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1

Application of fuzzy cognitive mapping in the analysis of small earth dam failure

Shongwe Mduduzi I., Maseko Thabo, Vilane Bruce R. T.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 44

136--142

EN

Small earth dams are most valuable in arid and semi-arid areas where they are used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. These dams however, continue to fail. The causes of such failures are interconnected in the sense that one can trigger the other. Most research into earth dams nevertheless, uses reductionist approaches. Such approaches do not consider the complex interactions between these modes and/or causes. This research used fuzzy cognitive mapping to identify the prominent modes and causes of small earth dam failure in Swaziland and to capture their interactions. A sample of seven earth dam construction experts was purposively selected from five institutions for individual interviews. An individual map was developed from each interview. An aggregated map was thereafter developed by combining seven individual maps. The results indicated that overtopping, piping and sliding were the common modes of earth dam failure. Overtopping was mainly due to siltation whilst animal barrows and tree roots were largely responsible for piping. Sliding was mostly associated construction defects and sudden drawdown. It was concluded that most of the failures were linked to poor management of catchments and that of the dams. It is recommended that future designs and management should increase the level of community participation in order to limit some of the causes associated with land use practices.

2

Environmental Life-cycle Analysis as a Tool for Sustainability Studies: A Complete Learning Experience

Venkatesh G.

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2019

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Vol. 14, nr 1

79--85

EN

This article first presents Environmental Life-Cycle Analysis (E-LCA) as a complete learning experience for university students of environmental science/engineering, enabling the acquisition of the four levels of knowledge, of the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) taxonomy. The four steps of an E-LCA, interestingly, mirror the hierarchy of knowledge-levels defined by the SOLO taxonomy. In the light of the fact that it is generally difficult to accomplish this ascent from declarative knowledge to functional knowledge, in a systematic manner, in many university courses, the complete learning experience guaranteed by E-LCA must stand out conspicuously.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono środowiskową ocenę cyklu życia (E-LCA) traktowaną jako kompletne doświadczenie edukacyjne dla studentów uczelni wyższych kierunków nauki o środowisku/inżynieria, pozwalające na zdobycie wiedzy na czterech poziomach ze Struktury Obserwowanych Efektów Kształcenia (SOLO). Cztery kroki E-LCA, odzwierciedlają hierarchię poziomów wiedzy z klasyfikacji SOLO. Wobec faktu, że ogólnie rzecz biorąc trudno jest osiągnąć przejście z wiedzy deklaratywnej do funkcjonalnej, w kwestiach systematycznych, dla wielu kursów uniwersyteckich, pełne doświadczenie edukacyjne gwarantowane przez E-LCA zdecydowanie się wyróżnia.

3

Methodology of problem analysis in the quality management system with the use of systems approach

Ligarski M. J.

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2018

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nr 3 (26)

157--161

EN

In the work there is an innovative methodology of problem analysis presented in the quality management system with the use of systems approach. The methodology serves for determination of action mechanism of unfavorable phenomena occurring in the systems and for explaining their causes. There are assumptions of the elaborated methodology described. For the first time there are the rules of systems thinking used for the analysis of unfavorable phenomena and the system archetypes were applied. Special attention is paid to appropriate presentation of the examined situation in a perspective of systems thinking as well as correct selection of systems archetype. There is a need emphasized concerning examining the situation with the inclusion of numerous variables and necessity to reach to the primary causes of the analyzed phenomena. The elaborated methodology was proceeded to validation on the basis of two threats described by different systems archetypes. There are schemes presented which feature the action mechanism of unfavorable phenomena. The confirmation of methodology in practice proved its application possibilities. Finally, the elaborated methodology was subject to analysis. The discussion of its possibilities and limitation was also conducted.

4

Myślenie systemowe jako czynnik strukturotwórczy. Struktura organizacyjna – pojęcie, funkcje, cechy

Hopej–Kamińska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2014

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Nr 3

205--215

PL

W artykule wskazano na niedostrzegany w literaturze przedmiotu czynnik strukturotwórczy, którym jest myślenie systemowe. Praktykowanie przez członków organizacji, zwłaszcza przez kadrę zarządczą, myślenia systemowego oznacza sztukę postrzegania rzeczywistości i zachodzących w niej zjawisk jako całości, której nie można traktować jako prostej sumy elementów. Stwierdzono, że praktykowanie myślenia systemowego w kształtowaniu rozwiązań strukturalnych prowadzi nie tylko do ich spójności, ale i do ich odpowiedniości względem pozostałych elementów organizacji i jej otoczenia. Na podstawie badań empirycznych wykazano również, że myślenie systemowe jest słabo obecne w procesie organizowania.

EN

This paper focuses on systems thinking: a structure forming factor that is overlooked in the literature. Systems thinking exercised by members of an organization, especially top management, is the art of perceiving reality and phenomena occurring in it as a whole, not as a simple sum of its components. It has been found that the practice of systems thinking in the development of organizational solutions not only leads to their consistency, but also to their adequacy in relation to the rest of the organization and in relation to its environment. On the basis of empirical studies it has been shown that systems thinking is hardly present in the process of organizing.