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1

Validation of measurements of pine pollen grain concentrations in Baltic Sea waters

Pawlik Magdalena M., Ficek Dariusz

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (2)

233--243

EN

Each spring, pine pollen coats considerable expanses of Baltic Sea surface waters. Measurements have shown that there are areas where its concentrations in this surface layer are so high that they are the dominant constituent of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) (Pawlik and Ficek, 2016). It then determines to a large extent the optical properties of the water surface, inter alia by modifying the sea colour. To date, however, the concentration of this constituent in the marine environment has rarely been studied, and its presence is not accounted for in the satellite algorithms used to define the composition and properties of sea water. This may well be the source of substantial errors in the remote sensing of the optical properties of the water and the measurement of concentrations of the optically important constituents it contains (chlorophyll a, TSM, CDOM). Measuring the concentration of pollen suspensions in Baltic Sea water, which often contains prodigious amounts of other SPM, is a daunting experimental challenge. Firstly, we characterized the pollen from pine trees growing near the southern shores of the Baltic Sea (northern Poland) using a microscope and two instruments routinely used in oceanography for measuring SPM size distributions: the LISST-100X and the Coulter counter. The measurements and analyses showed that a correct interpretation of the LISST-100X and Coulter measurements, is sufficient to count the number of pollen grains in distilled water alone. Furthermore, our laboratory analysis of the particle size distribution spectra enabled the fraction due only to pine pollen grains to be separated from the overall SPM. We then tested our method of analysing the SPM composition, which showed that the LISST-100x instrument is both a useful and an effective means for the in situ detection of the pine pollen that one sees in spring in Baltic waters.

2

Effects of different conditions on particle dynamics and properties in West-Estonian coastal areas

Uusõue Mirjam, Ligi Martin, Kutser Tiit, Bourrin François, Uudeberg Kristi, Kangro Kersti, Paavel Birgot

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (4)

694--716

EN

Satellite sensors are used to monitor water on a large scale. One of the key variables defining the water-leaving signal is suspended particulate matter (SPM) and thus it is important to understand its properties to improve remote sensing algorithms. However, only a few studies investigating the variability of SPM properties (concentration, nature and size) under different seasonal, weather and geographical conditions have been carried out in the Baltic Sea. We focused on relatively shallow areas (maximum depth of 10 m) where there is strong sediment transport by rivers and resuspension of the particles by wave action and advection by currents. Eleven field campaigns were conducted using a set of instruments measuring inherent optical properties, auxiliary data, and, in Pärnu Bay, also particle size distributions. The results showed that the SPM concentrations, particulate absorption, mass-specific particulate scattering, and backscattering varied temporally and spatially from 5.5–19.6 g m−3, 0–5.62 m−1, 0.08–1.45 m2 g−1, and 0.0009–0.25 m2 g−1, respectively. The spectral backscattering ratio, which in general is considered to be constant in bio-optical remote sensing algorithms, was actually wavelength-dependent and varied between 0.005 and 0.09 depending on the origin of the particles (organic or mineral matter), particle size distribution, weather conditions, and location. In situ particle size measurements in coastal waters of Pärnu Bay also showed that resuspended fine clay particles agglomerated into flocs of >30 µm in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea having random shapes and different sizes.

3

Seasonal changes in particulate organic matter (POM) concentrations and properties measured from deep areas of the Baltic Sea

Winogradow Aleksandra, Mackiewicz Anna, Pempkowiak Janusz

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (4)

505--521

EN

In seawater particulate organic matter (POM) serves as a food source for heterotrophic bacteria and zooplankton and is a source of dissolved organic compounds and nutrients. POM plays a critical role in transporting carbon to marine sediments where a fraction of it is buried in subsurface sediments and thus avoids conversion to carbon dioxide on shorter time scales. Distribution and properties of POM were investigated in the Baltic Proper from 2013 to 2015. Particulate organic carbon (POC) was used to investigate POM sources and dynamics. Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), elemental composition (C, N), chlorophyll a and POM contribution to suspended particulate matter (SPM) were also measured and interpreted. The water column exhibited concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg POC/l (deep water layer — DWL, cold season — CS) to 1.7 mg POC/l (surface water layer — SWL, warm season — WS). POM represented 0.15 to 0.45 of SPM during respective cold and warm seasons. Stable carbon isotopes (δ13CPOC) ranged from -22.5‰ (WS) to -28.0‰ (CS), while the POC/Chl a ratio ranged from 180 g/g (SWL-WS) to 300 g/g (DWL-CS). Seasonal changes were attributed to high primary production in the SWL during the WS, which represented a major POM source. Continuous mineralization/sedimentation through-out the water column constituted a major POM sink.

4

Suitability Analysis of New Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Krakow as Related to Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variability of PM10 Concentrations

Gorzelnik Tomasz, Oleniacz Robert

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

31--45

EN

The exceedance of air quality standards in urban agglomerations leads local communities to take actions that aim to improve aerosanitary conditions. For these actions to be efficient, it is essential to regularly collect accurate quantitative data that is able to characterize the degree of ambient air pollution. In order to achieve this objective, air quality monitoring systems are constantly being extended. In this paper, the usefulness of newly established air quality measuring stations in Krakow was examined. The assessment was carried out using statistical methods on the basis of the spatial and temporal variability of particulate matter (PM10) air concentrations over the period of 2016–2017. In the analysis, meteorological data (wind directions) were applied. The main part of this assessment was a pairwise comparison of the PM10 concentrations measured at particular stations. The differences between the average values and the Pearson correlation coefficient were considered. In order to verify the statistical significance of the obtained results, the t-Student test was conducted. The greatest absolute differences between the measured values occurred during the autumn-winter period (heating season). Notwithstanding the foregoing, a high variability was also observed among the traffic stations.

PL

Przekroczenia norm jakości powietrza w aglomeracjach miejskich skłaniają lokalne społeczności do podejmowania działań mających na celu poprawę warunków aerosanitarnych. Aby wspomniane działania były skuteczne, bardzo istotne jest regularne zbieranie dokładnych danych ilościowych opisujących stopień zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego. Utworzony w tym celu system monitoringu jakości powietrza jest stale rozbudowywany. W niniejszej pracy podjęto się zbadania użyteczności nowo utworzonych stacji pomiarowych w Krakowie. Ocena dokonana została metodami statystycznymi, na podstawie przestrzennego oraz czasowego zróżnicowania stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w latach 2016 i 2017. W analizach posłużono się ponadto danymi o kierunkach wiatru. Istotą oceny było porównanie parami stacji pod względem mierzonych tam stężeń pyłu PM10, różnic ich wartości średnich i wartości współczynnika korelacji liniowej Pearsona. W celu sprawdzenia istotności wyników przeprowadzony został test t-Studenta. Największe różnice bezwzględne pomiędzy analizowanymi wynikami zaobserwowane zostały w okresie jesienno- -zimowym (sezon grzewczy). Niezależnie od powyższego, duże zróżnicowanie wystąpiło także pomiędzy stacjami typu komunikacyjnego.

5

Spatiotemporal changes in the concentration and composition of suspended particulate matter in front of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard

Moskalik M., Ćwiąkała J., Szczuciński W., Dominiczak A., Głowacki O., Wojtysiak K., Zagórski P.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (4)

446--463

EN

Tidewater glaciers supply large amounts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and freshwater to fjords and affect oceanographic, sedimentological and biological processes. Our understanding of these processes, is usually limited to the short summer season. Here, we present the results of a one-year-long monitoring of the spatial variability in SPM characteristics in a context of oceanographic and meteorological conditions of a glacial bay next to Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Hornsund (southern Spitsbergen). The observed range of SPM concentrations was similar to ranges measured in other sub-polar glaciated fjords, especially in Svalbard. The major source of SPM is the meltwater discharge from the glacier. The maximum water column-averaged SPM concentrations did not correlate with peaks in freshwater discharge and were observed at the beginning of the autumn season, when the fjord water transitioned from stratified to fully mixed. The observed spatiotemporal variations in the total SPM, particulate organic matter (POM) and particulate inorganic matter (PIM) are likely controlled by a combination of factors including freshwater supply, water stratification and circulation, bathymetry, the presence of sea ice, biological productivity and sediment resuspension. During the ablation season, the SPM maximum concentrations were located within the upper water layer, whereas during the winter and spring, the greatest amounts of SPM were concentrated in deeper part. Thus, typical remote sensing-based studies that focus on SPM distributions may not reflect the real SPM levels. POM and PIM concentrations were correlated with each other, during most of the time suggesting that they may have a common source.

6

Partition of pentachlorophenol (PCP) into particulate and dissolved phases in the waters of the Vistula River mouth at the Gulf of Gdańsk

Kobusińska M. E., Witt M., Lewandowski K., Niemirycz E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 2

172--181

EN

The Vistula River plays an important role in the supply of autochthonous and allochthonous material to the Gulf of Gdańsk. The suspended particulate matter (SPM) of fluvial origin is considered to constitute a specific sorbent for halogenated organic compounds due to their lipophilic characteristics and relative solubility. Because there are many factors affecting the input of SPM into the estuarine environment of the Gulf of Gdańsk, e.g. hydrological characteristics of the Vistula River, it became necessary to verify whether the same processes may affect a discharge of organic contaminants. The study presents an approach to the assessment of temporal trends in SPM concentration in the Vistula River discharged into the Gulf of Gdańsk as well as the analysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP), a commonly used agricultural biocide, a precursor of dioxins in either dissolved or particulate phases in the river (the Vistula River) and sea waters (the Gulf of Gdańsk). The study revealed that the hydrological characteristics appear to influence a load of SPM. However, the discharge of PCP is additionally related to the environmental conditions, physicochemical properties of the compound and the sorbent, affecting the partitioning of PCP into dissolved and particulate phases.

7

New simple statistical formulas for estimating surface concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) from remote- sensing reflectance in the southern Baltic Sea

Woźniak S. B., Darecki M., Zabłocka M., Burska D., Dera J.

Oceanologia

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2016

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No. 58 (3)

161--175

EN

In a step taken towards improving the new system for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment, officially started in Poland recently (SatBałtyk System, see http://www. satbaltyk.pl), a new set of simple statistical formulas was derived. These combine the empirically determined spectral values of remote-sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) with the mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in southern Baltic surface waters. The new formulas are based on 73 empirical data sets gathered during 4 research cruises on board r/v Oceania during spring and late summer in the open waters of the southern Baltic and coastal regions of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Correlations of SPM and POC concentrations with reflectance or reflectance ratios in various spectral bands were tested. Several variants of candidate statistical relationships, which can be used later in the construction of simple local remote sensing algorithms for the waters in question, are introduced here. These relationships utilise either absolute values of Rrs at a selected waveband, mostly from the yellow, red or near infrared part of the light spectrum, or Rrs ratios for two different wavebands, mostly ratios of blue to yellow, blue to red and blue to infrared or green to yellow and green to red spectral band. From the numerous simple approximate relationships established, the following two, characterised by large correlation coefficients r2 and small standard error factors X, may serve as examples: SPM [g m-3] = 1480(Rrs(710))0.902 (with the factors r2 = 0.86; X = 1.26) (the unit of Rrs(λ) is [sr-1]) and POC [g m-3] = 0.814(Rrs(555)/Rrs(589))-4.42 (r2 = 0.75; X = 1.37). From the practical standpoint, taking into consideration light wavelengths that are close to or concurrent with the currently available spectral bands used in satellite observations of the Baltic Sea, another two formulas (using the same spectral ratio) are worth pointing out: SPM [g m-3] = 2.6(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.29 (r2 = 0.86; X = 1.25) and POC [g m-3] = 0.774(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.18 (r2 = 0.66; X = 1.44). The paper also presents a number of intermediate statistical relationships between SPM and POC concentrations, Rrs spectra and light backscattering coefficients in order to illustrate the simplified physical justification for some of the observed direct statistical relationships, presented as the main content of this work.

8

Remote sensing reflectance of Pomeranian lakes and the Baltic

Ficek D., Zapadka T., Dera J.

Oceanologia

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2011

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No. 53 (4)

959-970

EN

The remote sensing reflectance R_rs, concentrations of chlorophyll a and other pigments C_i, suspended particulate matter concentrations C_SPM and coloured dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient αCDOM(λ) were measured in the euphotic zones of 15 Pomeranian lakes in 2007-2010. On the basis of 235 sets of data points obtained from simultaneous estimates of these quantities, we classified the lake waters into three types. The first one, with the lowest αCDOM(440 nm) (usually between 0.1 and 1.3 m-1 and chlorophyll α concentrations 1.3 < Ca < 33 mg m-3), displays a broad peak on the reflectance spectrum at 560-580 nm and resembles the shape of the remote sensing reflectance spectra usually observed in the Baltic Proper. A set of Rrs spectra from the Baltic Proper is given for comparison. The second lake water type has a very high CDOM absorption coefficient (usually αCDOM(440 nm) > 10 m-1, up to 17.4 m-1 in Lake Pyszne; it has a relatively low reflectance (Rrs < 0.001 sr-1) over the entire spectral range, and two visible reflectance spectra peaks at ca 650 and 690-710 nm. The third type of lake water represents waters with a lower CDOM absorption coefficient (usually αCDOM(440 nm) < 5 m-1) and a high chlorophyll a concentration (usually Ca > 4 mg m-3, up to 336 mg m-3 in Lake Gardno). The remote sensing reflectance spectra in these waters always exhibit three peaks (Rrs > 0.005 sr-1): a broad one at 560-580 nm, a smaller one at ca 650 nm and a well-pronounced one at 690-720 nm. These Rrs(λ) peaks correspond to the relatively low absorption of light by the various optically active components of the lake water and the considerable scattering (over the entire spectral range investigated) due to the high SPM concentrations there. The remote sensing maximum at λ 690-720 nm is higher still as a result of the natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a. Empirical relationships between the spectral reflectance band ratios at selected wavelengths and the various optically active components for these lake waters are also established: for example, the chlorophyll a concentration in surface water layer Ca = 6.432 e4.556X, where X = [max Rrs (695 ≤λ≤720) - Rrs(? = 670)] / max Rrs (695 ? ? ? 720), and the coefficient of determination R^2 = 0.95.

9

Inherent optical properties of suspended particulate matter in the southern Baltic Sea

Woźniak S.B., Meler J., Lednicka B., Zdun A., Stoń-Egiert J.

Oceanologia

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2011

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No. 53 (3)

691-729

EN

The inherent optical properties (IOPs) of suspended particulate matter and their relations with the main biogeochemical characteristics of particles have been examined in the surface waters of the southern Baltic Sea. The empirical data were gathered at over 300 stations in open Baltic Sea waters as well as in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The measurements included IOPs such as the absorption coefficient of particles, absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, scattering and backscattering coefficients of particles, as well as biogeochemical characteristics of suspended matter such as concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), particulate organic matter (POM), particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Our data documented the very extensive variability in the study area of particle concentration measures and IOPs (up to two orders of magnitude). Although most of the particle populations encountered were composed primarily of organic matter (av. POM/SPM = ca 0.8), the different particle concentration ratios suggest that the particle composition varied significantly. The relations between the optical properties and biogeochemical parameters of suspended matter were examined. We found significant variability in the constituent-specific IOPs (coefficients of variation (CVs) of at least 30% to 40%, usually more than 50%). Simple best-fit relations between any given IOP versus any constituent concentration parameter also highlighted the significant statistical errors involved. As a result, we conclude that for southern Baltic samples an easy yet precise quantification of particle IOPs in terms of the concentration of only one of the following parameters - SPM, POM, POC or Chl a - is not achievable. Nevertheless, we present a set of best statistical formulas for a rough estimate of certain seawater constituent concentrations based on relatively easily measurable values of seawater IOPs. These equations can be implemented in practice, but their application will inevitably entail effective statistical errors of estimation of the order of 50% or more.

10

Fractionation of selected elements in water samples from the mining and smelting area

Krasnodębska-Ostręga B., Jedynak Ł., Galus M., Pałdyna J., Kowalska J., Golimowski J.

Chemia Analityczna

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2009

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Vol. 54, No. 5

1009-1019

EN

The main objective of this work was to show the necessity of defining and separation of a dust fraction — physically defined as a fraction of particles larger than 100 |im in size — before the assessment of contamination of water reservoirs. Water samples from four reservoirs located in the vicinity of the Mining and Smelting Works in Bukowno - the main source of dust pollution in this region-were investigated. Distribution of 10 selected elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl, Zn) among three physically defined fractions was assessed. The following fractions were separated: 1) suspended paniculate matter (particles between 0.45 and 100 um), 2) "dust" traction (particles > 100 &mum), and 3) dissolved fraction (< 0.45 μ m). The results obtained for the samples collected during two seasons dry and rainy were compared.

PL

Celem pracy było wykazanie potrzeby włączenia do procedury frakcjonowania pierwiastków w wodach etapu wydzielenia frakcji cząstek o rozmiarze > 100 μm. Badaniami objęto zbiorniki wodne zlokalizowane w pobliżu Kombinatu Górniczo-Hutniczego w Bukownie, gdzie zapylenie terenu jest istotnym źródłemjego zanieczyszczenia. Oznaczano zawartości l0wybranych pierwiastków (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl, Zn) we frakcji zawieszonej (od 0,45 um do 100 &mu), frakcji związanej z zapyleniem (> 100 μm) i frakcji rozpuszczonej (< 0,45 μ m). Przedyskutowano wpływ ilości opadów atmosferycznych na rozmieszczenie badanych pierwiastków w poszczególnych frakcjach.

11

Występowanie WWA podczas epizodów smogowych w Zabrzu

Ćwikłak K., Rogula W.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2007

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nr 3

58--61

PL

W aglomeracjach miejsko-przemysłowych coraz częściej występuje smog. Smog to stan powietrza, w którym szczególnie duże stężenie pyłów i zanieczyszczeń gazowych, pochodzących głównie z przemysłu, motoryzacji oraz palenisk domowych spalających węgle zawierające znaczne ilości siarki i popiołu, miesza się z gęstą mgłą. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono obserwacje dotyczące epizodu smogowego i jednego z najpoważniejszych w ostatnich latach epizodów wysokich stężeń zanieczyszczeń w województwie śląskim.

EN

Nowadays, more frequently, great urban and industries areas suffer from smog. Smog is a state of ambient air in what hughly concentrated pollutants, manily from industry, road traffic and domestic furnaces fuelled with hard coal containing considerable amounts of ash and suplhur, mis with heavy fog. The article presents a smog episode and one of the most serious episodes of high concentration of air pollutants observed in recent years in the Silesea Region.

12

Modelling the light absorption properties of particulate matter forming organic particles suspended in sea water. Part 3. Practical applications

Woźniak B., Woźniak S.B., Tyszka K., Ostrowska M., Ficek D., Majchrowski R., Dera J.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (4)

479-507

EN

This paper brings to a close our cycle of articles on modelling the light absorption properties of particulate organic matter (POM) in the sea. In the first two parts of this cycle (Woźniak et al. 2005a,b) we discussed these properties with reference to various model chemical classes and physical types of POM. We have put these results into practice in the present third part. As a result of the appropriate theoretical speculations, logically underpinned by empirical knowledge, we selected 25 morphological variants of marine organic detritus, to which we ascribed definite chemical compositions and physical types. On this basis and using known spectra of the mass-specific coefficients of light absorption by various naturally occurring organic substances (systematised in Parts 1 and 2), we determined the absorption properties of these 25 morphological groups of particles, that is, the spectra of the imaginary part of the refractive index n'p(?) (in the 200-700 nm range) of the particulate matter. They can be applied, with the aid of Mie's or some other similar theory, to calculate the bulk optical properties (absorbing and scattering) of such sets of particles in the sea.

13

Modelling the light absorption properties of particulate matter forming organic particles suspended in seawater. Part 2. Modelling results

Woźniak B., Woźniak S. B., Tyszka K., Ostrowska M., Majchrowski R., Ficek D., Dera J.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (4)

621-662

EN

Model spectra of mass-specific absorption coefficients a*OM(?) were established for 26 naturally occurring organic substances or their possible mixtures, capable of forming particulate organic matter (POM) in the sea. An algorithm was constructed, and the set of spectra of a*OM(?) was used to determine the spectra of the imaginary part of the complex refractive index n'p(?) characteristic of different physical types and chemical classes of POM commonly occurring in sea water. The variability in the spectra and absolute values of n'p for the various model classes and types of POM was shown to range over many orders of magnitude. This implies that modelling the optical properties of sea water requires a multi-component approach that takes account of the numerous living and non-living fractions of POM, each of which has a different value of n'p.

14

Imisja zanieczyszczeń gazowych i pyłowych w rejonie Huty Miedzi "Legnica"

Kowalski M., Kuropka J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 11

1235-1252

PL

Do analizy imisji zanieczyszczeń wykorzystano bazę danych stworzoną przez działający od 1992 r. Automatyczny System Kontroli Imisji. Analizą objęto takie substancje, jak: tlenek węgla, dwutlenek siarki, siarkowodór, dwutlenek azotu, pył zawieszony ogółem, pył zawieszony PM 10, miedź i ołów. Dysponując wynikami pomiarów imisji, zebranymi dzięki funkcjonowaniu automatycznego systemu pomiarowego, dokonano oceny zmian zanieczyszczeń pyłowych zachodzących w powietrzu atmosferycznym na przestrzeni wielu lat. Pokazano, że zrealizowane przez zakład inwestycje proekologiczne doprowadziły do ograniczenia emisji zanieczyszczeń i znacznie zmniejszyły oddziaływanie zakładu na otaczający teren.

EN

The analysis of the imission of pollution was done on the basis of the data created by the Automatic System of the Imission ControI (working since 1992). The analysis includes such substances as: carbon oxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur hydrogen, nitrogen dioxide, general suspended particulate matter, suspended particulate matter PM 1 O, copper and lead. Thanks to the results of the measurement of the imission gathered by the automatic measurement system, it was possible to estimate the changes of the suspended particulate matter pollution, which have taken place in the air for many years. Furthermore, it was proved that the proecological investments reduced the emission of pollution and decreased the effect of the copper smelter Legnica on the surrounding areas.