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  1. 7 Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
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  1. 2 Kozaczko M.
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1
Content available Lie symmetry, convergence analysis, explicit solutions, and conservation laws for the time-fractional modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation
Al-deiakeh Rawaya, Alquran Marwan, Ali Mohammed, Qureshi Sania, Momani Shaher, Malkawi Abed Al-Rahman
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics
|
2024
|
Vol. 23, nr 1
19-31
EN
Lie symmetry analysis is considercd as one of the most powerful techniques that has been used for analyzing and extracting various types of solulions to partial differential equations. Conservation laws reflect important aspects of the behavior and pcoperties of physical systems. This paper focuses on the investigation of the (1+1)-dimensional time-fractional modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation (mBBM) incorporating Riemann-Louville derivatives (RLD). Through the application of Lie symmetry analysis, ihe study cxplores similarity reductions and transforms the problem into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation with fractional order. A power series solution is obtained using the Erdelyi-Kober fractional operator, and the convergence of the solutions is analyzed. Furthemore, novel conservation laws for the time-fractional mBBM equation are established. The findings of the current work contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of this fractional evolution equation and provide valuable insights into its behavior.
2
Content available remote A new generalized basic structure for multilevel inverter with reduced power electronic components count
Alishah Srasoul Shalchi
Journal of Power Technologies
|
2022
|
Vol. 102, nr 3
96--107
EN
This paper presents a new multilevel inverter topology which can generate all required numbers of levels at the output stage. The proposed topology is composed of six unidirectional switches, several bidirectional switches, and DC voltage sources. To add perspective, the proposed topology is compared with other topologies. The comparison shows that the proposed topology generates more voltage levels without the need for all excess number of switches and DC voltage sources. Moreover, the smaller number of switches in the current flow leads to decreased conductive loss in the proposed topology. To assure the proposed topology operates correctly, it is simulated with the aid of PSCAD/EMTDC software and the results are discussed.
3
Content available Running speed does not influence the asymmetry of kinematic variables of the lower limb joints in novice runners
Jiang Xinyan, Chen Hairong, Sun Dong, Baker Julien S., Gu Yaodong
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2021
|
Vol. 23, no. 1
69--81
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate kinematic variables at 5 running speeds (8 to 12 km/h), for the asymmetry between lower limbs. We also investigated the effects of running speed on the bilateral asymmetry of the lower limb joints kinematic variables among novice runners. Methods: Kinematic (200 Hz) running data were collected bilaterally for 17 healthy male novice runners (age: 23.1 ± 1.3 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.04 m, mass: 72.3 ± 4.57 kg, BMI: 23.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2) running on a treadmill at 5 fixed speeds (8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 km/h) in a randomized order. Symmetry angles (SA) were calculated to quantify gait asymmetry magnitude at each running speed. Results: Overall, SPM analysis using paired t-tests revealed significant joints kinematic differences between the left lower limb and the right lower limb at each running speed. Significant differences between limbs were found for all joint kinematic variables in the ankle and hip, regardless of running speed. As for the knee angle, significant differences between legs were only found during the running speed of 11 km/h. For knee angle velocity, significant differences between legs were found in all running speeds except for 8 km/h. However, there was no noticeable difference in asymmetry values across running speeds. Conclusions: The findings of the current study indicate that gait asymmetry of joint kinematics variables between lower limbs during running is apparent in healthy novice runners. Meanwhile, running speed does not influence lower limb joints kinematic asymmetry among novice runners.
4
Content available Assessment of the lower limb biomechanics in patients after tibiofibular syndesmosis injury treatment
Klepacki Krzysztof, Kowal Igor, Konieczny Grzegorz, Tomczyk Łukasz, Ciszewski Mariusz, Reichert Paweł, Morasiewicz Piotr
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2021
|
Vol. 23, no. 4
183--190
EN
Purpose: There is no consensus as to the number of bone cortices engaged in tibiofibular syndesmosis treatment. The purpose of our study was to assess the weight distribution on the lower limbs after tricortical or quadricortical syndesmosis fixation and different timing of screw removal. Methods: A total of 55 patients who underwent treatment for acute tibiofibular syndesmosis injury were analyzed in this study. The Zebris pedobarographic platform was used to measure the distribution of body weight on the lower limbs. The study population was stratified by the time to syndesmotic screw removal (8–15 weeks versus 16–22 weeks) and the number of bone cortices involved in fixation (three [tricortical fixation] versus four [quadricortical fixation]). Results: The weight distribution on the operated and healthy limbs in patients with tricortical syndesmosis fixation was asymmetrical, with the mean load on the operated and healthy limbs of 48.38% and 51.62%, respectively. The patients who underwent quadricortical syndesmosis fixation exhibited a symmetrical distribution of weight on the operated and healthy limb. There was a symmetrical distribution of the load of body weight on the operated and healthy limbs both in the group with different times to syndesmotic screw removal. Conclusion: Tricortical syndesmosis fixation is associated with an asymmetrical weight distribution on the operated and healthy limbs. In treating tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries, based on our pedobarographic research, quadricortical syndesmosis fixation and leaving the syndesmotic screw in place for up to 15 weeks, seems more beneficial to the patient.
5
Content available Relationships between walking velocity and distance and the symmetry of temporospatial parameters in chronic post-stroke subjects
Guzik A., Drużbicki M., Przysada G., Kwolek A., Brzozowska-Magoń A., Sobolewski M.
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2017
|
Vol. 19, no. 3
147--154
EN
Purpose: Subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis frequently present with asymmetric gait patterns. Symmetry, reflecting similarities in temporospatial, kinematic parameters, is an important measure of gait assessment. The study was designed to examine the relationships between asymmetry of temporal, spatial and kinematic gait parameters and walking velocity and distance. Methods: Temporospatial and kinematic gait parameters were examined in a group of 50 chronic post-stroke subjects and in a group of 25 healthy controls. Symmetry ratio was calculated for all the parameters. Gait velocity was measured during 10-metre test, the walking distance during 2-Minute Walk Test, and balance during Up&Go Test. Results: The relationship between stance phase duration symmetry and gait speed was at a moderate level (r = –0.43, p = 0.0173). There was a moderate relationship between swing phase symmetry and walking velocity and distance. The findings did not show a significant correlation between step length symmetry versus gait speed and distance. Conclusions: There is a mild relationship between self-selected gait velocity and walking distance versus temporal parameters symmetry. The findings do not confirm a relationship between self-selected gait velocity and walking distance versus spatial and kinematic parameters as well as balance. Likewise, no evidence confirms that asymmetry of temporal, spatial, kinematic gait parameters changes with the age of post-stroke subjects or is related to the length of time from stroke onset. Given the above, gait symmetry may be recognized as an important indicator of the level of gait control in post-stroke patients because it enables unique gait assessment, independent from other parameters.
6
Content available Rytm i symetria w sztuce Kerali
Patoczka P., Jose R.
Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe
|
2016
|
Nr 1 (2)
65--84
PL
Dalekie, archaiczne cywilizacje mają swoją symboliczną moc. W hinduskiej sztuce stanu Kerala zachwyca bogactwo drewnianej, tradycyjnej architektury powstałej na tle niezwykłego nadmorskiego krajobrazu. Tam przez wieki rozwinęło się wielokulturowe społeczeństwo Indian, tworząc mozaikę kulturową o  nigdzie niespotykanym bogactwie. Poniższa próba syntezy naturalnych i kulturowych zasobów architektonicznych i krajobrazowych oparta została na dwu pojęciach: rytmu i symetrii. Rytm w sztuce Kerali łączy tak pozornie dalekie: taniec i zdobnictwo, codzienną pracę i następstwo świąt, zdobienie ciała i podziały ogrodzenia. Z kolei symetria osi kompozycyjnych dominuje w architekturze budynków, sprowadza się do równowagi planu i sylwet. Ponad tym rytm boskich i ludzkich postaci. Tak więc studiując poniższe rozważania, na chwilę zapamiętajmy się w porządku, który od tysiąca lat cechuje Indie.
EN
The power of distant, ancient civilizations is often expressed symbolically. In the art of Kerala, the state in South India, the variety of wooden architecture and the landscape is enchanting. Against this background was developed the multicultural Indian society. There are two terms which describe in synthetic way the nature and kulture of Kerala. The rhythm is what joins the dance and ornamentation, everyday life and hardships, but also feasts, decoration of the neck and the fence of the building. The symmetry of composition in architecture is visible in the form of god or human in Indian art. So let us become absorbed in order which is typical for India since ages.
7
Content available Interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany in the cross-sections and leafage of selected vegetables
Skorny G. P., Śledziowski J., Czajkowski A. A.
Problemy Nauk Stosowanych
|
2016
|
T. 4
225--232
EN
Introduction and aims: The study shows the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany. In particular, it is shown the interpretation of symmetry in the cross-sections of selected vegetables. Also have been presented some definitions of Fibonacci numbers and discuss their interpretation in certain cross-sections of selected vegetables. Therefore, the main aim of this work is to show the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in the analysis of cross-sections of selected vegetables. Material and methods: Material consists some pictures of vegetables and their cross-sections which were made by the Authors of this paper. The method of visual and theoretical analysis has been performed in this paper. Results: In this paper, has been considered a series of interesting images of selected plants vegetables. Presented graphical interpretation of dual, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and decagonal symmetry, which shows the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers. Conclusions: Fibonacci numbers in botany are interpreted in the cross-sections of various vegetables. In some cross-sections of vegetables can be observed some dual, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and even decagonal symmetry. The interpretation of Fibonacci numbers may be used to supplement the classification of vegetables plants.
PL
Wstęp i cele: W pracy pokazano interpretację liczb Fibonacciego w botanice. W szczególności pokazano interpretację symetrii występującej przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Podano definicje liczb Fibonacciego oraz omówiono ich interpretację w określonych przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Zatem głównym celem pracy jest pokazanie interpretacji liczb Fibonacciego w analizie przekrojów poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Materiał o metody: Materiałem są zdjęcia warzyw i ich przekrojów poprzecznych wykonane przez autorów pracy. Zastosowano metodę analizy wizualno-teoretycznej. Wyniki: W pracy otrzymano szereg interesujących zdjęć wybranych warzyw. Przedstawiono interpretację graficzną symetrii dualnej, trójkątnej, czworokątnej, pięciokątnej, sześciokątnej i dziesięciokątnej, w których pokazano występowanie liczb Fibonacciego. Wnioski: Interpretację liczb Fibonacciego można znaleźć w różnych przekrojach wybranych warzyw. W niektórych przekrojach warzyw można zaobserwować symetrię dualną, trójkątną, czworokątną, pięciokątną, sześciokątna a nawet dziesięciokątną. Interpretacja liczb Fibonacciego może być użyteczna w uzupełnieniu klasyfikacji warzyw.
8
Content available Isometries in Teaching Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics
Ulasevich Z., Ulasevich V.
Journal Biuletyn of Polish Society for Geometry and Engineering Graphics
|
2016
|
Vol. 29
23--30
EN
Important basic transformations, implemented in CAD systems, are congruence transformations, so-called isometries, which preserve the distance of points. Logic of CAD software bases on the reflection, translation, rotation, and similarity. This fact is the important desideratum in the teaching of Descriptive Geometry. The paper includes a proposal for a teaching from the scope of isometries on the plane and in three-dimensional space.
PL
Ważnymi przekształceniami zaimplementowanymi w oprogramowaniu CAD, są izometrie, czyli przekształcenia zachowujące odległość punktów. Logika tych systemów opiera się gównie na pojęciu symetrii, translacji i obrotu. Ważną jeszcze rolę odgrywa podobieństwo. Uwzględnienie tego faktu w nauczaniu geometrii wykreślnej jest ważnym dezyderatem dydaktycznym. Praca zawiera propozycję dydaktyczną z zakresu zastosowania izometrii na płaszczyźnie i w przestrzeni.
9
Content available Koncepcja doboru nastaw oraz strojenia regulatora rozmytego przy zastosowaniu konwencjonalnego kryterium symetrii
Olesiak K.
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego
|
2015
|
R. 22, nr 12
1156--1159, CD
PL
W artykule przedstawiono konwencjonalne kryterium symetrii dla modelu przekształtnikowego układu napędowego. Sformułowano koncepcję oraz scharakteryzowano etapy strojenia regulatora rozmytego. Zaprezentowano uzyskane charakterystyki sterowania dla wybranych wyjściowych funkcji przynależności.
EN
The paper presents the conventional symmetry criterion for the model of the converter drive system. The concept of the fuzzy controller was formulated and the tuning stages were characterized. The obtained control characteristics for the selected output membership function were presented.
10
Content available Krajobraz symetryzujący w przestrzeni malarskiej – inspiracje i założenia procesu twórczego
Żukowski B. M.
Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe
|
2015
|
Nr 1
75--83
PL
Starożytni symetrią nazywali harmonijny układ, określali nią proporcje i kanony piękna. Symetria była najbardziej podstawowym pojęciem ich estetyki ponieważ chodziło w niej właśnie o piękno. Symetria odgrywa zasadniczą rolę w sztuce porządkując płaszczyznę malarską i nadając jej określony rytm. Odzwierciedla także intelektualne znaczenia i symbole, przenikające się w twórczym działaniu artysty.
EN
The ancients used the term symmetry to call a harmony, it determines the proportion and canons of beauty. Symmetry was the most fundamental concept of aesthetics because it was just about beauty. Symmetry plays an essential role in the art of ordering a painting space and giving it a certain rhythm. It also reflects the intellectual meanings and symbols interwoven in the creative activity of the artist.
11
Content available Niedoskonałość symetrii
Olek J.
Architectus
|
2015
|
Nr 4(44)
71--82
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rozważania na temat symetrii, percepcji symetrii oraz jej atrakcyjności (czy też nieatrakcyjności) jako zasady kompozycji w sztuce i architekturze. Symetryczność świata, potwierdzona przez uczonych i przez potoczne doświadczenie, może wyjaśniać nasze do niej upodobanie. Jako jeden z przykładów przekonujących nas o – jak się okazuje złudnej – symetryczności podano lustro, z którym nierozerwalnie związany jest problem zróżnicowania skali. Autor odwołuje się do Hermanna Weyla omawiającego rozmaite rodzaje symetrii i wiążącego z nią kategorię piękna. Następnie cytuje przykłady symetrii w architekturze (np. budowle Palladia, mozaiki geometryczne na posadzkach kościołów z intrygującym wzrok sześcianem Neckera). Mozaiki wprowadzają wątek iluzji optycznych i zależności percepcji od oczekiwań, co może otwierać drzwi do świata złudzeń. Dlatego czysto geometryczna symetria – dowodzi autor – nie jest atrakcyjna dla sztuki. Znacznie bardziej płodna jest dwuznaczność. Siatka z kilkuosiowią symetrycznością, tak użyteczna dla dużego obszaru sztuki, jest antynarracyjna, antyewolucyjna i ahistoryczna i choć znakomicie porządkuje formalnie, może nużyć monotonią. Jako przykład na odejście od tego toku myślenia autor daje przykład Asymetrii Zbigniewa Dłubaka, budynku muzeum w Bilbao (Frank Gehry), dworca kolejowego w Kioto (Hiroshi Hara) czy centrum sztuki w Stockton­on­Tees (Richard Wilson). Europejskie przywiązanie do symetrii autor kontrastuje z jej odrzuceniem w filozofii zen i będącej pod jej wpływem kulturą Japonii, Korei i Chin.
EN
The article presents considerations on symmetry, its perception and attractiveness (or conversely, unattractiveness) as a principle of composition in art and architecture. The symmetry of the world, confirmed both by science and everyday experience, can explain our preference for it. The mirror, given as an example of false visual symmetry, introduces the question of the scale. The author refers to Hermann Weyl who differentiates between various types of symmetry and associates symmetry with the category of beauty. Then the author goes on to discuss symmetry in architecture (e.g. Palladio’s buildings, mosaic floor patterns in churches with the intriguing Necker cube). Mosaics introduce the problem of optical illusions and the dependence of perception upon expectation – a relationship which can open the door to the world of illusion. That is why, argues the author, simple geometric symmetry is not attractive to art. Ambiguity is much more fruitful. The grid with its multiple symmetry axes, widely used in art, is anti­narrative, anti­developmental and anti­historical, and though it introduces perfect formal order, its monotony may be boring. The author gives examples of modern works departing from the principle of symmetry, like Asymetries by Zbigniew Dłubak, the museum in Bilbao (Frank Gehry), railway station in Kyoto (Hiroshi Hara) or art centre at Stockton­on­Tees (Richard Wilson). Finally, European attachment to symmetry is contrasted with the preference for asymmetry in Zen and in cultures under its influence, i.e. Japanese, Korean and Chinese.
12
Content available Symmetry of proprioceptive sense in female soccer players
Iwańska D., Karczewska M., Madej A., Urbanik Cz.
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2015
|
Vol. 17, no. 2
155--163
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the symmetry of proprioceptive sense among female soccer players when trying to reproduce isometric knee extensions (right and left) and to analyze the impact of a given level of muscle force on proprioception. Methods: The study involved 12 soccer players aged 19.5 ± 2.65 years. Soccer players performed a control measurement of a maximum 3s (knee at the 90°) position in the joint. Subsequently, 70%, 50%, and 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were all calculated and then reproduced by each subject with feedback. Next, the players reproduced the predefined muscle contraction values in three sequences: A – 50%, 70%, 30%; B – 50%, 30%, 70%; C – 70%, 30%, 50% of MVC without visual control. Results: In every sequence, the participants found obtaining the value of 30% of MVC the most difficult. The value they reproduced most accurately was 70% of MVC. Both trial II and trial III demonstrated that the symmetry index SI significantly differed from values considered acceptable (SIRa). In each successive sequence the largest asymmetry occurred while reproducing the lowest values of MVC (30%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High level of prioprioceptive sense is important to soccer players due to the extensive overload associated with dynamics stops or changes in direction while running. Special attention should be paid to develop skills in sensing force of varying levels. It was much harder to reproduce the predefined values if there was no feedback.
13
Content available remote Automation design of multi-unit electromechanical structures of magnetic separators
Zagirnyak M., Shvedchikova I., Tkach S.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2014
|
R. 90, nr 12
292--295
EN
Practical expediency of application of genetic and geometric modeling methods for automated synthesis of magnetic separator multi-unit (multi-inductor) cylindrical structures is shown. Genetic model of structure formation of cylindrical multi-unit structures of magnetic separators is proposed. «Isomer maker» software enabling spatial arrangements of cylindrical inductors on the basis of the data introduced by the user is developed.
PL
W artykule pokazano praktyczną celowość aplikacji metody genetycznej I metody modelowania geometrycznego dla automatycznej syntezy separatora magnetycznego wieloinduktorowego o cylindrycznej budowie. Model genetyczny formowania konstrukcji o cylindrycznej wielojednostkowej budowie separatora magnetycznego został zaproponowany. Oprogramowanie ISOMER MAKER umożliwia przestrzenny układ induktorów ma podstawie danych wprowadzonych przez użytkownika.
14
Content available Electromechanical delay of abdominal muscles is modified by low back pain prevention exercise
Szpala A., Rutkowska-Kucharska A., Drapala J.
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2014
|
Vol. 16, no. 3
95--102
EN
The objective of the research was to assess the effect of a 4-week-long training program on selected parameters: electromechanical delay (EMD) and amplitude of electromyographic signal (EMG). Fourteen female students of the University School of Physical Education participated in the study. Torques and surface electromyography were evaluated under static conditions. Surface electrodes were glued to both sides of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and erector spinae (ES) muscles. The 4-week-long program was aimed at strengthening the abdominal muscles and resulted in increased EMD during maximum torque production by flexors of the trunk, increased amplitudes of the signals of the erector spinae (p = 0.005), and increased EMG amplitude asymmetry of the lower (p = 0.013) and upper part (p = 0.006) of the rectus abdominis muscle. In a training program composed of a large number of repetitions of strength exercises, in which the training person uses their own weight as the load (like in exercises such as curl-ups), the process of recruitment of motor units is similar to that found during fatiguing exercises and plyometric training.
15
Content available Comparison of four methods of calculating the symmetry of spatial-temporal parameters of gait
Błażkiewicz M., Wiszomirska I., Wit A.
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2014
|
Vol. 16, no. 1
29--35
EN
Although gait symmetry is being evaluated and reported in the literature with increasing frequency, there is still no generally accepted standard for assessing symmetry, making it difficult to compare studies and establish criteria to guide clinical decision-making. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether gait symmetry in healthy subjects is consistent when assessed using various coefficients (RI, SI, GA, and SA), and if possible to identify a gait symmetry coefficient with the highest diagnostic utility. The study involved a group of 58 healthy university-level students of physical education and secondary school students aged 20.03 ± 0.97. Measurements of spatial-temporal gait parameters were conducted using the ZEBRIS platform. Our analysis supports existing recommendations that the symmetry index (SI) should be used as the most sensitive assessment of gait symmetry on the basis of spatial-temporal parameters in healthy subjects. Moreover, we developed normative values of individual features for diagnostic purposes.
16
Content available Tetragonal or hexagonal symmetry in modeling of failure criteria for transversely isotropic materials
Ganczarski A., Adamski M.
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
|
2014
|
Vol. 8, no. 3
125--128
EN
Present work deals with modeling of failure criteria for transversely isotropic materials. Analysis comprises two classes of symmetry: Tsai-Wu tetragonal and new Tsai-Wu based hexagonal. Detail analysis of both classes of symmetry with respect to their advantages as well as limitations is presented. Finally, simple comparison of differences between limit curves corresponding to cross sections by planes of transverse isotropy, orthotropy and shear plane is done.
17
Content available Some differential equations of elasticity and their lie point symmetry generators
Bocko J., Glodová I., Lengvarský P.
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
|
2014
|
Vol. 8, no. 2
99--102
EN
The formal models of physical systems are typically written in terms of differential equations. A transformation of the variables in a differential equation forms a symmetry group if it leaves the differential equation invariant. Symmetries of differential equations are very important for understanding of their properties. It can be said that the theory of Lie group symmetries of differential equations is general systematic method for finding solutions of differential equations. Despite of this fact, the Lie group theory is relatively unknown in engineering community. The paper is devoted to some important questions concerning this theory and for several equations resulting from the theory of elasticity their Lie group infinitesimal generators are given.
18
Content available remote Symetrie szczególnych teorii gradientowych
Kubik J.
Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej
|
2013
|
z. 13
37--40
EN
The symmetry of particular forms of equations in the theory of gradient viscoelasticity is analysed in the work. Basing on the considerations the reciprocity principle is derived for this case. The principle enables solving boundary problems as for the simplified from of the theory and full one as well.
19
Content available remote Erratum to : On the coset structure of a skew lattice
Pita Costa J.
Demonstratio Mathematica
|
2013
|
Vol. 46, nr 2
245--246
20
Content available Współczesne tendencje minimalistyczne w architekturze domów jednorodzinnych. Cz. 3
Mielnik A.
Przestrzeń i Forma
|
2012
|
nr 17
247--272
PL
Artykuł stanowiący kontynuację badań dotyczących nurtu tendencji minimalistycznych w architekturze domów jednorodzinnych, prezentuje kolejny po prostocie i pustce rozdział zatytułowany porządek, odzwierciedlający wyodrębnione idee i cechy. Domy przyporządkowane do tej grupy systemowej łączy poddanie się nadrzędnej zasadzie porządkującej – symetrii, powtórzeniom, modularności dotyczącej brył, elewacji, jak i planów. W obiektach kompozycją rządzą geometryczne formy i liczbowe relacje a uniwersalny porządek stanowi przeciwieństwo chaosu i nadmiaru.
EN
The text, a continuation of studies regarding to minimalistic tendencies in architecture of one-family house, presents next to simplicity and emptiness the chapter entitled order -that reflects isolated ideas and features. Houses are subordinated to primary ordering principle – symmetry or repetition, modularity regarding to volumes, elevations and plans. In these objects composition is ruled by geometric forms and numerical relations. Universal order stands in contrast with chaos and excess.
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