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Historia polskich stowarzyszeń elektrotechnicznych w rocznicę 60-lecia Polskiego Towarzystwa Elektrotechniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej

Świsulski Dariusz, Wesołowski Marcin

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

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2021

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Nr 73

7--12

PL

W artykule przedstawiono historię polskich stowarzyszeń technicznych, zrzeszających osoby zainteresowane elektrotechniką. Organizacje takie działały od XIX wieku m.in. w Paryżu, Lwowie i Warszawie. W 1961 roku zostało powołane Polskie Towarzystwo Elektrotechniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej, organizacja naukowa zrzeszająca profesorów i młodszych pracowników naukowych, zajmująca się promocją i wspieraniem rozwoju elektrotechniki.

EN

The article presents the history of Polish technical associations. Organizations associating people professionally involved in electrical engineering have been operating since the nineteenth century, incl. in Paris, Lviv and Warsaw. In 1961, the Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied Electrical Engineering (PTETiS) was established. PTETiS is a scientific organization associating professors and junior scientists, which promotes and supports the development of electrical engineering. Currently, the number of members of PTETiS is approximately 960 people associated in 15 sections. As part of its activities, scientific conferences and published scientific publications are organized.

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Stowarzyszenia techniczne w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym - spory o model organizacyjny i kierunki działania

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2003

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R. 48, nr 1/2

83--108

PL

After Poland regained independence in 1918, all kinds of public associations could develop freely. The associations that began to form coalesced according to various criteria: the level of education, specialization, territorial range (town, province, region), and membership of ethnic minority. Altogether, in the period of twenty years between the two world wars, over one hundred technical associations were active, often for only a very short period, and thus there appeared the need to embark on collaboration and to coordinate the activities of the particular associations. Attempts to embark on collaboration dated back to the First Congress of Polish Technicians, which had been held in Cracow [Krakow] in 1882, but the structures appointed to deal with task at successive congresses were not able to do much, practically restricting themselves to organizing the congresses. Soon after the regaining of independence, discussion started anew on how Polish technical associations should be organized, with the idea that there should be an umbrella organization in the form of a national union of such associations, but there soon appeared divergences of views, mainly between associations which grouped only qualified engineers and those that united both engineers and technicians. In 1924 a compromise was reached with the establishment of a Polish Union of Technical Association [Związek Polskich Zrzeszeń Technicznych], which in 1934 had a membership of 7000 in 31 associations. However, spurred by young mechanic engineers, the debate soon reopened again, this time relating not only to organizational matters, but also the areas of activity of the associations. Some engineers, for instance the mechanic engineers, accused the associations of focussing on social activity and demanded that their activities be reoriented, as was the case of similar associations in America, towards advanced technical and scientific work, appropriate for the level of engineers. One consequence of such views was the establishment of an Association of Polish Mechanic Engineers (Stowaryzszenie Inżynierow Mechanikow Polskich) in 1926, and the Chief Organization of the Engineers of the Republic of Poland (N01 - Naczelna Organizacji Inżynierow Rzeczyspospolitej Polskiej) in 1935. The latter soon (in 1938) united 15 organizations with a total membership of 5,500, which constituted ca. 38% of all engineers, whose number is estimated at around 14,500. The greatest success of NOI was that it oiganized the First Polish Congress of Engineers in Lwow (12-14 September 1937), at which 88 papers were presented, later published in seven copious volumes. In response to the formation of NOI, technicians’ associations agreed in December 1935 to set up a Chief Organization of Technicians’ Associations (Naczelna Organizacja Stowarzyszeń Technikow Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej). At the time of the organization’s constitutional congress, which was held on 25 October 1936, it comprised more than a dozen technicians’ associations with over 10,000 members in total. Thus the final outcome of the debate on the way that technical associations should be organized was that there appeared two loosely federated national unions, organized according to the educational status of their members and their specialization.

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Chemiczne stowarzyszenia inżynierów i techników w Polsce do 1939 r.

Piłatowicz A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2003

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R. 48, nr 3/4

95--112

EN

The author of the paper is engaged in work for the Federation of Scientific-Technical Associations - NOT on A dictionary o f Polish scientific-technical associations until 1939, which is to contain 170 entries. The current paper presents five chemical associations: the Polish Association of Dyestuff-Chemists in Łodź, the Chemical Section of the Warsaw Chapter of Society for Promoting Russian Industry and Trade, the Association o f Technical Managers of Dye- Works, the Union of Polish Chemists, and the Union of Jewish Chemists in Poland. Each entry carries information on the following matters: the period o f activity of a given association, its seat, its organizational structure, the number of its members, its presidents and secretaries, its range of activity, its serial publications, as well as the sources and writings on a given association. The entries also present the circumstance in which particular associations were formed, the aims and tasks of the associations, the main directions of their activities - lectures, publications, expert reports, and contacts with other Polish and foreign associations. The information of the associations in question have been derived mainly from technical journals, such as „Przegląd Techniczny”, „Chemik Polski”, „Czasopisma Chemiczne”, which published the statutes of the associations and reports of their activities, notices of lectures and information on their topics.

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Ruch stowarzyszeniowy techników polskich do 1918 r.

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2002

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R. 47, nr 3

17--42

EN

Technical associations began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, first in England and then in Germany and France. The first Polish technical associations were organized by Polish emigres in Fance in the 1830s and 1840s. Stable structures of such associations formed in the 1870s in Lwow [Lemberg/Lviv] and Cracow, slightly later in Poznań, and only at the very end of the 19th century (1898) in Warsaw, which was due to the restrictive policies of the Tsarist authorities. As Poland was deprived of independent statehood at the time, the associations played an important role on several planes. Since they brought together Poles engaged in technology and since their language of proceedings was Polish, they became major centres of Polish culture, a role that was reinforced by their work on Polish technical vocabulary, which was especially important in the parts of Poland which were held by Prussia and Russia, where Polish society was subject to an increasing wave of Germanization and Russification respectively. The associations inspired scientific research of Polish engineers, and enabled them to publish the results of such research in their journals. The lectures and journals for which the associations were responsible helped to popularize the achievements of world science and technology among Polish technicians and engineers, and also among the public at large. Apart from Galicja, the Austrian-held part of Poland, and a short episode in Warsaw (1898-1905), there were no tertiary-level technical schools in the lands of occupied Poland, and therefore the associations, especially in Warsaw, tried at least partially to compensate for that lack by organizing all kinds of courses and by publishing textbooks for technicians and engineers (such textbooks were at first translations, but then also original works by Polish engineers). Many of the subsequent professors of the Warsaw Technical University [Politechnika Warszawska] were first active members of the Technicians’ Association in Warsaw. It is particularly worth stressing the activities of Polish technical associations during the First World War, when, in anticipation of Poland regaining independence, they began work on outlining the conceptual framework of the directions for the technologicaleconomic and also social development of the Polish state. The associations gave an account of the state of particular industries and called for a speedy industrial expansion, especially of the most modem industries, based on the latest developments in science and technology.

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Stowarzyszenie Naukowo-techniczne Inżynierów i Techników Przemysłu Naftowego i Gazowniczego z perspektywy XXI wieku

Szafran S.

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2001

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R. 4, Nr 5 (37)

3-10

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Technicy Lwowa i Krakowa wobec perspektywy odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości

Piłatowicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1999

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R. 44, nr 3/4

89--108

EN

The establishment of technicians' associations and the appearance of journals published by those associations, allowed Polish technicians in the Austrian-held part of Poland to voice their views on many issues, including political and social matters. In Lwów [Lemberg/Lviv], the first such association was established in 1877 under the name of Towarzystwo Ukończonych Techników [Society of Accomplished Technicians], which was later renamed, in 1878, as Towarzystwo Politechniczne [Polytechnical Society] and, in 1913, Polskie Towarzystwo Politechniczne [Polish Polytechnical Society]. In Cracow, 108 J. Piłatowicz the first association of this kind came into being also in 1877 as the Krakowskie Towarzystwo Techniczne [Cracow Technical Society], The members of those associations published their views in two journals: "Czasopismo Techniczne" [Technical Journal] and "Czasopismo Krakowskiego Towarzystwa Technicznego" [Journal of the Cracow Technical Society]. The heyday of the members' active voicing of their ideas came during World War One, when the hopes of Poland regaining independence began to take a more tangible form. The views presented in the journals concened not only current affairs, but also dealt with long-term prospects, such as the socio-economic and political shape of the country after the imminent regaining of independent statehood. The regaining of independence by Poland was treated not only as a token of historical justice, but also, very significantly, a precondition for maintaining peace in Europe. While refraining from a cear-cut stand on the future borders of Poland, the Lwow milieu generally opted for restoring the historical borders of the country. Lwow technicians also supported the capitalist path of development, which was to evolve gradually under the influence of broadly understood industrialization; industrialization was viewed as the only way to overcome the country's considerable civilizational backwardness. They also emphasized the role of exploiting domestic sources of energy, and especially water, for the wide-spread electrification of the country, which would allow the decentralization of industry and major transformations in the everday life of large sections of society. Industrialization would change the role and position of engineers in society. Engineers believed that the knowledge they had at their disposal not only made them qualified to solve technical problems, but also to deal with social problems that necessitated the spirit of social accord. Hence, it was argued that engineers should be able to occupy key positions in administrative agencies, including ministries. This in turn led to the view that the training of engineers at the tertiary level should have a special role, and should be oriented not only at professional knowledge and skills, but should also prepare young people for conscious participation in the life of a democratic society. Many of the Cracow and Lwow technicians supported the classical liberal model of the state, with a reduced role of the bureacracy and decentralization of power.