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Determinants of the VAT gap. Pt 1

Hoza Beata, Żabka Adam

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2021

z. 153

155-164

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to identify the determinants of the gap in Value Added Tax and to assess the measures already taken in order to seal this gap. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used statistical data derived from CASE reports prepared for the European Commission and numerical data contained in the Supreme Audit Office’s (NIK) reports on audits carried out by tax administration authorities. Findings: A thorough understanding of the VAT gap mechanism will facilitate implementation of appropriate measures to limit the scale of occurrence of tax offences. Systematic data collection, reliable research and interinstitutional cooperation in the field of tax fraud can significantly reduce this phenomenon. Determinants of the VAT gap do not only embrace tax fraud and tax evasion, although these two factors are the most important and are sometimes even identified with the concept of VAT gap. The size of the gap is also affected by other factors such as methodological errors, cyclical factors, grey area, problems with financial liquidity and bankruptcy of taxpayers. Research limitations/implications: The study is divided into two parts – the first one contains the definition and interpretation of the tax gap phenomenon and shows some tax frauds which are frequently cited as the main factor contributing to VAT gap. The second part contains a presentation of the remaining determinants of the gap such as methodological errors, cyclical factors, the grey area, problems with cash flow and bankruptcy of taxpayers. Practical implications: The aforementioned considerations were conducted to find the answer to the following questions: to what extent the state can limit the size of the tax gap and whether the factors shaping the size of the gap result only from the structure of this tax. Social implications: Identification of tax gap determinants can help design a set of effective tools which will reduce the size of this phenomenon. Originality/value: The article is addressed to all tax services responsible for the architecture of tax system and services responsible for tax collection.

VAT fraud and its mitigation mechanisms

Szczerbak Monika

Modern Engineering

2020

83--91

For several years, tax fraud has become the subject of extensive and complex research. It is now a very common phenomenon that is threatening the functioning of countries worldwide. The Polish tax system has overcame many changes regarding the settlement and refund of VAT in recent years. These activities are related to the prevention of tax fraud, as the scale of its occurrence is still high. The "tax carousel" is known all over the world. The established legislative mechanisms bring noticeable effects, abuses still occur, but they are more often detected by tax authorities. The aim of the article is to indicate the most important legislative mechanisms (JPK, split payment, white list of taxpayers) limiting the occurrence of tax fraud in the area of VAT avoidance, which at the same time reduces the tax gap.