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Cleaning methods for dust deposited on the front cover of photovoltaic module

Rudnicka Małgorzata, Klugmann-Radziemska Ewa

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 4

505--516

EN

Photovoltaic modules are one of the renewable energy sources with great potential for application in various regions of the world as well as for different terrain. They are, however, sensitive to external factors, affecting the overall amount of energy generated, such as solar irradiance, shading effects and any form of soil build-up on the front glass cover of solar device. The latter issue happens over a course of weeks, months and years and the exact pace is determined for a specific location. Nevertheless, dust remaining on the module surface limits the amount of solar irradiation that can reach solar cells. It then leads to a lowered maximum power and correspond to a decrease in energy yield. A way to mitigate soiling effect, outside of natural washing dependent on precipitation, is a regular debris removal. The proposed methods utilise different approaches, namely active cleaning such as manual, mechanical or electrodynamic, or passive cleaning by applying additional hydrophobic or hydrophilic coating to slow down the accumulation tempo.

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Consequences of Mercury Used by Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Processes a Case of River Nile State Sudan

Ahmed Ali M.A., Purwanto Purwanto, Sunoko Henna Rya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

106--115

EN

On the discovery of gold reserves in 14 states in Sudan, traditional gold mining suddenly started to flourish and hundreds of thousands of laymen became engaged in gold extraction. The new source of revenue generation added much to the empty treasury and the loss in petroleum revenue due to cessation of the south in 2011 could thus be compensated. Since gold extraction by artisanal and small-scale gold mining does not require much finance or advanced technology, it suited unskilled workers and many young people found their way into the new business. Although gold extraction generates high revenues, the use of mercury in gold extraction poses much threat to the environment and general health of miners and the surrounding areas. The research tries to investigate the effects of traditional gold mining in Alebedia area, Berber Locality in the River Nile State. The investigation includes A/ the effects of extraction methods on the environment and general health. B/ the level of education and its distribution within the miners and how it affected the awareness of the miners about the dangers of mining activities. C/ the period of stay that miners spend in the mining area its contribution on the awareness about the dangers and diseases inflicted on the miners, D/ the effects of traditional gold mining activities on natural environmental impacts and E/ the effects of the meteorological and topographical factors, the distribution and concentration of mercury in the area and their effects on the environment and general health. The research adopted the techniques of using random sampling and quantitative qualitative in addition to the analytical techniques. The research finally concluded that traditional gold mining has positive effects on the economic side and negative effects on the environment and general health.

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Contamination of soil with heavy metals drained out from abandoned mines in the South-West region of Korea

Kim S.-D., Dho H.-S., Lee S.-J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 3

61--72

EN

Contamination of soil with heavy metals drained out from twenty eight abandoned mines in the southwest regions of Korea has been investigated. Utilizing various statistical techniques, the goal was to evaluate and analyze pH and the contamination with Arsenic, and the following six heavy metals: cadmium, hydrargyrum, lead, nickel, chromium, and zinc. Contamination levels of heavy metals were determined depending on the depth of the soil. Results indicated that the subsoil and the surface soil both were strongly contaminated with lead and arsenic. Furthermore, the subsoil also contained much nickel. In forest regions, high levels of lead and arsenic, whereas in all regions high levels of zinc have been detected.

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Concentrations of eight trace metals in natural surface soils: a comparison between Poland and Norway

Steinnes E., Grodzińska K., Szarek-Łukaszewska G., Nygard T.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 5-6

603-609

EN

Results from simultaneous nationwide surveys in Poland and Norway of eight trace metals (vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead) in natural surface soils, using the same sampling procedure, are compared. The highest values are generally found in southern Poland, mainly as a result of local industrial emissions. In the central and northern parts of Poland the metal levels do not vary much and may depend on natural levels in the mineral soil and diffuse air pollution. Except for Mn and Cr the median levels in southernmost Norway are comparable to those in southern Poland, although somewhat lower. The Pb and Cd levels in central and northern Norway are substantially lower than in central and northern Poland, probably because of less influence from atmospheric deposition. Manganese in natural surface soils is depleted where there is a significant atmospheric deposition of air pollutants or marine salt cations.

PL

Porównano wyniki badań - stężenia ośmiu metali (wanad, chrom, mangan, nikiel, miedź, cynk, kadm, ołów) w powierzchniowych warstwach gleb Polski i Norwegii - prowadzonych w tym samym czasie i przy użyciu tych samych metod. Największe stężenia pierwiastków stwierdzono w południowej Polsce znajdującej się pod wpływem emisji lokalnych, głównie przemysłowych. W środkowej i północnej Polsce natomiast poziom metali w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb był na ogół podobny, najpewniej zależny od naturalnych stężeń tych pierwiastków w mineralnej warstwie gleb i niewielkiego zanieczyszczenia atmosfery. Poziomy stężenia metali (z wyjątkiem Mn i Cr) w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb w najbardziej południowej części Norwegii są porównywalne z poziomami tych pierwiastków w południowej Polsce. Poziomy stężenia Pb i Cd w środkowej i północnej Norwegii są wyraźnie niższe niż w środkowej i północnej Polsce, prawdopodobnie ze względu na mniejszy wpływ atmosferycznej depozycji. Poziom stężenia Mn w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb jest obniżony na obszarach, w których jest wyraźna depozycja zanieczyszczeń, jak również w terenach nadmorskich.