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1

A Novel Approach for Durability Evaluation of Metal Protective Coatings in Dynamic Interplay with the Liquid Alloy

Pałka Paweł, Boczkal Grzegorz, Hotloś Agnieszka, Mrówka-Nowotnik Grażyna

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 23, iss. 4

40--48

EN

The article describes a new test method to quickly evaluate the durability of a protective coating to dynamic contact with liquid metal. The essence of the method is the movement of a drop of liquid metal inside a rotating ring, covered from the inside with the protective coating under test. The parameters determined in the test are analogous to the classic pin-on-disk tribological test. The method was tested for the system: liquid alloy 2017A vs. AlTiN coating on a copper substrate. The test temperature was 750°C, and exposure times ranged from 30 to 90 minutes. Sliding path equivalent for the metal droplet/coating system ranged from 31.6 to 95 m. The study, which included visual evaluation of the surface of the samples, followed by phase and microstructural analysis, showed the high efficiency of the method for assessing the lifetime of protective coatings on contact with liquid metal. The investigated issue was also analyzed from the model side taking into account changes in the diffusion coefficient at the contact of liquid metal with the substrate, occurring with the progressive degradation of the protective coating.

2

The Influence of the Processing Temperature of Polylactide on Geometric Structure of the Surface Using FDM Technique

Pszczółkowski B., Bramowicz M., Rejmer W., Chrostek T., Senderowski C.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 1

181--186

EN

The influence of the processing temperature of polylactide (PLA) on the structure geometry changing (SGC) and its functional properties were analyzed. The PLA samples subjected to testing were manufactured using incremental fused deposition modeling technology (FDM) with processing temperatures ranging from 180°C to 230°C. The topography of the PLA surfaces formed during heat dissipation and generated by the work table was analyzed. The roughness measurements were carried out using the profile method in accordance with PN ISO 3274: 2011. Registered profiles of the surfaces were analyzed numerically in fractal terms using the method of the S(Δx) structure function. The functional properties of the PLA surface were evaluated on the basis of Abbott-Firestone curves, according to PN EN ISO 13565–2: 1999.

3

Structural and surface analysis of chemical vapor deposited boron doped aluminum nitride thin film on aluminum substrates

Subramani Shanmugan, Devarajan Mutharasu

Materials Science Poland

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2019

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Vol. 37, No. 3

395--403

EN

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was conducted for synthesis of boron (B) doped aluminum nitride (B-AlN) thin films on aluminum (Al) substrates. To prevent melting of the Al substrates, film deposition was carried out at 500 °C using tert-buthylamine (tBuNH2) solution delivered through a bubbler as a nitrogen source instead of ammonia gas (NH3). B-AlN thin films were prepared from three precursors at changing process parameters (gas mixture ratio). X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to investigate the structural and surface properties of B-AlN thin films on Al substrates. The prepared thin films were polycrystalline and composed of mixed phases {cubic (1 1 1) and hexagonal (1 0 0)} of AlN and BN with different orientations. Intensive AlN peak of high intensity was observed for the film deposited at a flow rate of the total gas mixture of 25 sccm. As the total gas mixture flow decreased from 60 sccm to 25 sccm, the crystallite size of AlN phase increased and the dislocation density decreased. Reduced surface roughness (10.4 nm) was detected by AFM for B-AlN thin film deposited on Al substrate using the lowest flow rate (25 sccm) of the total gas mixture.

4

Detection of inhomogeneity by the observation of the surface of the material simulating biological tissues

Kmiecik Barbara, Detyna Jerzy

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2019

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Vol. 15, no. 1

art. no. 20180043

EN

This paper presents a research which involves the observation of the movement of points presented on a material surface under the influence of mechanical extortion. Tests were performed using two 15 mm silicone layers, one of which contained 1 mm thick elements of nitrile-butadiene rubber. Analysed materials were structurally heterogeneous tissue phantoms. Test results that were obtained indicated that the developed method allows detecting inhomogeneity and its approximate location, what may be used in pathological state prevention.

5

Surface Analysis of ABS 3D Prints Subjected to Copper Plating

Maciąg T., Wieczorek J., Kałsa W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

|

Vol. 64, iss. 2

639--646

EN

3D printing in FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) technology is commonly used, mainly in the preparation of prototypes, but also for the production of ready-made elements. Objects printed using the FDM method have characteristic, adverse surface features related to the limitations of this technology. That is why surface treatment of 3D prints becomes crucial. One of the method is metal plating of elements. The most frequently used material in FDM technology is PLA (polylactic acid) and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Study of surface parameters determination for ABS prints after galvanic copper plating is presented in this paper. For this purpose, samples printed with ABS were smoothed in acetone vapour. Most favorable parameters of the surface were obtained for samples that had contact with acetone vapour for 60 minutes. Ultimately, surface analysis of samples after graphite coating and subjected to copper plating was performed. It was found that surface parameters are close to results obtained with traditional methods of metal processing.

6

Comparison of photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance, attenuated total reflectance and transmission infrared spectroscopy for the study of biochars

Pasieczna-Patkowska S., Madej J.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2018

|

Vol. 20, nr 4

75--83

EN

Four infrared spectroscopic techniques - photoacoustic (PAS), diffuse reflectance (DRS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and transmission (TS) - were evaluated for the qualitative analysis of the biochar obtained from willow feedstock during pyrolysis. Increase in pyrolysis temperature resulted in more aromatic and carbonaceous structure of biochars. These changes could easily be detected from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral differences. The comparison of the spectra obtained by the four FT-IR techniques allowed to conclude that there are differences in the spectra acquired using different IR technique caused by different signal acquisition. PAS and ATR were the best techniques used in order to obtain spectra with smooth and sharp peaks, in contrast to TS, where bands were less-separated. DRS turned out to be the weakest of all techniques, due to poor spectral quality and poor separation of the bands.

7

Analiza powierzchni z wykorzystaniem mikroskopu sił atomowych

Ziębowicz B., Staszuk M., Jarka P.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2018

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R. 23, nr 1

18--22

8

On some mechanical properties and wear behavior of sintered bronze based composites reinforced with some aluminides microadditives

Feldshtein E., Kiełek P., Kiełek T., Dyachkova L., Letsko A.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 22, no. 2

293--302

EN

In the paper, the changes in some mechanical properties and wear behavior of CuSn10 sintered bronze and MMCs based on this bronze reinforced with composite ultrafine aluminide powders FeAl/15 % Al2O3, NiAl/15 % Al2O3 and Ti-46Al-8Cr are described. It was observed that the presence of aluminides in the MMCs leads to an increase in the hardness, but the flexural strength may increase or decrease depending on the type of aluminide. The presence of aluminides in the MMC reduces the wear rate considerably. It is decreased in the direction of FeAl/15 % Al2O3 → NiAl/15 % Al2O3 → Ti-46Al-8Cr aluminides and for the best MMC composition the advantage is about 20 times. In the MMCs wear process, micro-craters are formed on the contact surface and it is the principal reason of a decrease in the wear rate.

9

Tribological properties of sintered of bronze-based composites reinforced with Al-based hard particulares

Dyachkova L., Feldshtein E., Letsko A., Kiełek P., Kiełek T.

Composites Theory and Practice

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2017

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R. 17, nr 2

84--89

EN

This paper describes the changes in the tribotechnical properties of CuSn10 sintered bronze and MMCs based on this bronze reinforced with ultrafine composite Al-based powders. It was observed that the presence of hard particulates in the MMCs leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient and, particularly, wear rate. The presence of Al-based particulates in the MMC reduces the wear rate considerably. It decreases in the direction of FeAl → NiAl → Ti-Al-Cr particulates and for the best MMC composition the gain is about 20 times. In the MMC wear process, micro-craters are formed on the contact surface and it is the principal reason for the decrease in the wear rate.

PL

W pracy zbadano zmiany właściwości tribotechnicznych spiekanego brązu CuSn10 oraz kompozytów metalowych na bazie tego brązy umocnionego twardymi cząstkami proszków na bazie aluminium: FeAl, NiAl oraz Ti-46Al-8Cr. Obecność w kompozycie twardych cząstek na bazie Al prowadzi do zmniejszenia współczynnika tarcia i intensywności zużycia. Temperatury w strefie styku są stabilne, maksymalne temperatury zaobserwowano w warunkach wzrastającego obciążenia. Intensywność zużycia zmniejsza się w kierunku FeAl → NiAl → Ti-Al-Cr cząstek i dla kompozytu o najlepszym składzie przewaga sięga 20 razy. Zasadniczą przyczyną zmniejszenia intensywności zużycia są mikrokratery powstające na powierzchniach styku.

10

Analiza porównawcza struktur geometrycznych powierzchni (SGP) po procesie kulowania stali 42CrMo4 ze strukturą odniesienia żelaza armco

Piekarski R., Zawora J.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2016

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R. 88, nr 3

32--37

PL

W artykule podano metodę porównywania struktur geometrycznych powierzchni SGP stali ze strukturą odniesienia żelaza armco na przykładzie procesu kulowania. Opracowanie wykonano na przykładzie porównania SGP stali 42CrMo4, z żelazem armco uzyskanych w takich samych warunkach obróbki.

EN

In this paper, a method was presented for comparing the surface texture of material obtained in the shot peening process with the reference texture of the Armco pure iron. The comparative investigation was carried out for the surface of the alloy steel 42CrMo4 and the Armco pure iron, while both materials had been treated the same way.

11

Effect of pH on surface characteristics and flotation of sulfidized cerussite

Feng Q., Wen S., Zhao W., Liu J., Liu D.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2016

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Vol. 52, iss. 2

676--689

EN

The effect of pH on surface characteristic and flotation of sulfidized cerussite was studied by micro-flotation tests, dissolution experiments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The micro-flotation tests demonstrated that higher recovery of cerussite was achieved in acidic solutions than that in alkaline solutions. Despite the addition of high collector concentrations, cerussite flotation did not improved in alkaline solutions. The dissolution performance of sulfide-treated cerussite at different pH values indicated that the lead sulfide layer on the surface of sulfide-treated cerussite could exist in acidic solutions and it was more stable at acidic pH than in alkaline solutions. This finding was proved by the SEM-EDS and XPS analyses.

12

Investigations of optical and surface properties of Ag single thin film coating as semitransparent heat reflective mirror

Domaradzki J., Kaczmarek D., Mazur M., Wojcieszak D., Halarewicz J., Glodek S., Domanowski P.

Materials Science Poland

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2016

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Vol. 34, No. 4

747--753

EN

The paper presents results of optical and surface morphology investigations of semitransparent silver single thin films deposited on glass substrate in relation to their heat radiation treatment. The thickness of 15 nm for the silver thin films was selected using computer designing of optical spectra and the films were deposited using electron beam evaporation process. Optical transmission and reflection were investigated for as deposited samples and after exposition to heat radiation from quartz-halogen lamp. The changes in the optical spectra were observed which suggested degradation of deposited heat mirrors. Structure and surface morphology studies performed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy allowed us to conclude about formation of nanometric silver islands, regularly distributed over the surface of the glass substrate after exposure to heat treatment.

13

Analysis of the surface condition of removed bone implants

Mierzejewska Ż. A., Kuptel P., Sidun J.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2016

|

Vol. 18, no. 1

65--72

EN

The requirements that must be met by implant materials are rigorous and diverse. These materials are tasked with supporting or replacing sick or damaged parts of the musculoskeletal system, where loads and a heterogeneous stress state frequently occur. Thus, they must have the appropriate strength properties and resistance to many types of corrosion, which is related to biotolerance, or neutrality of the material to the human body during use. This article presents the results of studies of three implant groups: set for stabilization of long bones made of 316L austenitic steel, set for intramedullary nail insertion in grafts of femur bones made of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, and a straighty reconstruction plate made of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy coated with an oxide layer. These implants were implanted into the human body and then removed at the end of the treatment process or due to implant failure during its operation. Next, implants were studied in order to determine the level of wear. Investigations were carried out using an Hitachi S-3000N scanning microscope. Their results indicate a series of changes that took place on implant surfaces and confirm the existence of typical implant wear mechanisms presented in reports in the literature. Traces of corrosion, fatigue cracks, tribological wear, and traces of fretting were found on examined implant surfaces. The study of implant wear cases, determination of their character, and evaluation of the intensity of destructive processes may contribute to the improvement of both the mechanical properties of these implants and their shape, so that modern bone implants perform their roles without the risk of failure during their operation.

PL

Wymagania stawiane materiałom na implanty są wysokie i bardzo zróżnicowane. Mają one wspomagać lub zastępować chore lub uszkodzone części układu kostno-mięśniowego, gdzie często pojawiają się obciążenia i różnorodny stan naprężeń. Muszą zatem charakteryzować się odpowiednimi własnościami wytrzymałościowymi i odpornością na różne rodzaje korozji, powiązaną z biotolerancją oznaczającą neutralność materiału wobec organizmu podczas użytkowania. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań trzech grup implantów: zestawu do stabilizacji kości długich, wykonanego ze stali austenitycznej 316L, zestawu do gwoździowania śródszpikowego do zespoleń złamań kości udowej, wykonanego ze stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V oraz płytki rekonstrukcyjnej prostej, wykonanej ze stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V pokrytego warstwą tlenków. Implanty te wszczepione były do organizmu ludzkiego, a następnie usunięte, wraz z zakończeniem procesu leczenia lub wskutek uszkodzenia implantu podczas jego eksploatacji. Następnie poddano je badaniom w celu określenia stopnia zużycia. Badania realizowano z wykorzystaniem mikroskopu skaningowego Hitachi S-3000N. Wyniki badań wskazują na szereg zmian, które zaszły na powierzchni implantów i potwierdziły istnienie typowych mechanizmów zużycia implantów prezentowanych w doniesieniach literaturowych. Na powierzchni badanych implantów zauważono ślady korozji, pęknięcia zmęczeniowe, zużycie tribologiczne oraz ślady frettingu. Badania zużycia implantów, określenie ich charakteru oraz ocena intensywności zachodzenia procesów niszczenia mogą w przyszłości znacznie wpłynąć na poprawę zarówno właściwości mechanicznych tych implantów, jak również na próbę zmiany ich kształtu tak, by nowoczesne implanty kostne spełniały swoją rolę bez ryzyka zniszczenia w trakcie ich eksploatacji.

14

Wpływ warunków tarcia na charakterystyki tribologiczne smarów plastycznych

Drabik J.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 201

118--130

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań tribologicznych realizowanych w różnych warunkach tarcia, w obecności nietoksycznych smarów plastycznych. Oceniono wpływ warunków tarcia na charakterystyki przeciwzużyciowe i przeciwzatarciowe oraz trwałość użytkową ekologicznych smarów plastycznych. Charakterystyki tarciowe smarów wyznaczono na podstawie testów realizowanych w warunkach stałego jak i liniowego wzrostu obciążenia węzła tarcia oraz w warunkach działania wymuszeń cieplnych. Po testach oceniono wpływ warunków tarcia na zmiany zachodzące na powierzchni tarcia oraz na zmianę jakości badanych smarów. Do identyfikacji zmian zachodzących w warstwie wierzchniej pod wpływem tarcia zastosowano technikę SEM/EDS. Natomiast do oceny zmian odporności oksydacyjnej smarów zastosowano różnicową kalorymetrię skaningową DSC. Na podstawie uzyskanych rezultatów oceniono skuteczność działania zastosowanych smarów plastycznych i ich możliwość pracy w węzłach tarcia narażonych na działanie wymuszeń mechanicznych i cieplnych.

EN

The article presents the results of tribological tests carried out under different conditions of friction, in the presence of non-toxic greases. Rated influence of friction on the characteristics antiscuffing non-toxic greases. Friction characteristics were determined on the basis of tests carried out under constant and linear load increases friction and heat extortion operating the quality of the tested lubricants. To identify changes in the surface layer due to the friction applied analysis SEM/EDS. The change in the oxidation resistance of lubricants was determined by differential scanning calorimetry DSC. Based on the results evaluated possible use of lubricants in under conditions of inechanical and thermal.

15

Development of new phase shifting techniques for contouring, deformation and vibration analysis

Robbersmyr K. G., Karimi H. R.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Cieplne Maszyny Przepływowe - Turbomachinery / Politechnika Łódzka

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2014

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nr 145

101--102

EN

In this paper, two phase shifting techniques are introduced for objects surface analysis with projected fringes. First, scanning phase shift (SPS) is introduced for contouring and deformation analysis, while max-minscanning is used for vibration analysis. Then, a smoothing algorithm called phase shift convolution is used on the contouring and deformation phase maps. It is shown that both these techniques are suitable for the use on unstable objects.

16

Rozpęczanie wsadów rurowych w procesie elektrodynamicznego formowania metali w ujęciu analizy chropowatości i topografii powierzchni

Borowik B., Kęsy M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2014

|

R. 90, nr 6

222--226

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy dotyczącej zmian stanu struktury powierzchni uzyskanej w procesie rozpęczania wsadów rurowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów powierzchni w wymiarze liniowym 2D oraz przestrzennym 3D zaprezentowano analizę wpływu procesu elektrodynamicznego kształtowania przedmiotów metalowych na właściwości powierzchni, rozpatrywane z punktu widzenia chropowatości, kierunkowości i izotropii struktury powierzchniowej.

EN

In the paper the results of an analysis concerning the changes in surface structure of a tubular charge subject to electrodynamic forming process are presented. On the basis of surface measurements in 2d and 3d an analysis concerning the influence of electrodynamic shaping process parameters on surface properties, with respect to roughness, directional properties and texture isotropy, has been carried out.

17

Fraktalny opis powierzchni przełomu betonów cementowych

Konkol J., Prokopski G.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2014

|

z. 61, nr 3/II

273--286

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano podejście do określania wymiaru fraktalnego linii profilowej wydzielonej z powierzchni przełomu betonu z uwzględnieniem w analizie takich składników struktury, jak: ziarno kruszywa grubego oraz stwardniały zaczyn cementowy. W przypadku zarówno zaczynu cementowego, jak i ziaren kruszywa grubego analizie fraktalnej poddano dwa warianty. Dla ziaren kruszywa obliczono wymiar fraktalny D w przypadku przełomu poziarnowego oraz w przypadku przejścia pęknięcia na wskroś ziarna. Zaczyn cementowy poddano natomiast analizie w przypadku przełomu powstałego przez sam zaczyn cementowy oraz w przypadku powierzchni przełomu powstałej na skutek oddzielenia się kruszywa od matrycy cementowej (odcisk w zaczynie po przełomie poziarnowym). Badania fraktalne przeprowadzono na powierzchniach przełomu betonów dwiema metodami: pudełkową (DBC) i obwiedni morfologicznej (Dm). Wykazano, że znaczący wpływ na wartość obu wymiarów fraktalnych DBC i Dm mają ziarna kruszywa grubego bez względu na charakter pęknięcia. Stwierdzono, że największy wymiar fraktalny mają pęknięcia przechodzące przez ziarna kruszywa grubego, występujące zarówno w przypadku pęknięć poziarnowych ziaren kruszywa, jak i pęknięć ziaren kruszywa na wskroś. W obu wariantach uzyskano wartości wymiaru fraktalnego obiema metodami o około 11 % większe, aniżeli wartości wymiaru fraktalnego otrzymane w przypadku przejścia pęknięcia przez matrycę cementową. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że wymiar fraktalny D linii profilowej może być określany jako wartość średnioważona, uwzględniająca udział różnych typów pęknięć znajdujących się na linii profilowej.

EN

The paper presents an approach for determining the fractal dimension of the profile lines separated from the fracture surface of concrete with regard to the analysis of structural components such as grains of coarse aggregate and hardened cement paste. Both for the cement paste and the coarse aggregate, two variants were subjected to fractal analysis. In the case of the coarse aggregate, a fractal dimension was calculated for the crack around the grain and for a transition of the crack through the grain. The cement paste was analyzed with respect to the fracture surface created by the cement paste itself, and with respect to the fracture surface resulting from the separation of the coarse aggregate from the cement matrix (cement paste imprint on the grain aggregate). The fractal study was conducted on the fracture surfaces of concrete using two methods: a box counting method and morphological envelopes method. It has been shown that the grains of the coarse aggregate have a significant impact on the value of the fractal dimension D. It has been found that the cracks passing through the grains of the coarse aggregate have the largest fractal dimensions. For both of the variants, the fractal dimension values obtained with both of the methods were 11% higher. On the basis of the obtained results it was found that the fractal dimension D of the profile line can be defined as a weighted average incorporating different types of the cracks on the profile line.

18

Badanie katodowych produktów powstałych na powierzchni niklu w bezwodnych roztworach elektrolitów

Bisztyga M., Lelek-Borkowska U., Banaś J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.

13--16

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodykę i wyniki badań, jakie otrzymano identyfikując produkty procesów elektrodowych zachodzących w bezwodnych metanolowych roztworach 0.05M CH3ONa – 0.05M LiCl na powierzchni elektrody niklowej. W badaniach wykorzystano spektroskopię w podczerwieni z techniką całkowitego wewnętrznego odbicia (FTIR-ATR). Ponadto przeprowadzono analizę powierzchni elektrody niklowej, po katodowej redukcji przy określonych potencjałach, za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej SEM wraz z analizą badań EDX.

EN

The paper presents the identifying of morphology and composition of surface products occurring on nickel electrode during cathodic polarization in the anhydrous CH3OH – 0.05M CH3ONa – 0.05M LiCl. SEM, EDX and in situ infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) were used for analysis of surface layer. The investigations showed that nickel electrode undergoes “pseudopassivation” in cathodic range in course of formation of nickel methoxide film. The mechanism of passivation process has been proposed.

19

Application of the laser scanning microscopy to evaluation of abrasive tool wear

Lipiński D., Kacalak W., Tomkowski R.

Journal of Machine Engineering

|

2012

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Vol. 12, No. 4

99--110

EN

Grinding is one of the basic precise machining methods. Evaluation of the abrasive tool surface is the basic criterion of forecasting the tools' durability and the process results. The applied method of laser scanning made determination of the surface coordinates and subsequently of its geometric features with micrometric accuracy possible. Using the information on the abrasive tool surface geometric structure, a methodology of evaluation of the level of changes of the tool during the machining process was developed. The developed method allowed for evaluation of the level of abrasive tools' wear, and subsequently formed foundations for assessment of the influence of the machining parameters on the durability of abrasive tools, evaluation of the influence of the parameters of the process of shaping the abrasive tools' active surfaces on their geometric characteristic and evaluation of the level of correlation between the monitored process parameters and the degree of the abrasive tools' wear.

20

Biomimetic Ca-P coatings obtained by chemical/electrochemical methods from Hanks' solution on a Ti surface

Pisarek M., Roguska A., Marcon L., Andrzejczuk M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2012

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Vol. 15, no. 113

29--32

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of porous calcium phosphate coatings on titanium prepared using a two-step procedure (chemical etching or anodic oxidation of Ti followed by soaking in simulated body fluid or direct electrodeposition from Hanks' solution). In order to evaluate the potential use of the coatings for biomedical applications, the adsorption of serum albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood, and the attachment of living cells (osteoblasts, U2OS) were studied.