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1

Trylobity w eratykach wapieni beyrichiowych znalezionych u podnóża klifu orłowskiego w Gdyni (północna Polska)

Kowalewska Agata

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 6

332--339

EN

On the beach at the foot of the Orłowo Cliff (northern Poland), numerous erratics that were transported there by ice sheets from Scandinavia andsome Baltic regions can be found. Sedimentary rocks, important to palaeontological studies, contain numerous fossils and, among others, arthropods. One of the most common rock types here is beyrichian limestone. Its fossil content allows us to recognize many varieties, such as Calymene lime-stone, Nucula limestone, Elevatus limestone and others. The present study concentrated main lyon trilobites found in these rocks and belonging to two genera: Calymene and Acaste.

2

Coexistence of algae and a graptolite-like problematicum: a case study from the late Silurian of Podolia (Ukraine)

Skompski Stanisław, Kozłowski Wojciech, Łuczyński Piotr, Kozłowska Anna

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 2

115--133

EN

This contribution presents the record of an abundant assemblage of well-preserved, thallophytic noncalcified algae and of an epibiotic form that has been recognised as a putative graptolite from the upper Silurian (Ludlow, Gorstian–Ludfordian) of Podolia (western part of Ukraine). The sediments represent a shallow peritidal zone of the shelf. A new genus and species, Voronocladus dryganti, belonging to the Dasycladales Pascher, 1931, is established. Most of the specimens representing the algal thallus are overgrown by problematical epibiotic graptolites, described as Podoliagraptus algaeoides gen. et sp. nov. This phenomenon is explained as an epiphytic mode of life of the putative graptolite on algae, and is herein compared to recently known coexistences of algae with other organisms. The excellent state of preservation, and the abundance of studied Dasycladales algae and epibiotic problematics indicate that the investigated mudstone layer can be treated as a ‘Konservat Lagerstätte’ sensu Seilacher (1970).

3

Marine snow and epipelagic suspensoids in the Reda carbonates and a pronounced mid-Ludfordian (Silurian) CIE in the axis of the Baltic Basin (Poland)

Kozłowski Wojciech

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 4

529--567

EN

The mid-Ludfordian pronounced, positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE), coincident with the Lau/kozlowskii extinction event, has been widely studied so far in shallow-water, carbonate successions, whereas its deep-water record remains insufficiently known. The aim of this research is to reconstruct the sedimentary environments and the palaeoredox conditions in the axial part of the Baltic-Podolian Basin during the event. For these purposes, the Pasłęk IG-1 core section has been examined using microfacies analysis, framboid pyrite diameter and carbon isotope measurements. The prelude to the event records an increased influx of detrital dolomite interpreted as eolian dust, coupled with a pronounced decrease in the diameter of the pyrite framboids, indicating persistent euxinic conditions across the event. The event climax is recorded as the Reda Member and consists of calcisiltites, composed of calcite microcrystals (‘sparoids’), which are interpreted as suspensoids induced by phytoplankton blooms in the hipersaturation conditions present in the epipelagic layer of the basin. Both the prelude and climax facies show lamination, interpreted as having resulted from periodical settling of marine snow, combined with hydraulic sorting within a ‘benthic flocculent layer’, which additionally may be responsible for a low organic matter preservation rate due to methanogenic decomposition. Contrary to the observed basinward CIE decline in the benthic carbonates in the basin, the Reda Member records an extremely positive CIE (up to 8.25‰). Given the pelagic origin of the sparoids, the CIE seems to record surface-water carbon isotope ratios. This points to a large carbon isotope gradient and kinetic fractionation between surface and bottom waters during the mid-Ludfordian event in a strongly stratified basin. The Reda facies-isotope anomaly is regarded as undoubtedly globally triggered, but amplified by the stratified and euxinic conditions in the partly isolated, Baltic-Podolian basin. Hence, the common interpretation of the basin record as representative for the global ocean needs to be treated with great caution.

4

A review of Silurian fishes from north-western Hunan, China and related biostratigraphy

Zhao W. -J., Zhu M., Gai Z. -K., Pan Z. -H., Cui X. -D., Cai J. -C.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

475--486

EN

The Silurian fishes from north-western Hunan, China are characterised by the earliest known galeaspids Dayongaspis Pan and Zeng, 1985 and Konoceraspis Pan, 1992, and the earliest known antiarch Shimenolepis Wang J.-Q., 1991, as well as rich sinacanth fin spines. Shimenolepis from Lixian County in north-western Hunan, which was dated as the Telychian (late Llandovery), has long been regarded as the oldest representative of the placoderms in the world. As such, in addition to eastern Yunnan and the Lower Yangtze Region, north-western Hunan represents another important area in South China that yields important fossil material for the research of early vertebrates and related stratigraphy. Here we summarise the Silurian fishes known in north-western Hunan so far, and classify them into three vertebrate assemblages (i.e., the Wentang, Maoshan, and Yangtze assemblages). Based on the updated Silurian vertebrate and stratigraphic databases, the Silurian fish-bearing strata in north-western Hunan can be subdivided into the Rongxi, Huixingshao, and Xiaoxi formations in ascending chronological order, which can be correlated with the Lower Red Beds, the Upper Red Beds, and the Ludlow Red Beds in South China, respectively. A new look at the Silurian strata in Lixian suggests that the age of Shimenolepis is late Ludlow rather than late Llandovery as previously suggested. The research on Silurian fishes and biostratigraphy in north-western Hunan not only provides morphological data of early vertebrates, but also offers new palaeoichthyological evidence for the subdivision, correlation, and age assignment of the Silurian marine red beds in South China. The establishment of a related high-precision Silurian stratigraphic framework in north-western Hunan will help to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of Silurian fossil fishes, deepen the understanding of the evolution of early vertebrates, and unravel the coevolution between Silurian vertebrates and the palaeoenvironment.

5

Upper Homerian (Silurian) high-resolution correlation using cyclostratigraphy: an example from western Lithuania

Radzevičius S., Tumakovaitė B., Spiridonov A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2017

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Vol. 67, no. 2

307--322

EN

The Gėluva regional stage stratigraphically corresponds to the late Wenlock. This time interval witnessed significant graptolite extinctions and turnovers of conodont faunas, as well as a large positive Mulde carbon isotopic excursion. Thus, the development of a detailed stratigraphy is a necessary step in understanding the complex patterns of regional and global variations in the sediments accumulating during the time interval studied. Therefore, in this contribution we present a cyclostratigraphic analysis of gamma ray (GR) logs from four wells, which are located in the deep water facies belt of the Lithuanian part of the Silurian Baltic Basin of the Gėluva regional stage. The analysis was performed using REDFIT spectral estimation, continuous wavelet transform and signal filtering techniques. As a result two 4th order and five 5th order cycles were distinguished and named in all sections. The correlation of cycles between sections was calibrated with the graptolite biozones. The comparative analysis revealed that intra-basinal cyclostratigraphic correlation could achieve resolution of the order of several tens of thousands of years.

6

The use of X-ray computed microtomography for graptolite detection in rock based on core internal structure visualization

Kaczmarek Ł., Kozłowska A., Maksimczuk M., Wejrzanowski T.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2017

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Vol. 67, no. 2

299--306

EN

This paper presents for the first time X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) analysis as a technique for Silurian graptolite detection in rocks. The samples come from the Jantar Bituminous Claystones Member of the Opalino core, Baltic Basin, northern Poland. Images were obtained with spatial resolution of 25 μm, which enabled the authors to create a 3-D visualization and to calculate the ratio of fissure and graptolite volume to the total sample volume. A set of μCT slices was used to create a 3-D reconstruction of graptolite geometry. These μCT slices were processed to obtain a clearly visible image and the volume ratio. A copper X-ray source filter was used during exposure to reduce radiograph artifacts. Visualization of graptolite tubaria (rhabdosomes) enabled Demirastrites simulans to be identified. Numerical models of graptolites reveal promising applications for paleontological research and thus for the recognition and characterization of reservoir rocks.

7

Silurian stratigraphy of Central Iran - an update

Hairapetian V., Ghobadi Pour M., Popov L. E., Männik P., Miller C. G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2017

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Vol. 67, no. 2

201--233

EN

The Silurian biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and facies of Central Iran including the Kashmar (Boghu Mountains), Tabas (Derenjal Mountains, Ozbak-Kuh), Anarak (Pol-e Khavand) and Kerman regions is reviewed and updated. The current state of knowledge of the Silurian in the Zagros Basin, Alborz, Kopet-Dagh and Talysh regions, as well as in a few areas scattered across the Sabzevar Zone, and the Sanandaj-Sirjan terranes is also reviewed. Silurian volcanism in various parts of Iran is briefly discussed. The end of the Ordovician coincided with a widespread regression across Iran synchronous with the Hirnantian glaciation, and only in the Zagros Basin is there a continuous Ordovician–Silurian transition represented by graptolitic black shales of the Sarchahan Formation. In the Central-East Iranian Platform marine sedimentation re-commenced in the early to mid Aeronian. By the Sheinwoodian, carbonate platform depositional environments were established along its north-eastern margin. In other parts of Iran (e.g., Kopet-Dagh and the Sabzevar Zone), siliciclastic sedimentation continued probably into the late Silurian. The Silurian conodont and brachiopod biostratigraphy of Central Iran is significantly updated facilitating a precise correlation with the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, as well as with key Silurian sections in other parts of Iran. The Silurian lithostratigraphy is considerably revised and two new lithostratigraphical units, namely the Boghu and Dahaneh-Kalut formations, are introduced.

8

Wykorzystanie wysokorozdzielczej mikrotomografii komputerowej oraz analizy ultradźwiękowej w charakterystyce struktury paleozoicznych gazonośnych łupków z basenu bałtyckiego

Kaczmarek Ł., Maksimczuk M., Wejrzanowski T., Łukasiak D.

Nafta-Gaz

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2015

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R. 71, nr 12

1017--1023

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodykę badań próbek z horyzontów perspektywicznych dla eksploatacji łupków gazonośnych z polskiej części basenu bałtyckiego. Do badań wykorzystano wysokorozdzielczą mikrotomografię komputerową (µCT) oraz pomiar czasu przejścia fal ultradźwiękowych przez próbki. Uzyskany rozmiar piksela obrazu µCT dla próbek o większych rozmiarach wynosił 25 µm, natomiast dla niewielkich fragmentów próbek było to 5 µm. W badaniach ultradźwiękowych czynnikiem o dominującym wpływie na uzyskiwane wyniki okazała się szczelinowatość, która oddziaływała tłumiąco na propagację fal. Na podstawie analizy µCT określono procentowy udział szczelin w próbkach (średnia 0,82%) oraz przekroje przedstawiające strukturę wewnętrzną próbek z morfologią szczelin. Na podstawie prędkości propagacji fal ultradźwiękowych przez próbki obliczono dynamiczne parametry modułu Younga (zakres wyników 22÷57 GPa) oraz współczynnika Poissona (0,21÷0,40). Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na wysoką przydatność stosowania analiz ultradźwiękowych oraz wysokorozdzielczej tomografii komputerowej jako badań uzupełniających się.

EN

The article presents the methodology of characterization research of samples from prospective horizons for the exploitation of shale gas from Polish part of the Baltic Basin. High-resolution computed microtomography (μCT) and ultrasonic technique were used for the analysis. The resulting pixel size of μCT image for larger samples were 25 microns, while for small fragments of samples pixel size were 5 microns. In ultrasonic tests, fissures had a dominant impact on acoustic waves propagation. Extensive fissures surface resulted in attenuation of ultrasonic waves. Based on the μCT analysis, percentage content of fissures in the samples (average 0.82%) were determined. Furthermore a cross-section of specimens revealed the internal structure and morphology of fissures. Dynamic parameters of Young’s modulus (range 22÷57 GPa) and Poisson’s ratio (0.21÷0.40) were calculated, by converting the process of propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves through the samples. Results indicate the suitability of the use of ultrasonic analysis and μCT as complementary tests.

9

The use of cluster analysis for the segmentation of the physicochemical properties of shale gas deposits

Filar B., Kwilosz T., Miziołek M., Piesik-Buś W., Zamojcin J.

Nafta-Gaz

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2015

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R. 71, nr 11

898--909

EN

Cluster analysis methods have been adapted for the segmentation of data describing the generative and reservoir properties of shale gas-type formations. Tests were carried out for the segmentation of data describing the geochemical properties of core samples collected from eight wells within the stratigraphic unit of Llandovery (Silurian). The study was conducted in two stages. During the first stage, data segmentation was performed for three wells described by the largest number of measurements. The second stage of data segmentation involved a set of samples originating from all wells.

PL

Zaadaptowano metody analizy skupień do segmentacji danych opisujących właściwości generacyjne i zbiornikowe formacji typu shale gas. Przeprowadzono próby segmentacji danych opisujących parametry geochemiczne próbek rdzeniowych pobranych z ośmiu odwiertów w obrębie piętra landoweru. Badania przeprowadzono w dwóch etapach. W pierwszym etapie dokonano segmentacji danych w obrębie trzech odwiertów opisanych największą liczbą pomiarów. W drugim etapie dokonano segmentacji danych na zbiorze próbek pochodzących z wszystkich odwiertów.

10

Parametry sprężyste łupków zawierających materię organiczną określone na podstawie teoretycznych relacji Biota–Gassmana i Kustera–Toksöza

Bała M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2015

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R. 71, nr 12

1005--1016

PL

Wykonano próby obliczania parametrów sprężystych dla łupków ilastych, będących potencjalnymi skałami macierzystymi dla węglowodorów. Wykorzystano w tym celu znane modele teoretyczne Biota–Gassmana i Kustera–Toksöza oraz autorski program Estymacja-TP. Przeprowadzono wstępną analizę wartości parametrów szkieletowych niezbędnych do obliczeń. Analiza została oparta na danych literaturowych oraz na pracach autorki. Zmiany parametrów sprężystych skał macierzystych, jak również ich wzajemne relacje dostarczają ważnych informacji o wielkościach generowanych węglowodorów i charakterystykach geomechanicznych skał, określanych na podstawie profilowań akustycznych i pomiarów sejsmicznych. Modele syntetyczne skał ilastych zawierają uśrednione wielkości charakterystyczne dla łupków gazonośnych Barnett Shale w Teksasie, łupków Green River w Colorado oraz łupków syluru i ordowiku z basenu bałtyckiego.

EN

Tests were carried out for calculating the elastic parameters for shales, which are potential hydrocarbons source rocks. For this purpose the Biot–Gassmann and Kuster–Tosköz theoretical models and original program ESTYMACJA TP were used. A preliminary analysis of the values of the matrix of the rocks were made, which are necessary for the calculations. The analysis were based on literature data and recent works by the author. Changes in elastic parameters of source rock and their relationships provide important information about the volumes of the generated hydrocarbons and geotechnical characteristics of rocks, determined on the basis of acoustic logs and seismic measurements. The developed synthetic shale rock models contain averaged values characteristic for the organic-rich Barnett Shale in Texas, Green River shale in Colorado and Silurian, and Ordovician shales of the Baltic Basin.

11

Regressive-transgressive cyclothem with facies record of the re-flooding window in the Late Silurian carbonate succession (Podolia, Ukraine)

Łuczyński P., Kozłowski W., Skompski S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 3

297--318

EN

The term “re-flooding window” was recently proposed as a time-interval connected with the transgressive stage of present day peri-reefal development. In the analysis presented here, a fossil record of a re-flooding window has been recognized. Nine Late Silurian carbonate sections exposed on the banks of the Dnister River in Podolia (Ukraine) have been correlated base on bed-by-bed microfacies analysis and spectral gamma ray (SGR) measurements. Correlated were sections representing settings ranging from the inner part of a shallow-water carbonate platform to its slope, through an organic buildup. The reconstructed depositional scenario has been divided into six development stages, with the first three representing a regressive interval and the latter three a transgressive interval of the basin’s history. The re-flooding window has been identified at the beginning of a transgressive part of the succession. Surprisingly, it is characterized by an extremely fast growth of a shallow, tide-dominated platform and by deposition of calciturbiditic layers in a more basinal area. The interpreted succession is a small-scale model illustrating the reaction of carbonate depositional sub-environments to sea level changes and determining the facies position of the stromatoporoid buildups within the facies pattern on a Silurian shelf. The use of SGR analyses in shallow water, partly high-energy, carbonate facies, both for correlation purposes and for identifying depositional systems, is a relatively new method, and thus can serve as a reference for other studies of similar facies assortment.

12

Palaeo-earthquake events during the late Early Palaeozoic in the central Tarim Basin (NW China): evidence from deep drilling cores

He B., Qiao X., Jiao C., Xu Z., Cai Z., Guo X., Zhang Y.

Geologos

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2014

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Vol. 20, No. 2

105--123

EN

Various millimetre-, centimetre- and metre-scale soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) have been identified in the Upper Ordovician and Lower-Middle Silurian from deep drilling cores in the Tarim Basin (NW China). These structures include liquefied-sand veins, liquefaction-induced breccias, boudinage-like structures, load and diapir- or flame-like structures, dish and mixed-layer structures, hydroplastic convolutions and seismic unconformities. The deformed layers are intercalated by undeformed layers of varying thicknesses that are petrologically and sedimentologically similar to the deformed layers. The SSDS developed in a shelf environment during the early Late Ordovician and formed initially under shear tensile stress conditions, as indicated by boudinage-like structures; during the latest Ordovician, SSDS formed under a compressional regime. The SSDS in the Lower-Middle Silurian consist mainly of mixed layers and sand veins; they formed in shoreline and tidal-flat settings with liquefaction features indicating an origin under a compressional stress regime. By Silurian times, the centre of tectonic activity had shifted to the south-eastern part of the basin. The SSDS occur at different depths in wells that are close to the syn-sedimentary Tazhong 1 Fault (TZ1F) and associated reversed-thrust secondary faults. Based on their characteristics, the inferred formation mechanism and the spatial association with faults, the SSDS are interpreted as seismites. The Tazhong 1 fault was a seismogenic fault during the later Ordovician, whereas the reversed-direction secondary faults became active in the Early-Middle Silurian. Multiple palaeo-earthquake records reflect pulses and cyclicity, which supports secondary tectonic activity within the main tectonic movement. The range of SSDS structures reflects different developments of tectonic activity with time for the various tectonic units of the centralbasin. The effects of the strong palaeo-earthquake activity coincide with uplift, fault activity and syn-tectonic sedimentation in the study area during the Late Ordovician to Middle Silurian.

13

Do the available data permit clarification of the possible dependence of Palaeozoic brachiopod generic diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes? A viewpoint

Ruban D. A.

Geologos

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2014

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Vol. 20, No. 3

215--221

EN

At a glance, progress in palaeontology and eustatic reconstructions in the past decade permits to prove or to disprove the possible dependence of Palaeozoic brachiopod generic diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes. However, the available diversity curve is of much lower resolution than the eustatic curve. This problem can be resolved by decreasing the resolution of the latter. The other restriction linked to the chronostratigraphical incompatibility of the available data allows to focus on the Middle Palaeozoic only. A series of mass extinctions and other biotic crises in the Silurian-Devonian does not allow to interpret correctly the results of direct comparison of the brachiopod generic diversity dynamics with global sea-level changes. With the available data, it is only possible to hypothesize that the eustatic control was not playing a major part in diversity dynamics of Middle Palaeozoic brachiopods. The resolution of the stratigraphic ranges of Palaeozoic brachiopods should be increased significantly, and these ranges should be plotted against the most up-to-date geologic time scale. Until this task will be achieved, it is impossible to judge about the existence of any dependence (either full or partial) of the Palaeozoic brachiopod diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes.

14

Stromatoporoid beds and flat-pebble conglomerates interpreted as tsunami deposits in the Upper Silurian of Podolia, Ukraine

Łuczyński P., Skompski S., Kozłowski W.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2014

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Vol. 64, no. 3

261--280

EN

Tsunami deposits are currently a subject of intensive studies. Tsunamis must have occurred in the geological past in the same frequency as nowadays, yet their identified depositional record is surprisingly scarce. Here we describe a hitherto unrecognized example of probable palaeotsunamites. The Upper Silurian (Pridoli) carbonate succession of Podolia (southwestern Ukraine) contains variously developed event beds forming intercalations within peritidal deposits (shallow water limestones, nodular marls and dolomites). The event beds are represented by stromatoporoid and fine-grained bioclastic limestones, in some places accompanied by flat-pebble conglomerates. The interval with event beds can be traced along the Zbruch River in separate outcrops over a distance of more than 20 km along a transect oblique to the palaeoshoreline. The stromatoporoid beds have erosional bottom surfaces and are composed of overturned and often fragmented massive skeletons. The material has been transported landward from their offshore habitats and deposited in lagoonal settings. The flat-pebble conglomerates are composed of sub-angular micritic clasts that are lithologically identical to the sediments forming the underlying beds. Large-scale landward transport of the biogenic material has to be attributed to phenomena with very high energy levels, such as tropical hurricanes or tsunamis. This paper presents a tsunamigenic interpretation. Morphometric features of redeposited stromatoporoids point to a calm original growth environment at depths well below storm wave base. Tsunami waves are the most probable factor that could cause their redeposition from such a setting. The vastness of the area covered by parabiostromal stromatoporoid beds resembles the distribution of modern tsunami deposits in offshore settings. The stromatoporoid beds with unsorted stromatoporoids of various dimensions evenly distributed throughout the thickness of the beds and with clast-supported textures most probably represent deposition by traction. In some sections, the stromatoporoids are restricted to the lowermost parts of the beds, which pass upwards into bioclastic limestones. In this case, the finer material was deposited from suspension. The coexistence of stromatoporoid beds and flat-pebble conglomerates also allows presenting a tsunami interpretation of the latter. The propagating tsunami waves, led to erosion of partly lithified thin-layered mudstones, their fragmentation into flat clasts and redeposition as flat-pebble conglomerates.

15

Waloryzacja geostanowisk na obszarze projektowanego Geoparku Łysogórskiego w Górach Świętokrzyskich

Fijałkowska-Mader A., Malec J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

165--171

EN

The paper presents results of valorization of geosites in the Łysogóry Region of the Holy Cross Mountains, which warrant creation of the Łysogóry Geopark. Numerous geosites of different Paleozoic rocks offer a great educational potential, combining many fields of knowledge, such as geology, geomorphology, paleontology, paleoecology, ancient metallurgy industry and historical monuments. Geodiveristy makes this area very attractive for geotourism.

16

Łupki sylurskie platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej w Polsce : wybrane problemy poszukiwawcze

Porębski S.J., Prugar W., Zacharski J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 8

468--477

EN

The pericratonic Silurian shale succession in Poland, despite its reasonably well-constrained geological framework, entails a number of contentious issues that need to be resolved before this emerging shale gas play will enter a stage of successful development. The succession is thought to have originated in a Caledonian foredeep encroaching distally onto a pericratonic shelf ramp. However, the geochemical signature of the mudrocks is consistent with a cratonic rather than orogenic sourcing, the proximal part of the foredeep basin-fill is apparently missing, and the shale succession juxtaposes in part across the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone against suspected ter- ranes with no evidence of Silurian tectonism. Organic-rich Llandovery-Wenlock shales form a NW-SE striking central belt that is increasingly calcareous toward the craton (NE) and more silty toward the inferred orogen (SW), with the TOC content decreasing in both directions perpendicular to the strike. The TOC trend seems consistent with the deep-downlap model of black shale deposition suggested for many Paleozoic foredeep basins, but does not quite agree with the outer neritic to upper bathyal depths assumed for the shale deposition. Preliminary results from three wells drilled by Orlen Upstream in the Lublin Basin indicate that the Llandovery-Wenlock shales were deposited on a distal shelf ramp sheltered from the craton by shelf carbonate shoals and periodically affected by weak storm-generated currents. The impact of storms on water column resulted in intermittent rises of oxygen content in the otherwise anoxic to dysoxic near-bottom conditions. The prospective interval is dominated by calcite-cemented clayey mudstones showing moderate to good reservoir qualities. It is cut locally by ENE- or NE-dipping, steep fractures favourable for fluid transmissibility, and a NE or SW direction is most advantageous for artificial fracturing. This interval is capped with a Ludlow calcite-cemented, laminated siltstone that forms a regional correlation marker and shows soft-sediment deformations attributable to gravitational collapse on a NE-dippingpaleoslope. If correct, this interpretation might imply the encroachment of orogen-fed clinothem system onto the SW-inclined craton-margin shelf ramp.

17

Graptolity : narzędzie stratygraficzne w rozpoznaniu stref perspektywicznych dla występowania niekonwencjonalnych złóż węglowodorów

Podhalańska T.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 8

460–-467

EN

In connection with the exploration of zones prospective for the occurrence of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits, numerous studies of source rocks have been conducted in Poland. Stratigraphic examinations are among the basic elements. The main group of fossils occurring in shale successions, being a potential source of hydrocarbons, is graptolites. This paper describes the assemblages of graptolites from Ordovician and Silurian deposits and shows their importance for the stratigraphy of shale complexes. Due to their abundance and rapid evolution, graptolites are an excellent tool for biostratigraphic dating, regional correlations and biozonation of rock successions in terms of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The paper presents the significance of taphonomic research of graptolites to identify zones of increased accumulation of hydrocarbons in rocks. It has been found that graptolites are an equally important instrument, in addition to elevated TOC values or increased gamma ray radiation on well logs, that allows identification of potential source rocks for hydrocarbons, including shale gas.

18

Uaktualnienie i wykreślenie map strukturalnych syluru

Słota-Valim M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2012

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R. 68, nr 4

217-224

PL

Przedmiotem pracy jest opracowanie powierzchni strukturalnych osadów syluru na obszarze Polski. Mapy strukturalne powstały w oparciu o dane stratygraficzne pochodzące z profili 349 otworów wiertniczych oraz na podstawie danych zdigitalizowanych z map archiwalnych. W efekcie skonstruowano mapy poszczególnych serii syluru w postaci regularnych siatek interpolacyjnych, które zostały sporządzone przy użyciu algorytmu Convergent Interpolation w programie Petrel 2010.1.

EN

The goal of this paper is to construct the structural surfaces of silurian deposits in Poland. The structural maps were drawn up on the basis of stratigraphic data from 349 well profiles as well as on the basis of data digitalized from archival maps. As a result particular silurian series maps in the form of regular grids were sketched with the use of Convergent Interpolation algorithm in Petrel 2010.1.

19

Phanerozoic paleoenvironment and paleolithofacies maps : Early Paleozoic

Golonka J.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 4

589-654

EN

The paper presents the detailed plate tectonic, paleogeographic, paleoenvironment and plaeolithofacies maps for eight Early Paleozoic time intervals. Forty maps, generated using PLATES and PALEOMAP programs, contain information about plate tectonics, paleoenvironment, and plaeolithofacies during Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian. Disintegration of supercontinent Pannotia and origin of Gondwana, Laurentia and Baltica occur during Early Cambrian. Oceans spreading continued during Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician; vast platform flooded by shallow seas existed on the continents. The plate tectonic reorganization happened during Middle Ordovician. Silurian was a time of Caledonian orogeny, closing of Early Paleozoic oceans and origin of supercontinent Laurussia as a result of Laurentia and Baltica collision. Information contained within global and regional papers were posted on the maps and the detailed paleoenvironment and plaeolithofacies zones were distinguished within the platforms, basins and ridges.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia szczegółowe mapy paleogeograficzne dla ośmiu przedziałów czasowych w obrębie wczesnego paleozoiku. Czterdzieści map, skonstruowanych przy użyciu programów PLATES i PALEOMAP, zawiera informacje dotyczące tektoniki płyt, paleośrodowiska i paleolitofacji w czasie kambru, ordowiku i syluru. We wczesnym kambrze nastąpił rozpad superkontynentu Pannotia i utworzyły się kontynenty: Gondwana, Laurencja, Bałtyka i Syberia. W późnym kambrze i wczesnym ordowiku w dalszym ciągu ma miejsce spreding oceanów, istnieją też w tym czasie rozległe platformy zalane przez płytkie morza na kontynentach. Reorganizacja płyt litosfery nastąpiła w środkowym ordowiku. Sylur był okresem orogenezy kaledońskiej, zamknięciem wczesno- paleozoicznych oceanów i powstania superkontynentu Laurosji z połączenia Laurencji i Bałtyki. Informacje zawarte w szeregu globalnych i regionalnych prac zostały naniesione na mapy, a w obrębie platform, basenów i grzbietów wydzielono poszczególne strefy paleośrodowiskowe i paleolitofacjalne

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New genus of chondrichthyans from the Silurian - Devonian boundary deposits of Tuva (Russia)

Zigaite Z.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2008

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Vol. 58, no. 2

127-131

EN

A new genus of Chondrichthyes from the uppermost Silurian.lowermost Devonian deposits of central Tuva (Russia) is described on the basis of the microremains (scales). A sample from the Khondergei Formation of the Bazhyn-Alaak locality in the Tchadan region contained scales of a new chondrichthyan, Tuvalepis schultzei gen. et sp. nov., together with another chondrichthyan, Elegestolepis grossi KARATAJUTE-TALIMAA, 1973, as well as numerous scales of the thelodont Helenolepis navicularis KARATAJUTE-TALIMAA, 1978. The scales of T. schultzei display significant morphological variation and are characterized by a very fine, comparatively wide and flat crown with longitudinal ribs and a small and short neck. The growth pattern of T. schultzei scales is very different from that of elegestolepids described so far - the scales grew by appositional addition of layers towards the distal side of the crown, in contrast to the scales of Elegestolepis grossi which lack any kind of concentric growth lines.