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1

Współczesne zastosowania związków powierzchniowo czynnych

Dywicki Paweł, Grabowska Ola, Chmurzyński Lech

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2020

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[Z] 74, 5-6

391--409

EN

Surfactants have been known to mankind since the dawn of time. They have been used primarily as washing and cleaning agents. However, today they are used much more often in many fields of industry. This work focuses on two areas of surfactants use, the agriculture and the food industry due to the direct relationship between these two issues. In agriculture, surfactants play a number of important roles. One of the problems of modem agriculture is the low efficiency of spraying, associated with the low absorption of liquid utility for plants. This problem is solved by surfactants, as demonstrated by the example of glyphosate and the organosilicon compound Silwet® L-77. Nowadays, substitutes for conventional surfactants are being sought. Compounds produced by microorganisms are under great interest of scientists. It has been shown that they are characterized by the lower toxicity as well as high biodegradability, while maintaining the characteristics and properties of synthetic compounds. Directly related to the agriculture, the food industry also often uses surfactants. In the production and processing of food surfactants play the role of such compounds as emulsifiers, stabilizers, additives improving the texture of products and increasing the durability of products. Sorbitan esters, e.g. sorbitan monolaurate, their ethoxylated derivatives, e.g. Polysorbate 20, as well as sucrose esters, e.g. sucrose monostearate, are readily used for this purpose. Great emphasis is placed on the safety of compounds used in the food industry. As in the case of agriculture, biosurfactants and compounds of natural origin are tested for use in the food industry. Their use is not limited to being ingredients of products. They can play a biocidal, as well as a protecting role against surface colonization by microorganisms.

2

Metody wyznaczania krytycznego stężenia micelarnego związków powierzchniowo czynnych

Grabowska Ola, Dywicki Paweł, Chmurzyński Lech

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2020

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[Z] 74, 5-6

371--390

EN

Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are a group of chemical compounds that are used in various products of the chemical industry. These compounds are components of medicines, detergents, motor oils and many others. The multitude of uses of surfactants makes it important to know their aggregation behaviour in solution. There are many methods used to analyse surfactants behaviour in liquid phase. The choice of a particular technique usually depends on the chemical structure of the surfactant. An example of a method that is used in studies of ionic surfactants is conductometry. This technique allows to study the dependence of specific conductivity on surfactant concentration, enabling determination of critical micellar concentration (CMC). Capillary electrophoresis is another example of the method used to determine the critical micellar concentration. It allows to make measurements in conditions where other methods fail, including conductometric method. Surfactant solutions differ in viscosity, which changes with the appearance of micelles in solution. Measurement of marker compound migration time through surfactant solutions of various concentrations allow to determine critical micellar concentration. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) allows to study the thermal effects associated with the aggregation of surfactants into micelles. Based on the energy changes that occur during titration, the critical micellar concentration of surfactant can be precisely determined. ITC is very sensitive method, so basically it can be used to examine all types of surfactants. In addition, the ITC method allows to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the undergoing micellization process. The use of several measuring methods gives a more complete picture of the phenomena occurring in solutions. It allows to understand aggregation process more accurately. Therefore, CMC measurement are often made with the use of several complementary methods.

3

Force interaction of boiling dispersed emulsion particles

Klimov R. A.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2018

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Vol. 2, nr 2

60--67

EN

In the industry lubricating fluids are widely used, mostly they reduce the wear of cutting tools and improve the quality of working surface, both in metal processin g technology and in other industries [1-3]. To achieve the greatest effect lubricating fluids must have a good surface wettability. This is achieved by introducing into the lubricating fluids the corresponding surface active agents (SAA), which also increase the cooling capacity of the medium. The adsorption phenomenon is based on the lubricating effect of various components of lubricating fluids. For liquids the adsorption is determined by the change in surface tension σ from the concentration of SAA. The desorption phenomena of SAA and particles aggregation of dispersed phase of lubricating fluids, which is an emulsion, determines sedimentation stability of emulsion and its further use [2, 4-7]. To reduce costs it is economically feasible to reuse spent lubricating fluids, but for this, their composition must be brought to normative, i.e. to clear it of mechanical impurities and also get the most stable structure for sedimentation, i.e. it is necessary to obtain the smallest size of the dispersed phase [5, 8-10]. Existing methods for calculating the processes of emulsification and homogenization of lubricating fluids are based on the dynamics of a single particle, which either boils with a sudden change in external parameters [4-6, 8, 11], or is subjected to the action of dynamic impact during the acceleration (deceleration) of flow, as well as is subjected to mechanical effects [7, 9, 11]. The examination of the dynamic interaction of two particles while boiling of light boiling component of the emulsion is given in [12]. Therefore, the study and development of the theoretical grounds of multitude drops breakup of discretely distributed phase is important for the determination of the optimal dispersion modes which results in a significant reduction in energy costs both during the grinding and crushing process, as well as reduction of the financial costs with repeated use of the same lubricating fluids, previously prepared before each cycle of use.

4

Improving the efficiency of cleaning annular space with a new flushing fluid

Kremieniewski M., Rzepka M., Stryczek S., Wiśniowski R.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2018

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Vol. 35, no. 1

219--233

EN

One of the most important conditions to be met when cementing casing columns is obtaining appropriate tightness of the sealed interval, otherwise gas will have to be released from the annular space due to the dangerously high pressure in the upper part of the well. Gas migrating along the well in the annular space can penetrate directly the soil, groundwater or atmosphere. To counteract these unfavorable effects the casing columns are sealed and the annular space filled with appropriate cement slurry. During injection, the slurry displaces mud from the annular space. However mud residue left out in the wellbore walls may cause that the slurry does not bond the rock sufficiently well and consequently gas may flow on the hardened cement slurry/rock/casing contact. This effect can be eliminated by thorough cleaning of the annular space from mud cake with flush fluid, followed by its complete displacement with buffer fluid and cement slurry. Hence it is crucial for the efficiency of cementing to precede this job with thorough cleaning of the annular space with appropriate flush fluids. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to work out a new flush fluid with which the efficiency of removal of filtration cake from the wellbore walls and the cleaning of the annular space will be improved. Tests were performed for a group of agents, which appropriately selected as far as their quantity and quality is concerned, could create bases for a new type of fluid with very good flushing properties. The efficiency of mud cake removal was analyzed in a mud flow simulator. The analysis of the results revealed that the efficiency of removal of the mud cake on the rock surface can be improved by synergic operation of surfactants and surface active agent, when they are used in good concentrations. The influence of the injection volume and duration of contact of the flush fluid with the rock were taken into account as the main emphasis was on how to increase the efficiency of the designed fluid on the near well zone. The works on the new recipe of flush fluid and its efficiency were based on the measurement of adhesiveness of hardened cement slurry and the rock sample, from which mud cake was removed with the use of flush fluid. The analysis of the laboratory results shows that the efficiency of mud cake removal was considerably increased when the presented flush fluid was applied.

5

Wykorzystanie surfaktantów naturalnych w biodegradacji oleju napędowego

Smułek W., Kaczorek E.

Nafta-Gaz

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2015

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R. 71, nr 2

104--109

PL

Zastosowanie surfaktantów w bioremediacji środowiska naturalnego skażonego substancjami ropopochodnymi jest jednym ze sposobów zwiększenia jej efektywności. Celem prowadzonych badań była analiza wpływu stężenia naturalnych surfaktantów: ramnolipidów i saponin na biodegradację oleju napędowego. Oceniano także modyfikację powierzchni komórek testowanych mikroorganizmów i jej wpływ na biodegradację węglowodorów. Właściwości powierzchniowe określano na podstawie pomiarów hydrofobowości powierzchni komórek i wartości potencjału zeta. Stwierdzono, że testowane surfaktanty zwiększają szybkość rozkładu oleju napędowego przez badane mikroorganizmy: Microbacterium sp. i Achromobacter sp., przy czym skuteczniejsze w testowanych układach okazało się zastosowanie saponin, surfaktantów pochodzenia roślinnego. Uzyskano pięciokrotny wzrost degradacji oleju napędowego w stosunku do układu bez związku powierzchniowo czynnego. Najwyższej biodegradacji, po wprowadzeniu 120 mg saponin na 1 litr oleju, towarzyszył wzrost hydrofobowości powierzchni komórek i zmniejszenie ładunku powierzchniowego testowanych szczepów.

EN

Application of surfactants in the bioremediation of contaminated environment with oil derivatives, is one of the ways to increase its efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the concentration of natural surfactants: rhamnolipids and saponins on the biodegradation of diesel oil. The modification of cell surface was determined on the basis of measurements of cell surface hydrophobicity and values of the zeta potential. It has been found that these surfactants have considerable potential, to increase the rate of oil degradation by microorganisms tested: Microbacterium sp. and Achromobacter sp. Although the use of saponins, surfactants of vegetable origin turned out to be more effective in tested systems. A 5-fold increase in degradation of the oil in relation to the system without the surfactant was achieved. The highest biodegradation after the addition of 120 mg saponins / l of oil was accompanied by an increase of cell surface hydrophobicity and reduction of the surface charge of the test strains.

6

Surfactant assisted removal of engine oil from synthetic soil

Ramamurthy A. S., Chen Z., Li X., Azmal M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 2

67--79

EN

Effectiveness of surfactants SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), AOT (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate) and Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) in removing residual oil from soils have been determined. Experimental results indicated that oil desorption efficiencies with surfactants are 7 to 18 times higher than using water alone. 0.6% Brij 35 at was the most effective surfactant to remove oil from soil, and it did not display any significant change in oil desorption with pH changes. A comparison study also showed that pore volume was a more significant parameter than soil washing flow rate to improve oil desorption.

7

Removal of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous compounds from two-component aqueous solutions by micellar enhanced ultrafiltration

Górna J., Majewska-Nowak K.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 2

167--178

EN

The micellar enhanced ultrafiltration of model aqueous solutions containing inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous compounds was studied. In the experiments, cellulose membranes of 5, 10 and 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant were used. The concentration of CTAB amounted to 2 and 3CMC (critical micelle concentration). The influence of surfactant concentration, membrane cut-off and operating pressure on permeate flux, as well as on nitrate and phosphate separation was evaluated. The results showed that the presence of both nitrates and phosphates caused deterioration of the retention coefficient in comparison to separation efficiency achieved for one-component solutions.

8

Wybór optymalnego układu stabilizującego wodne dyspersje pigmentów

Makarewicz E., Michalik A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 5

634-639

9

Stałe szybkości reakcji syntezy żywic fenolowo-formaldehydowych otrzymywanych z udziałem katalizatorów aminowych

Szemień M., Cygan M., Kałędkowski B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 2

154-157

10

Surfactant assisted removal of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from contaminated soils

Ramamurthy A., Schalchian H.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 3

87--99

EN

The study deals with the removal of residual contaminants Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from soil using surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and Triton x-100. Surfactants were used with and without chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). SDS (10 mM) was the most effective surfactant for removing metals. Replacing distilled water with SDS enhanced metal removal by the factor of 5.5, 28.8, and 29.1 for Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. SDS with EDTA was efficient in removing metals. Interaction of metal ions with respect to adsorption and desorption were also studied.

11

Wpływ anionowych związków powierzchniowo czynnych na właściwości preparatów przeznaczonych do usuwania ropopochodnych

Twardochleb B., Jaszkiewicz A., Semeniuk I., Radwan K., Rakowska J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2012

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T. 91, nr 10

1918-1921

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań zdolności emulgowania, wymywania anionowych związków powierzchniowo czynnych, preparatów handlowych oraz badanych kompozycji. Zdolność wymywania badano metodą wagową, i refleksyjną spektroskopii w podczerwieni. Określono wpływ stężenia i charakteru związku anionowego na właściwości kompozycji środka.

EN

Four com. surface-active agents were studied for oil emulsifying and leaching efficiency in aq. solns. The highest degree of oil removal (over 90%) was achieved when the mixed surfactants were used.

12

Influence of process parameters on anaerobic biodegradation of DDT in contaminated soil preliminary lab-scale study. Part I. surfactant and initial contamination level

Baczyński T.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 38, nr 4

113--125

EN

Anaerobic biodegradation of DDT in field-polluted soil was investigated in relation to Tween 80 surfactant dose and initial pollution level. Experiments were carried out as lab-scale tests with flooded soil, inoculated with granular sludge. Higher surfactant doses decreased DDT residual concentration and also reduced DDD metabolite accumulation. However, doses higher than optimum caused DDD production to increase again. Results were also better for lower initial contamination levels - DDD accumulation was smaller whereas formation of terminal metabolite DBP was higher, indicating an enhancement of DDT transformation. Tests with pure compounds spiked in clean soil demonstrated that DDD is degraded slowly. Results point to three possible parallel pathways of anaerobic DDT transformation, not, as commonly reported, only one starting with dechlorination to DDD.

13

Zastosowanie spektroskopii NMR do identyfikacji i ilościowych oznaczeń wybranych środków powierzchniowo czynnych

Siergiejczyk L.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2011

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R. 16, nr 1

12-14

PL

Za pomocą spektroskopii NMR zbadano sześć (3 anionowe i 3 niejonowe) spośród najpowszechniej stosowanych surfaktantów. Wyznaczono zakresy przesunięć chemicznych charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych substancji. Wyznaczono krzywe wzorcowe pozwalające selektywnie oznaczać zawartość anionowych surfaktantów w zakresie stężeń od 0,1-20 g m-3. Skuteczność metody oznaczania ilościowego zweryfikowano badając sporządzone mieszaniny surfaktantów oraz środowiskowe próbki wody.

14

Agroindustrial wastes as unconventional substrates for growing of bacillus strains and production of biosurfactant

Płaza G. A., Pacwa-Płociniczak M., Piotrowska-Seget Z., Jangid K., Wilk K. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 37, nr 3

63-71

EN

The study was aimed at the development of economical methods for biosurfactant production by the use of unconventional substrates. The research investigated the potential of utilising agroindustrial wastes to replace synthetic media for cultivation of Bacillus strains and biosurfactant production. In total, 21 of the waste products from dairy, sugar, fatty, and fruit and vegetable processing industries, breweries, distillery were examined. Three bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing: Bacillus subtilis (I'-1a), Bacillus sp. (T-1), Bacillus sp. (T'-1). Biosurfactant production was examined in an indirect way by measuring of surface tension (ST), blood agar lysis, oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. The best unconventional substrates for bacteria growing and biosurfactant production at 30 °C under aerobic conditions were molasses, brewery effluents, and fruit and vegetable decoction from the processing factory.

15

Wyzwania związane z analityką surfaktantów obecnych w różnych elementach środowiska

Olkowska E., Polkowska Ż., Namieśnik J.

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2011

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nr 2

39-43

PL

Związki należące do grupy surfaktantów pomimo wysokiego stopnia degradacji oraz ograniczania ich negatywnego oddziaływania względem różnych ekosystemów nadal są emitowane w dużych ilościach do środowiska naturalnego.

16

Surfactant separation in pressure-driven membrane processes

Kowalska I.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 34, nr 2

105-113

EN

The separation and transport properties of polymer membranes were tested for surfactant solutions in the concentration range of 0.1-3.0 CMC. It was found that the critical micelle concentration was a crucial parameter determining the effectiveness of ultrafiltration process. With an increase in surfactant concentration the retention coefficients and hydraulic performance decreased, with a rise of above the CMC value. Permeation tests on the nanofiltration membranes enabled efficient removal of surfactant on a level of above 90%. In contrast to ultrafiltration membranes, the effectiveness of nanofiltration ones was stable irrespective of surfactant concentration in model solution.

PL

Zbadano właściwości separacyjne i transportowe membran polimerowych w stosunku do roztworów surfaktantu w zakresie stężeń 0,1-3,0 CMC. Stwierdzono, że istotnym parametrem decydującym o skuteczności separacji substancji powierzchniowo czynnych (SPC) w procesie ultrafiltracji jest krytyczne stężenie micelizacji. Zaobserwowano, że początkowo współczynnik retencji SPC oraz hydrauliczna wydajność membran w przypadku wszystkich testowanych polimerów zmniejszają się wraz ze wzrostem stężenia składnika w roztworze, a następnie - powyżej wartości CMC - ponownie rosną. Membrany nanofiltracyjne zapewniały dużą skuteczność separacji SPC z roztworów wodnych (powyżej 90%) i w przeciwieństwie do membran ultrafiltracyjnych uzyskiwane współczynniki retencji były stabilne w całym zakresie badanych stężeń.

17

Wpływ surfaktantów na zwilżalność ciał stałych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem skóry ludzkiej

Harkot J., Jańczuk B.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2007

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[Z] 61, 9-10

707-731

EN

This paper reviews wetting phenomena in relation to different types of solids and human skin in the presence of surfactants. Wettability of solids by surfactants is important for many technological applications. The addition of surfactants is necessary to achieve a better wettability of a given solid. In the first part of this article the definition of a contact angle and an interfacial tension along with methods of their determination is presented. Next, a relationship between a liquid--air, a solid-air and a solid-liquid interfacial tensions and wettability of solids is shown. Three types of wetting are discussed in this work: a spreading wetting, an adhesional wetting, and an immersional wetting. Wettability forces of hard surface and powders are also described in this part of the article. In the third part of the article main aspects related to the solids critical surface tension of wetting are presented. Different problems of solids' wetting critical surface tension are described, since there is still no unambiguous method to determine this value. Later, based on the Lucassen-Reynolds equation we described the dependence between the adsorption of surfactants at the interfaces, mainly in a solid-water-air systems and wetting of solids, because they are both strongly related. From this equation the slope of a plot of ?LVcos? (adhesion tension) versus ?LV (surface tension) gives us the information about the surface concentration of the surfactant at water-air and a solid-water interfaces in a solid--water-air system including both non-polar (low-energy) and polar (high-energy) solids. We have also shown that in the case of hydrophobic solids, for several types of surfactants, there is a constant negative slope of ?LV cos?-?LV curve. However, for high-energy polar solids the positive slope of this curve is observed and there is no linear dependence between adhesional and surface tension. Thus, for a high energy solid-aqueous surfactant solution-air systems it is difficult to establish synonymous mutual relationships between the adsorption of surfactant at a solid-air, a solid-liquid and a liquid-air interfaces and wettability of high-energy hydrophilic solids. At the end we presented main problems dealing with wettability of human skin surface, which is the most important factor of the skin protective function. It minimizes water loose, prevents entry of a foreign matter and chemicals, and defines smoothness and elasticity of the skin. Surprisingly, this subject has received a little attention in the literature. The human skin surface, after the extraction of sebum (skin surface lipids) belongs to hydrophobic surfaces (low-energy) in terms of critical surface tension and polar and dispersion components of a free surface energy. El-Shimi and Goddard compared the skin surface with polymer surfaces such as polyvinylchloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene, but we have to remember that the human skin is a living matter and in the presence of sebum becomes hydrophilic. In order to remove this fatty film from the skin surface cleansing products, which contain many various surfactants, are used. Good wetting and cleansing effects of such products depend on surfactants ability to adsorb on the skin surface and reduce an interfacial tension at water-skin interface in skin-water-air system.

18

Zastosowanie środków powierzchniowo czynnych w procesach odlewania precyzyjnego

Karwiński A., Wieliczko P., Leśniewski W.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2006

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Nr 5s

58-60

EN

The paper discusses the effect of addition of some selected surface active agents to Ecosil - water-based binder containing colloidal silica. The effect of these agents on liquid ceramic slurries rheology, wettability of the wax pattern surface and strength of ceramic moulds made from the slurries containing mentioned agents was determined. The aim of investigations was to select a composition of liquid ceramic slurries characterised by required technological properties.

19

Wpływ substancji powierzchniowo czynnych na zwilżalność niskoenergetycznych hydrofobowych ciał stałych

Jańczuk B., Szymczyk K., Wójcik W.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2005

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[Z] 59, 5-6

489--508

EN

The paper reviews the thermodynamic of the most important problems of wettability of a solid and correlation between adsorption of surface active agents at water-air, and solid-water interfaces and wettability of hydrophobic low-energy solids. Three types of wetting have been considered; spreading wetting, adhesional wetting and immersional wetting. The usefulness of the Good and Girifalco, Fowkes, Owens and Wendt, and van Oss et al. approaches to interfacial free energy of liquid- -liquid and solid-liquid for determination of work of spreading, immersion and adhesion is presented. The correlation between the work of spreading, immersion and adhesion and contact angle is also shown. On the basis of the contact angle the relationship between wettability of the solids and its surface free energy and surface tension of liquid is discussed. Zisman found for low-energy solids a straight linear relationship between cos<θ((θ is the contact angle) and surface tension of liquids or aqueous surfactant solutions. The extrapolation of this relationship to cosθ = 1 allows estimation of the liquid surface tension required to give a contact angle of zero degree, which Zisman described as the critical surface tension. However, in contrary to Zisman, Bergeman and van Voorst Vader, stated that there is straight linear relationship between the adhesional tension (γ1γ,cosθ) and surface tension, γ1γ, of aqueous solutions of several types of surface active agents (surfactants). Such relationship was also confirmed by other investigators, however, the different equations describing the wettability of the same solids than Bergeman and van Voorst Vader by aqueous solutions of surfactants has been suggested. A direct method to investigate relative adsorption at interfaces is described. The usefulness of Lucassen-Reynders equation derived from Young and Gibbs equations for the studies of the correlation between adsorption of the surface active agents at water-air and solid-water interfaces and wettability of low-energy hydrophobic solids is discussed. We proved that on the basis of the surface tension of low-energy hydrophobic solids, surface tension of aqueous solution of surfactants or their mixtures, and Fowkes approach to interfacial tension the wettability of low-energy hydrophobic solids can be predicted.

20

Identyfikacja wybranych związków powierzchniowo czynnych metodą Py/GC/MS

Dziwiński E., Wrzesień E., Semeniuk I.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2002

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T. 81, nr 7

458-463