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Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport

Czerliński Mirosław, Bańka Michał Sebastian

Archives of Transport

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 1

103--117

EN

Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics regarding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differential. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities boundaries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the mathematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of re-gression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The proposed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.

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Opłaty za usługi wodne

Banasiak Marta

Przegląd Komunalny

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2019

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nr 2

43

PL

Z początkiem ubiegłego roku istotnej zmianie uległ system opłat, do których ponoszenia zobowiązane są podmioty korzystające z określonych usług wodnych. W ponad rocznej praktyce stosowania regulacji odnoszących się do opłat za usługi wodne wyłoniły się liczne problemy interpretacyjne, których próba rozwiania doprowadziła do prezentacji odmiennych stanowisk.

3

Problematyka opłat drogowych

Bentkowska-Senator K., Kordel Z., Wilk T.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2014

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nr 9

6--16

PL

W artykule dotyczącym problematyki opłat drogowych, zaprezentowano system elektroniczny obowiązujący w Polsce tj. ViaTOLL, jego funkcjonowanie tj. wysokości stawek, uzależnionych od warunków ekologicznych pojazdów tj. klas EURO. Podano zmiany taboru ciężarowego w czasie, w powiązaniu z ich strukturą według klas emisji. Przeprowadzono wybiórcze porównanie wysokości stawek opłat elektronicznych obowiązujących w Polsce i kilku krajach Wspólnoty. Artykuł został zakończony analizą działań Komisji Europejskiej w celu wprowadzenia jednolitego systemu opłat drogowych w całej UE, tzw. EETS (European Electronic Toll Service).

EN

The Part II of the article on the issue of road charges presents an electronic system used in Poland, i.e. ViaTOLL, its operation, i.e. the charges rates, dependent on the vehicles’ environmental conditions such as EURO classes. Shown are also the changes in the fleet of trucks over a time, in conjunction with their structure of the emission classes. A selective comparison has been conducted of electronic toll rates in force in Poland and a few countries of the Common Europe. The article is summed up by the analysis of the European Commission actions to introduce a uniform system of road charges across the EU, the so-called EETS (European Electronic Toll Service).

4

Opłaty drogowe zależne od stopnia zatłoczenia. Przykład San Diego (Kalifornia, USA)

Dybicz T., Suwara A.

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

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2004

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nr 2

20-24

PL

System pobierania opłat za korzystanie z dróg, polegający na obciążeniu każdego kierowcy opłatą, której wysokość jest bezpośrednio związana z warunkami ruchu panującymi na drodze.

EN

Road pricing system with price levels depended on traffic conditions on the road.

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Teoretyczne zasady i praktyczne bariery reformowania systemu obciążeń za użytkowanie infrastruktury transportowej

Bąk M.

Problemy Ekonomiki Transportu

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2004

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nr 1

41-56

EN

The aim of the article is to present practical experiences of reforming system of charges for infrastructure use on the base of theoretical assumptions concerning theoretical rules of developing the most efficient solutions. Pricing policy of the European countries in the range of transport infrastructure use has evoked some reservations for many years. On the one hand, large divergence of existing systems in different countries, and even in different modes of transport, has made some disturbances in inter-modal and international competition. On the other hand, investment needs have caused necessary changes in the direction of creating more efficient and fair pricing policy. Moreover, increasing ecological threats resulting from transport activities, have been a very important incentive to modify current system. It should be noticed, that if major theoretical problems concerning optimal reform of pricing policy have been already solved, then practical realisation and introduction of proposed instruments still remains in the planning phase (excluding some original implementations, e.g. in Alpine countries). In the first part of the paper, theoretical foundations of developing system of charges for transport infrastructure use, have been presented. Then, the practice of Western European countries in the range of current system functioning has been analysed. The next part is devoted to describing trials of inefficient system modifications on different levels, i.e. on the level of the European Union, the European Conference of Ministers of Transport and different countries. At the end of the article, barriers of implementing new solutions have been identified. It can be summarised that both political and social acceptance of introducing new instruments has been very weak. Moreover, transport users, especially road freight carriers have been anxious about total increase of infrastructure charges.

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Ocena systemu opłat za gospodarcze korzystanie ze środowiska a aspekcie integracji z Unią Europejską

Poskrobko B., Ejdys J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2001

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R. 9, nr 5

131-139

EN

The system of environmental penalties in Poland in the aspect of integration with the European Union has been presented. The methods of the collected funds redistribution and evaluation of the existing system of environmental penalties have been described.