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1

New records of Tmaegoceras lacordarii (Michelin, 1835) from the Lower Jurassic Arietenkalk Formation of SW Germany and its systematic relationships

Schweigert Günter, Scherzinger Armin, Gräbenstein Stefan

Volumina Jurassica

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2021

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Vol. 19, no. 1

95--108

EN

New material of the enigmatic cosmopolitan ammonite genus Tmaegoceras Hyatt, 1889 is reported from the upper Lower Sinemurian (Bucklandi Zone, ‛cf. pinguisʼ Biohorizon) of SW Germany. It is better preserved than previously described material. All specimens are assigned to Tmaegoceras lacordarii (Michelin, 1835), an almost forgotten subjective senior synonym of Tmaegoceras crassiceps Pompeckj, 1901. The presence of an extreme rursiradiate ribbing style in some specimens allows a better understanding of this genus and provides a hint for its systematic affiliation. This diagnostic ribbing style is shared with some extremely rare Alpine taxa such as Ammonites salinarius Hauer, 1846 and “Arietites” subsalinarius Wähner, 1891. Tmaegoceras is included here in Pseudotropitinae Donovan, 1973. Pseudotropitinae are possibly an early offshoot of Arietitidae indigenous of the Panthalassa Realm that occasionally spread into the Tethys and its adjacent shelves. A phyletic relationship with Late Triassic Tropitidae Mojsisovics, 1875, however, cannot be excluded either.

2

Delayed Blowback Operation Firearms in the Small Arms Classification

Morawski Mateusz, Zahor Mirosław

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2021

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Vol. 12, Nr 1 (43)

101--118

EN

This paper presents the general principle of operation of delayed blowback small arms, their classification by the applied blowback delay, and a discussion of the existing designs. An analysis was carried out to rate the specific design solutions. The results of this work will be used in further investigations into and testing of delayed blowback firearms.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ogólną zasadę działania broni strzeleckiej wykorzystującej odrzut zamka półswobodnego, dokonano jej podziału w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanego opóźnienia, a także omówiono występujące konstrukcje. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy dokonano oceny rozwiązań. Wyniki posłużą do dalszych rozważań i badań broni z zamkiem półswobodnym.

3

Źródła inspiracji w architekturze - próba systematyki

Kossak Anna

Builder

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2021

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R.25, nr 6

69--71

PL

Źródła poszukiwania inspiracji w twórczym projektowaniu architektonicznym są różne. Mogą to być: kontekst miejsca, obiekty powstałe w różnych okresach historycznych, w różnych stylach, dzieła innych architektów współczesnych, nowatorskie rozwiązania konstrukcyjne, ale też sztuka, czyli obrazy, utwory muzyczne, albo procesy biologiczne, wytwory świata przyrody ożywionej oraz nieożywionej, wzory, wykresy i moduły matematyczne, reguły oraz zasady geometrii, albo też zabawa płaszczyzną i prostymi bryłami geometrycznymi, ich komponowanie, poszukiwanie relacji w przestrzeni, lub ich przekształcanie, deformowanie, multiplikowanie. Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia trzech autorskich, różnych możliwości usystematyzowania oraz podziału tych źródeł na: matematyczne i niematematyczne oraz na świadome i nieuświadomione (podświadome), a także bezpośrednie i pośrednie (abstrakcyjne). Prezentuje też literaturę tematu na gruncie rodzimym - w Polsce.

EN

There are various sources of seeking inspiration in creative architectural design. Sources of inspiration can be: context of place, objects created in different historical periods, in different styles, works of other contemporary architects, innovative construction solutions, but also art, i.e. paintings, musical pieces, or biological processes, products of the world of animate and inanimate nature, formulas, diagrams and mathematical modules, rules and principles of geometry, or playing with a plane and simple geometric figures, composing them, searching for mutual relations in space, or their transformation, deformation, multiplication. The article is an attempt to present three authorial different possibility of systematizing and dividing these sources into: mathematical and non-mathematical, and into conscious and unconscious (subconscious), as well as direct and indirect (abstract). It also presents literature on the subject on the native ground - in Poland.

4

Enterprise Modeling: From Digital Transformation to Digital Ubiquity

Fill Hans-Georg

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2020

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Vol. 21

1--4

EN

While digital transformation is still a challenge for many companies when introducting digital technologies in existing processes and business models, digital ubiquity stands for the next step in digitalization. It characterizes the omnipresence of a large range of digital technologies, connectivity, and data as well as entirely digital organizations. This includes for example upcoming technologies such as distributed ledgers, artificial intelligence or augmented reality and according interfaces and data sources as well as decentralized apps and autonomous organizations. The challenge thus becomes to optimally deal with these opportunities and deploy them efficiently in business scenarios. In this paper we will investigate the role of enterprise modeling under this paradigm and how it can contribute to a well-structured, systematic understanding of complex digital phenomena for supporting business and technological decisions.

5

The late Cenomanian oyster Lopha staufferi (Bergquist, 1944) – the oldest ribbed oyster in the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of the United States

Hook S. C., Cobban W. A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 4

609--626

EN

Lopha staufferi (Bergquist, 1944) is a medium-sized, ribbed, Late Cretaceous oyster with a slightly curved axis and a zigzag commissure; it appears suddenly and conspicuously in upper Cenomanian rocks in the Western Interior Basin of the United States. At maturity, the ribs on both valves thicken into steep flanks that allow the oyster to increase interior volume without increasing its exterior footprint on the seafloor. Lopha staufferi is the first (earliest) ribbed oyster in the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior, but has no ancestor in the basin. It disappears from the rock record as suddenly as it appeared, leaving no direct descendent in the basin. In the southern part of the basin where it is well constrained, L. staufferi is restricted stratigraphically to the upper Cenomanian Metoicoceras mosbyense Zone (= Dunveganoceras conditum Zone in the north). Lopha staufferi has an unusual paleogeographic distribution, occurring in only two, widely scattered areas in the basin. It has been found at several localities near the western shoreline of the Late Cretaceous Seaway in west-central New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, and in localities 1,900 km (1,200 mi) to the northeast near the eastern shoreline in northeastern Minnesota, but nowhere in between. In west-central New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, L. staufferi is a guide fossil to the Twowells Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone.

6

Revision of Hamites wernickei Wollemann, 1902 (Cephalopoda, Ancyloceratina) from the classic Lüneburg section (Upper Cretaceous, northern Germany)

Niebuhr B., Jagt J. W. M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 4

627--644

EN

A re-examination of heteromorph ammonites of late Campanian age from the Zeltberg section at Lüneburg has demonstrated that the type series of Hamites wernickei in fact comprises two different species that are here assigned to the nostoceratid Nostoceras Hyatt, 1894 and the polyptychoceratid Oxybeloceras Hyatt, 1900. Nostoceras (Didymoceras) wernickei (Wollemann, 1902) comb. nov., to which three of the four specimens that were described and illustrated by Wollemann (1902) belong, has irregularities of ribbing and tuberculation and changes its direction of growth at the transition from the helicoidal whorls to the hook, which is a typical feature of members of the subfamily Nostoceratinae. Torsion of body chambers is not developed in hairpin-shaped ammonite species, which means that the species name wernickei is no longer available for such polyptychoceratine diplomoceratids. Consequently, the fourth specimen figured and assigned to Hamites wernickei by Wollemann (1902) is here transferred to Oxybeloceras and considered conspecific to material from the Hannover area (Lehrte West Syncline) as O. aff. crassum (Whitfield, 1877). In addition to the "Heteroceras-Schicht des Mucronaten-Senons" of Lüneburg (bipunctatum /roemeri Zone, upper upper Campanian), the geographic range of N. (D.) wernickei probably includes Upper Austria, Tunisia and the Donbass region, while O. aff. crassum is known from the Hannover area (northern Germany), southern France, northern Spain and Upper Austria.

7

Jurassic ammonites of the Wulong area, Tingri County, Tibet

Morton N., Meister Ch., Ruellau L., Shi X.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 2

1--21

EN

The Jurassic succession west of Wulong village, Tingri County, southern Tibet, is described. Lithostratigraphical classification uses pre-existing terminology for formations, and an informal subdivision into members is proposed. An important structural dislocation, in the form of a small-scale flower structure, affects the Zhamure Formation straddling the Triassic/Jurassic boundary but does not affect the underlying Derirong Formation (Rhaetian) or the overlying Wulong Formation (Lower Jurassic). No other major structural discontinuities could be recognised. New finds of ammonites in situ include a new genus and species of possible schlotheimiid, Womalongiceras inflatum, with a probable age of Sinemurian or slightly younger. Two separate beds yielded rich assemblages of crushed ammonites identified as Nyalamoceras nyalamensis Chao and Wang (1956) here interpreted as a hammatoceratid. The age of these is reinterpreted as uppermost Aalenian on the basis of an accompanying specimen of ?Pseudolioceras (Tugurites) sp. nov. and poorly preserved ammonites from higher beds identified as graphoceratids (?Graphoceras).

8

Materiały budowlane na bazie drewna – obecny stan wiedzy i możliwości stosowania

Kram D.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2015

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R. 86, nr 6

52--56

PL

Drewno jako materiał budowlany znany jest człowiekowi odkąd zaczął budować własne schronienia. Na przełomie milionów lat nauczyliśmy się go stopniowo obrabiać, by następnie wraz z rozwojem wiedzy zacząć wnikać w jego strukturę i uporządkowanie, wykorzystując coraz bardziej jego zalety i wyszukując mu coraz to nowsze obszary zastosowań. Z tego też względu drewno nie jest już dziś jedynie prostym w pozyskiwaniu materiałem budowlanym, ale stało się ono dla nas surowcem, materiałem wyjściowym do produkcji innych użytecznych człowiekowi wyrobów. W Polsce materiał ten mimo, że wraca do łask, swoje lata świetności chwilowo ma za sobą, natomiast świat nadal odkrywa go na nowo, dając mu coraz nowsze obszary zastosowań.

EN

Wood as a building material has been known to mankind since people started to build their own shelters. Over millions years human gradually learned to shape wood and later, with the development of knowledge, began to learn also its structure. People have tried to take advantages of wood parameters and have searched for new application areas for this material. Therefore nowadays, the wood is not only a simple, easy to acquire building material, but also becomes the starting material for the production of other useful products. In Poland, despite the fact that now wood is slowly coming back into favor, its glory years have already passed. On the other hand the world still finds it again and gives the wood newer areas of application.

9

Habitat preferences of some neophytes with a reference to habitat disturbances

Myśliwy M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 3

509--526

EN

The spread of species far from their native range is an important component of global changes. Investigating the ability of alien plants to invade different habitats is one of the most important approaches in the analysis of biological invasion mechanisms. The study was based on floristic research carried out in 1998–2002 in the north-western part of Poland. The habitats sampled were classified according to the EUNIS classification. A dataset of 2638 naturalized neophyte records was compiled based on a total of 2132 floristic lists. Species entries were supplemented with data on taxonomic position (family), origin, frequency, life form and number of habitats a particular species colonises. Ordination analyses showed the level of disturbance in individual habitats to be important in species-habitats relationships. Some of the species (e.g. Chamomilla suaveolens, Galinsoga parviflora, Veronica persica) occurred mainly in man-made, heavily disturbed habitats, while others (e.g. Impatiens parviflora, Padus serotina, Quercus rubra) were present primarily in natural habitats, less affected by humans. The species with the broadest habitat ranges identified included, i.a. Conyza canadensis, Impatiens parviflora, Epilobium ciliatum, and Oxalis fontana. Most of them, however, had different “core” habitats. Some species, e.g. Juncus tenuis, Elodea canadensis, Veronica persica were associated with one or a few habitats. The ability of species to invade numerous habitat types did not depend on their invasive status. The most successful aliens are those which spread dynamically along forest paths as well as those penetrating forest communities. The phytocoenotic role of each naturalized neophyte in plant communities requires a detailed study.Each individual habitat supports well-established alien species whose traits fit its characteristics and the disturbance intensity. Analysis of alien species traits, local distribution, habitat preferences and range makes it possible to reliably assess potentially successful invaders.

10

Mesozoic spores of Poland – a revision of selected taxa

Waksmundzka M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 460

25-87

EN

The study presents a taxonomic analysis of 44 taxa from the Mesozoic deposits of Poland. The spores have been ordered in a systematic way. Variability in interpretations of similar morphological or typical features of individual taxa have been presented. In case of same species the influence of the postdepositional processes on the morphological features of spores have been suggested.

PL

Analizowano taksonomicznie 44 taksony z utworów mezozoiku Polski. Uporządkowano je według sztucznej systematyki. Przy opisie niektórych taksonów spor zasugerowano wpływ czynników postdepozycyjnych na ich cechy morfologiczne.

11

The earliest ostracods from the Ordovician of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic

Lajblová K., Kraft P.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2014

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Vol. 64, no. 4

367--392

EN

The earliest ostracods from the Bohemian Massif (Central European Variscides) have been recorded from the Middle Ordovician of the Prague Basin (Barrandian area), in the upper Klabava Formation, and became an abundant component of fossil assemblages in the overlying Šárka Formation. Both early ostracod associations consist of eight species in total, representing mainly eridostracans, palaeocopids, and binodicopids. The revision, description, or redescription of all species and their distribution in the basin is provided. Their diversification patterns and palaeogeographical relationships to ostracod assemblages from other regions are discussed.

12

The spontaneous succession in a sand-pit: the role of life history traits and species habitat preferences

Kompała-Bąba A., Bąba W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 1

13--22

EN

The prediction of species response to human activity is of great interest in contemporary restoration ecology. The purpose of the article was to analyse which species life history traits and species habitat preferences are important during succession after the abandonment of mining activity in a sand-pit. During a 15-year period (1996–2010), 176 phytosociological relevés were placed within vegetation patches of different ages and divided according to soil moisture, thus forming two series of chronosequences that ranged from 0 to ca. 50 years. The datasets were analysed using both DCA/CCA ordinations and regression trees. The successional gradient, apart from the theoretically predicted replacement R by C strategists, revealed the occurrence of stresstolerant ruderals and competitive ruderals in the early successional stages. However, differences were observed between the wet and dry series. On dry soils the ruderals, anemochorous and windpollinated species dominated in the early phases. In the middle successional phases, a preponderance of anemochorous species (nanophanerophytes, light or semi-shade demanding species), nitrogen-poor and competitive ruderals or species typical for nitrogen-rich soils was recorded. In the late successional stages, species with both the ability of vegetative and generative reproduction appeared. On the other hand, on wet sites in the early successional phases, species with vegetative growth, hydrophytes, chamaephytes and stresscompetitors prevailed. Later in the succession, they were replaced by insect-pollinated species in nitrogen rich habitats and stress-tolerant ruderals on less fertile habitats. Finally, competitors started to prevail. Knowledge of the environmental conditions of a given site, the ecological processes and species biology can assist in achieving the desired goals or in initiating or enhancing succession on some disturbed sites.

13

Systematyka narzędzi do zarządzania bezpieczeństwem infrastruktury drogowej

Jamroz K., Michalski L.

Drogownictwo

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2012

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nr 4

144-152

PL

W ostatnich latach w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem ruchu drogowego pojawiło się kilka narzędzi takich jak audyt brd, ocena brd, kontrola brd. Dyskusja prowadzona podczas procedowania ustawy wdrażającej dyrektywę 2008/96/WE wskazała na nieznajomość wśród przedstawicieli stron biorących udział w dyskusji, narzędzi zarządzania bezpieczeństwem infrastruktury drogowej. W artykułe przedstawiono koncepcję usystematyzowania tych narzędzi bazując na dwóch kryteriach: przebiegu cyklu życia obiektu drogowego i procesie zarządzania ryzykiem. Na tej podstawie opracowano macierz działań niezbędnych do skutecznego i efektywnego zarządzania bezpieczeństwem infrastruktury drogowej.

EN

In recent years, a number of tools such as road safety audit, evaluation of road safety, road safety control appeared in road safety management. The discussion that took place during the proceeding of the Act implementing the Directive 2008/96/EC pointed to a large unacquaintance incomprehensions, among the representatives of the parties involved in the discussions, with the tools for road infrastructure safety management. The paper presents a systematic approach of these tools based on two criteria: the course of the life cycle of a road infrastructure and risk management process. The result is an array of activities necessary for effective and efficient road infrastructure safety management.

14

Stratigraphically important ammonites from the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary interval of the Middle Vistula River section, central Poland

Machalski M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 1

91-116

EN

The formal definition of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Maastrichtian Stage at Tercis, southwest France, is based on the first or last occurrences of twelve taxa, including three species of ammonites, Pachydiscus (Pachydiscus) neubergicus, Diplomoceras cylindraceum, and Nostoceras (Nostoceras) hyatti. The taxonomy and stratigraphical distribution of these, and allied forms, are studied, on the basis of material from the opoka succession across the upper Campanian.lowermost Maastrichtian boundary in the Middle Vistula River section, central Poland. in view of the imprecise location of two ammonite GSSP markers in that section, a direct ammonite-based correlation with the GSSP at Tercis is impossible. however, data available indicate that in the Middle Vistula River section the first occurrence of Pachydiscus (P.) neubergicus and the last occurrence of Nostoceras (N.) hyatti are situated significantly higher than the first occurrence of Belemnella lanceolata, the traditional belemnite marker for the base of the Maastrichtian Stage in the Boreal Realm, and that Diplomoceras cylindraceum appears significantly below this level. There are no unequivocal records of Pachydiscus (P.) neubergicus from the Belemnella lanceolata Zone s.l. in the Middle Vistula River section.

15

Systematyka podstawowych pojęć w procesie transportowym

Bogdanowicz S.

Logistyka

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2011

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nr 4

PL

Rola i znaczenie przemieszczania. Rodzaje procesów produkcyjnych i dokonujące się w nich fizyczne zmiany postaci przedmiotu działania. Rodzaje działalności przedsiębiorstwa. Brak precyzji sformułowań w literaturze. Definicja pojęcia transport. Transport w procesie wytwórczym, tj. niewyodrębniony, nie realizuje funkcji więzi między nadawcami i odbiorcami. Błędy w podziale środków transportowych i czynności w robotach ładunkowych. Określenie istoty przetwarzania w transporcie. Zasadność stosowania pojęcia przedmiot pracy. Rodzaj przemieszczania podstawą klasyfikacji środków transportowych.

EN

The role and importance of movement. Types of production processes, and changes in physical shape of material. Types of business. Lack of precision in the wording in the literature. Definition of transport. Transportation in the manufacturing process, i.e. not-extracted, which does not perform ties between suppliers and receivers. Errors in systematics of means of transport and types of operations performed in cargo handling. The legitimacy of applying the term: subject work. Type of movement as a base of the classification of vehicles.

16

Echinoids and pectinid bivalves from the Early Miocene Mishan Formation of Iran

Kroh A., Gholamalian H., Mandic O., Ćorić S., Harzhauser M., Reuter M., Piller W.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

|

Vol. 61, no. 4

419-439

EN

Shallow marine echinoids and pectinid bivalves from the Early Miocene Guri Member of the Mishan Formation cropping out at the Gery Sheikh section north of Bandar Pohl in the area of the Hormuz Strait, Iran, are reported. The echinoid fauna indicates a Burdigalian age for the Guri Member. This is supported by new calcareous nannoplankton data from this unit, which suggest an age from Aquitanian to middle Burdigalian (NN1-NN3). From a palaeobiogeographic point of view the fauna of the Guri Member is related to the faunas from central Saudi Arabia, southeast Pakistan and northwest India. The absence of Western Tethyan elements supports earlier data suggesting that a faunal separation between Proto-Mediterranean and Proto-Indian Ocean faunas was well developed before the terminal Tethyan Event. The echinoids Fibularia damensis Kier, 1972 and Anisaster arabica Kier, 1972 are new records for Iran, having been known before solely from Saudi Arabia. Brissus daviesi Jain, 2002 is transferred to Rhynobrissus based on the characters of its fascioles, petalodium and plas tron; this constituting the first fossil record of the genus.

17

Bezpieczeństwo uczestników ruchu drogowego (BRD) - identyfikacja zagrożeń i ryzyka w eksploatacji środków transportu

Olejnik K., Woźniak G.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2010

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Nr 4

200-207

PL

W artykule przedstawiono propozycje usystematyzowania pojęć z zakresu bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego. Systematyka pojęć jest ważnym elementem umożliwiającym rozważania poznawcze otaczającej nas rzeczywistości. Nieprecyzyjne określenia utrudniają zrozumienie i analizę omawianej problematyki oraz porozumiewanie się. Jednym z podstawowych i ważnych celów w eksploatacji środków transportu w ruchu drogowym jest dążenie do zmniejszenia zagrożeń wypadkowych, czyli dążenie do osiągnięcia bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego. Omówiono wybrane elementy wyposażenia wpływające na system bezpieczeństwa czynnego i biernego uczestników ruchu drogowego. Przytoczono skalę klasyfikacyjną ciężkości wypadku.

EN

The article presents proposals for systematizing phraseology related safety of road users. The systematics of definitions is a significant element enabling cognitive considerations concerning the surrounding reality. Inaccurate definitions obstruct understanding and analysis of the problems discussed as well as communication. One of the basic and important purposes while operating a means of transport on the road is striving to decrease the risk of accidents, i.e. to achieve safety of road users. Discussed are selected elements of equipment affecting the active and passive safety system of road users. The classification scale of accident seriousness is quoted

18

Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 2, On the genera Axisvacuus gen. nov. and Falsiamplexus Fedorowski, 1987

Fedorowski J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 3

283-317

EN

Five species belonging to two genera: Falsiamplexus Fedorowski, 1987 and Axisvacuus gen. nov. are described in detail and their species content and relationships are discussed. Both genera are perhaps related to Rotiphyllum and were probably derived from it, but relationship of Falsiamplexus to Bradyphyllum Grabau, 1928 cannot be excluded. The new genus Axisvacuus is represented by four species, of which three are new: A. verus (type species), A. extendus and A. semicirculatus. Stratigraphic ranges of species described are compared to the western European and Russian standards (Table 1). Some possible palaeogeographic implications of the occurrence of Axisvacuus postumus (Smith, 1931) and Falsiamplexus reductus Fedorowski, 1987 are briefly discussed.

19

Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 1, Introductory considerations and the genus Rotiphyllum Hudson, 1942

Fedorowski J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2009

|

Vol. 59, no. 1

1-37

EN

The present paper is the first in a series devoted to the Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin. The history of investigation and current status of Early Bashkirian stratigraphy is discussed in the context of the Donets Basin strata. Corals of that time interval are extremely rare worldwide and those from the Donets Basin have never been described in detail. Four of the five species described are new: Rotiphyllum asymmetricum sp. nov., R. latithecatum sp. nov., R. simulatum sp. nov., and R. voznesenkae sp. nov. Two species are left in open nomenclature. The synonymy, species content and critical review of species potentially belonging to the genus Rotiphyllum are reviewed.

20

Krytyka pojęć z zakresu bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego

Olejnik K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Nauki Techniczne

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2008

|

Z. 8

323-329

PL

W artykule przedstawiono propozycje usystematyzowania pojęcia z zakresu bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego. Systematyka pojęć jest ważnym elementem umożliwiającym rozważania poznawcze otaczającej nas rzeczywistości. Nieprecyzyjne określenia utrudniają zrozumienie i analizę omawianej problematyki oraz porozumiewanie się. Jednym z podstawowych i ważnych celów w eksploatacji środków transportu w ruchu drogowym jest dążenie do zmniejszenia zagrożeń wypadkowych, czyli dążenie do osiągnięcia bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego. Omówiono wybrane elementy wyposażenia wpływające na system bezpieczeństwa czynnego i biernego uczestników ruchu drogowego. Przytoczono skalę klasyfikacyjną ciężkości wypadku.

EN

In the article there are presented the proposals how to systematize the notions from the range of safety of road traffic participants and other notions connected with this safety. Systematics of notions is the important element which enables to make cognitive considerations in the surrounding us reality. Inaccurate designations hinder understanding and analysis of discussed problems and communications. One of the basic and important purposes in the use of the transport means in the traffic road is aiming to increase the accident threat - it is to aim to achieve the safety of participants of road traffic. There are discussed the chosen elements of equipment which have influence for the system of active and passive safety of road traffic participants. The scale of classification of accident ponderosity is reported.