO2 iSiO2-TiO2 powala na otrzymanie warstw o wysokich właściwościach i szerokiej możliwości ich aplikacji, (2) korzystna jest modyfikacja warstwy wierzchniej tytanu i stopu Ti6Al4V przez wytworzenie warstwy SiO2-TiO2 metodą zol-żel (mała grubość, wysoka jednorodność mikrostruktury, odporność na zużycie).
EN
The paper presents the study of silica and silica-titania coatings for the surface modifications of commercially pure cpTi and Ti6Al4V alloy. SiO2 and SiO2-TiO2 coatings were deposited using sol-gel method. Surface microstructures and wear behaviour of the coatings were studied by using scanning electron microscopy and pin-on-disc method. It is found that (1) the process of synthesis of SiO2 and SiO2-TiO2 coatings using sol-gel methods allows to obtain coatings with attractive physical properties and a wide range of appli-cations, (2) it is advantageous to modifications of substrate material-titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy through the production of SiO2-TiO2 by sol-gel method (low thickness, high structural homogeneity and wear resistance).
EN
In spite of some beneficial effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on skin, radiation can cause sunburn, skin aging, allergies and even skin cancer. Textiles can provide effective protection against such damage of UV radiation. Unlike cosmetics, using textiles protecting the skin or at least enhancing protection has only recently been researched. The design and modification of fabrics leading to a high protection against UV radiation is a relatively new application. It is very important to consider the kind of textile to be used, most of the garments worn during summer, the time of highest exposition, are light and colourless materials and therefore provide the lowest protection. We report the synthesis and characterization of nanosized zinc oxide particles known to highly absorb UV light. Sol-gel based inorganic-organic hybrid polymers were modified with these particles and were applied to cellulosic cotton (100%) and cotton/polyester (65/35%) fabrics. These modified inorganicorganic hybrids polymers were based on 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Complete finishing sol prepared in this work has remarked long stability for further processing. The effectiveness of the novel finishing was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy and by evaluation of the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). The influences of the finishing for some general textile properties as e.g. tensile strength, elongation, air permeability, degree of whiteness, wear-resistance, stiffness as well as the durability of the treatments were investigated.
EN
Catalytic and electric properties of ruthenium oxide, RUO2, were presented. Sol-gel technique was employed to produce the oxide. As input materials (precursors) there were used RUCI3XH2O and Ru(NO)(N03)3 mixed with etanol for 24h and aged for 7 days. From thus obtained sols the nano-powders were produced and their samples were analysed by X-ray diffractometer, scanning microscope and transmission electron microscope. Catalytic properties of the formed oxides were analysed by infrared spectroscopy technique with Fourier transformation. Conductivity measurements were performed using electric impedance spectroscopy (SIE) as well as by the 4-points method. Excellent catalytic properties of the produced oxide for oxidation of methane were found. The samples exhibited fast regeneration of their active sites. These results were referred to electric properties measurements. It was pointed out that the samples containing smaller crystallites are specific in good catalytic properties and fairly high resistivity.
PL
W pracy omówiono własności katalityczne i elektryczne tlenku RuOi. Do wytworzenia proszku zastosowano technikę zol-żel. Prekursorami były odpowiednio RUCI3XH2O i Ru(NO)(N03)3 mieszane z etanolem przez 24h i starzone przez 7 dni. Z tak otrzymanych zoli wytworzono nanoproszki. Próbki poddano badaniom struktury: na dyfraktometrze rentgenowskim, mikroskopie skaningowym oraz transmisyjnym mikroskopie elektronowym Własności katalityczne wytworzonych tlenków badano za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni, w transformacji Fouriera. Pomiary przewodności przeprowadzono metodą spektroskopii impedancji elektrycznej SIE oraz metodą 4 punktów. Stwierdzono doskonałe własności katalityczne tlenku dla reakcji utleniania metanu CH4. Badania w funkcji czasu wykazały iż próbki otrzymanego rutenu Ru02 charakteryzuje się szybką regenerację miejsc aktywnych. Wyniki te odniesiono do pomiarów własności elektrycznych elektrycznych. Stwierdzono iż próbki o mniejszej wielkości krystalitów, charakteryzują się dobrymi własnościami katalitycznymi i dość wysoką rezystywnością.
PL
W pracy porównano własności katalityczne tlenków Ce02 i Ru02. Do wytworzenia proszków i cienkich warstw zastosowano technikę zol-żel. Prekursorami były odpowiednio RuCl3xH20 i (NH4)2Ce(N03)6 mieszane z etanolem przez 24h i starzone przez 7 dni. Z tak otrzymanych zoli wytwarzano nanoproszki i warstwy, z wykorzystaniem techniki spin coating. Próbki poddano badaniom struktury: na dyfraktometrze rentgenowskim, mikroskopie skaningowym oraz transmisyjnym mikroskopie elektronowym Własności katalityczne wytworzonych tlenków badano za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni w transformacji Fouriera. Stwierdzono doskonałe własności katalityczne obu tlenków dla reakcji utleniania metanu CH4. Tlenek ceru Ce02 wykazywał silniejszą tendencję do starzenia, a tlenek rutenu Ru02 charakteryzował się szybką regenerację miejsc aktywnych.
EN
In his work we compared the catalytic properties of the nanocrystaline oxides Ce02 and R11O2. The powder and the thin films were prepared by the sol-gel techniques using the RUCl3xH2O and (NH4)2Ce(N03)6 precursors. The thin films were deposited on the Si (100) oriented substrate using spin coating techniques. All samples were examined by X-ray difractometer, scanning electron microscope and high-resolution electron microscope. Nanocrystalline powders were investigated as catalyst for CH4 oxidation. The catalytic test of CH4 at the temperature T=350°C was verified by infrared spectroscopy. In RuO2 we observed the regeneration of the active site, this effect is not observed in the cerium dioxide.
EN
The applicability of photochemical process involving singlet molecular oxygen (102) in the field of environmental protection was considered. 102 was generated via energy transfer from dye sensitizer excited by visible light to ground stale oxygen (302). The photosensitized oxidation was applied for degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), a common model organic pollutant, and ingredient of many pesticides. The 2-CP decomposition in, an aqueous solution was studied using various sensitizers in two types of reactions: in the homogeneous system with a solubilized sensitizer and in the heterogeneous system with a sensitizer immobilized in silane gel covering the glass reactor walls. In both systems the influence of various experimental conditions (light intensity, the amount of sensitizer, oxygen concentration) on the rate of 2-CP degradation was investigated. Finally, the possibility of using sunlight for decomposition of 2-CP in aqueous solutions both in homo- and heterogeneous system was demonstrated.
PL
Badano sensybilizowane fotoutleniania, pod kątem rozpoznania możliwości jego zastosowania do degradacji szkodliwych zanieczyszczeń w środowisku wodnym. W procesie zastosowano różne sensybilizatory w postaci roztworu oraz immobilizowane w żelu silanowym na szklanym podłożu. Efektywność procesu określano przez szybkość rozkładu 2-chlorofenolu w różnych warunkach natlenienia i naświetlania roztworu reakcyjnego. Sprawdzono również możliwość degradacji 2-chlorofenolu w procesie sensybilizowanego utleniania pod działaniem promieniowania słonecznego.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przegląd tytanoorganicznych kompleksów molekularnych stosowanych w charakterze prekursorów syntezy węglika tytanu. Metaloorganiczne kompleksy otwierają nowe drogi syntezy materiałów ceramicznych. Zaprezentowano opartą na metodzie zol-żel syntezę powłok Ti-C. Powłoki wytwarzano na płytkach wykonanych z węglików spiekanych i ceramiki tlenkowej. Próbki badano następującymi technikami analitycznymi: mikroskopia skaningowa, dyfrakcja rentgenowska i mikroanaliza rentgenowska.
EN
The review of titanoorganic molecular complexes used as precursor of TiC synthesis is presented. Metaloorganic complexes give new possibilities to ceramic materials' synthesis. The paper presents synthesis of Ti-C coatings on sintered Al2O3 and carbides (cutting tools) by sol-gel method. Samples were examined using the following analytical techniques: SEM, XRD, EDS, WDS.
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