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1

Risk management in the supply chain in the light of the enterprises’ experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic

Kauf Sabina, Pisz Iwona, Tłuczak Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 195

249--270

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify key reasons for intensifying risk management activities in supply chains. To achieve the objective, the following research hypotheses were adopted: H1 - the extent of business activity is not correlated with problems related to demand constraints and timeliness of payments, H2 - disruptions in supply chain continuity during a COVID-19 pandemic are independent of the type of chain. Design/methodology/approach: These paper highlights the importance of risk management in the supply chain management in addressing the pandemic induced disruptions and supply chain risk management activities. Achieving the stated goal requires answering two questions: (1) What problems are companies facing due to the coronavirus pandemic, and (2) What actions are companies taking to ensure supply chain continuity, especially in Poland conditions. 137 enterprises participated in the research, including 118 with foreign capital. The survey was conducted online. The research sample included entities from the manufacturing, trading, and service sectors located throughout Poland. Companies were selected using a snowball method, starting with supply chain managers from friendly entities and asking them to identify other entities that could take part in the study. Findings: The research showed that the continuity of supply chains in Poland was not maintained, and companies were able to keep inventories only at a minimum level. The research also analysed the impact of remote work on the effects of the functioning of enterprises and assessed the effects of support under anti-crisis shields. Originality/value: The research has been carried out in order to identify the factors that have the greatest influence on the efficiency of the supply chains of Polish enterprises. The research showed that the continuity of supply chains in Poland was not maintained, and companies were able to keep inventories only at a minimum level.

2

Long-term comparative effects of the covid-19 pandemic on supply chains in Poland, Georgia and Turkey

Sikora Marek, Kikoria Giga, Sanikidze Zezva, Çetingüç Başak, Rybacka Oliwia

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 193

463--487

EN

Purpose: This paper explores the enduring repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on global supply chains by investigating the experiences and adaptations of organizations in Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. It seeks to provide valuable insights into the long-term implications of the pandemic on supply chain management, with a focus on strategies and challenges faced by businesses in different regions. Design/Methodology/Approach: We conducted an extensive study utilizing an online questionnaire to gather primary data from a diverse sample of organizations in Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. This research approach is quantitative and comprehensively assess the pandemic's impact on supply chains. We analysed responses from a range of industries, enabling a holistic understanding of the topic. In addition to descriptive analysis, we conducted a comparative examination of the three countries using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to assess any significant differences among them. Furthermore, we employed Cramér's V, a robust statistical measure, to investigate associations between categorical variables within the dataset Findings: The research reveals that the outcomes in three distinct countries are surprisingly similar, contrary to initial expectations. The majority of the proposed COVID-19 factors exhibit no statistically significant distinctions among Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. Consequently, we can infer that the COVID-19 pandemic exerted a considerable and widespread impact on the entities under consideration. Research Limitations: Despite our efforts to gather a representative sample, the study may not encompass all industries and organizations equally. Additionally, the research is subject to the limitations of self-reported data and potential bias in responses. The focus on specific regions may not capture the entirety of global supply chain dynamics. Practical Implications: This research provides practical insights for organizations navigating supply chain challenges in a post-pandemic world. It offers guidance on building resilient and adaptable supply chains and managing risks effectively. Businesses can use these insights to make informed decisions and enhance their supply chain strategies. Originality/Value: Drawing from our own research conducted in three countries after the official conclusion of the pandemic, this study adds a distinctive contribution to the current body of literature. It takes a long-term perspective on the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains, specifically emphasizing diverse regions. The employed methodology and regional comparisons offer a nuanced insight into the dynamic evolution of the supply chain landscape, underscoring the importance of adaptability and resilience. In contrast to various studies conducted at the onset and during the pandemic, this paper uniquely seeks to discern the enduring effects.

3

Zarządzanie procedurą uproszczoną AEO w obrocie towarowym z zagranicą w świetle kontroli zarządczej przedsiębiorstwa

Chackiewicz Małgorzata, Mrówka Mirosław

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2024

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nr 2

34--46

PL

Celem ogólnym artykułu jest wskazanie znaczenia wprowadzenia, a następnie zarządzania procedurą uproszczoną AEO w przedsiębiorstwie dokonującym obrotu towarowego z zagranicą. Natomiast celem szczegółowym jest przedstawienie przykładu analizy procesu zarządzania Kaizen, gdzie wykorzystano analizę obciążenia, dzieląc poszczególne czynności na takie, które generują wartość dodaną do procesu oraz na nieprzynoszące żadnej wartości dodanej do procesu przygotowania dokumentacji celnej, jako próby usystematyzowania podejścia zintegrowanego dla potrzeb modelu zarządzania procedurą AEO. Wspólnotowy kodeks celny, a później Unijny kodeks celny zawierają katalog uproszczeń dla przedsiębiorców prowadzących międzynarodowy obrót towarowy. Jednym z nich jest status upoważnionego przedsiębiorcy AEO, którego uzyskanie wiąże się ze spełnieniem rygorystycznych wymagań. Organy celne przeprowadzają procedurę audytu opartą na ryzyku przed wydaniem pozwolenia. Grono podmiotów korzystających z AEO w krajach Unii Europejskiej wskazuje na liczbę podmiotów godnych zaufania. Bogate doświadczenie wielu agencji celnych i spedycyjnych działających w Polsce we wdrażaniu AEO ma istotny wpływ na kompleksowe rozwiązania w zakresie kontroli zarządczej.

EN

The general purpose of the article is to indicate the importance of introducing and then managing the AEO simplified procedure to a company trading goods with foreign countries. The specific objective, on the other hand, is to present an example of Kaizen management process analysis, where a load analysis was used, dividing individual activities into those that generate added value to the process and those that do not add any value to the process of preparing customs documentation, as an attempt to systematize an integrated approach for the AEO procedure management model. The Community Customs Code and, later, the EU Customs Code contain a catalogue of simplifications for traders conducting international trade in goods. One of them is the Authorized Economic Operator AEO, the obtaining of which involves meeting strict requirements. Customs authorities conduct a risk-based audit procedure before issuing the authorization. The group of AEO users in European Union countries indicates the number of trustworthy entities. The extensive experience of many customs and forwarding agencies operating in Poland in implementing AEO has a significant impact on comprehensive management control solutions.

4

Returns as a resource affecting uncertainty in supply chain management

Marzantowicz Łukasz

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 76 (148)

82--88

EN

The main objective of this article is to indicate whether returns treated as a resource impacts uncertainty in supply chain management. Through an empirical study using the CATI method, the significance of factors that improve the efficiency of return flow in supply chains and the significance of types of uncertainty in supply chain management are presented. The analysis, performed using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, indicates relationships and dependencies between variables, such as the drivers of the flow of returns in the supply chain and types of uncertainty. As a consequence of the research and an analysis of its results, it is possible to demonstrate the complexity of the problem, but above all, it is possible to indicate which of the above-mentioned factors affect the reduction of the impact of uncertainty on the supply chain. The presented approach is one of the voices in the ongoing scientific discussion on the management of supply chains under conditions of uncertainty.

5

Supply chain risk management of logistics companies through mergers and acquisitions

Toborek-Mazur Joanna, Partacz Karol

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 176

703--717

EN

Purpose: The paper aims is to determine the factors determining the development of mergers and acquisitions in the logistics sector, but also the resulting dependencies related to difficulties in managing the risk of a combined enterprise under the influence of adverse economic events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or the conflict in Ukraine. Design/methodology/approach: The paper was divided into two parts, consisting of a source literature of mergers and acquisitions, logistics, risk management and global supply chain, and a part devoted to the analysis of trends in the logistics sector in 2018-2022. The research took into account data from the reports of recognized audit firms. Findings: Based on the trends, the authors observed a connection between the risk resulting from adverse economic events, e.g. the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine, on the degree of merger decision-making, in particular in the context of supply chain management, which is important for the functioning of a logistics company. Practical implications: The experience of logistics companies in recent years shows that the issue of supply chain risk management is an important criterion when making decisions about merging with another company. Moreover, unfavorable economic events that affect supply chain management also determine mergers and acquisitions. Originality: The paper is an interdisciplinary analysis of the M&A market in the field of supply chain risk management in logistics companies during COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine, which has not been subject to in-depth verification in the studies of other authors. The paper is a result of the authors’ research that was partially presented at the 3rd International Conference “Logistics challenges in the modern world” organized by the Warsaw University of Life Sciences on January 19, 2023.

6

Management system structure vs. Behavior - a supply chain simulation analysis

Pietroń Roman

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 169

575--597

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present a research report on a system dynamics simulation modeling and experimenting of bullwhip effect (BWE) to examine effectiveness of some selected inventory control policies with down- and upstream information flow in a Beer Distribution Game (BDG) of a supply chain structure. Design/methodology/approach: The impact of systems’ structures and decision making policies in supply chains or logistics systems are measured and analyzed by an application of systems thinking paradigms and approaches. Particularly, the continuous simulation modeling approach with systems thinking Iceberg model metaphor, allowing to focus on strategic aspects of management with some recommendation to design better structures and decision making policies are taken. For the bullwhip effect analysis of a supply chain example (based on BDG model), a System Dynamics (SD) continuous simulation modeling method with some proposals in order to analyze feedback loop dominance are undertaken to explain supply chain behaviors and to make some sensitivity analysis for decision making (inventory control) policies. Findings: The research findings outline the impact of cause - effect relations, feedback loops polarities, and decision making policies to particular behaviors of the BDG supply chain. Research limitations/implications: Because of complexity of heuristic methods for feedback loop dominance analysis only simple approach was applied (LPD), and some selected scenario for simulation experiments were undertaken resulting in limited conclusions. Practical implications: The conclusions of the research draw some practical recommendations for a design of information sharing system and an effectiveness of some inventory control policies to be applied in supply chains. Social implications: One of the systems thinking elements in practical management is an influence to mental models of managers and decision makers. Managers in supply chain systems particularly need some recommendations to avoid bullwhip effect negative impacts. Additionally, managers and also scholars still call for more research to investigate the design and decision making in supply chains, therefore systems thinking simulation research can bridge the gap between traditional operations research and management with other approaches to provide insight into supply-chain dynamics and deliver impactful suggestions to managers. Originality/value: The paper gives a concept of supply chain dynamic analysis by an application of Iceberg model systems thinking metaphor, feedback loop dominance analysis, and a measurement of some selected inventory control policies effectiveness.

7

Analysis of the implementation of changes in supply chains towards a circular economy

Hordyńska Małgorzata, Kuczyńska-Chałada marzena, Lis Teresa

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 170

119--131

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the publication was to present the opportunities offered by the implementation of Cleaner Production projects in terms of improving the efficiency of supply chains, in accordance with the principles of transformation to the circular model, and to review indicators characterizing green supply chains, indicating the direction of further, in-depth research in a given area. Methodology: Fourteen entities that implemented implementation projects under the Cleaner Production Academy were analyzed. On this basis, the degree of adaptation of selected enterprises to functioning in the circular model in such areas as transport, reverse logistics, cooperation, and eco-design was discussed. The economic account related to the above was balanced. implementations, then the results of the projects were summarized in the form of economic, environmental, and social indicators. Findings: Confrontation of the ways of implementing changes in the area of improving the efficiency of the functioning of the supply chains of the analyzed companies with the effects that have been achieved, showed the greatest commitment to projects reducing material losses and reducing the costs of internal logistics. The least involvement was found in the area of activities such as establishing cooperation with other companies or developing the service sphere. Research implications: Further research should focus on an in-depth analysis of examples of good practice in the area of cooperation and development of services for companies taking action to improve the efficiency of supply chains. Enterprises have a chance to significantly reduce costs and improve the environmental effect through activities in this area, which should be confirmed by examples of implementations. Practical implications: The analysis of the indicators suggested in the literature related to the transformation of supply chains towards closing the loops indicates the need to create standards that, on the one hand, will enable verification of the effects of implementations implemented as part of Cleaner Production projects, and on the other hand - will constitute know-how for companies. These activities, so far rarely undertaken by companies, are generally low-cost and probably enable achieving very good economic effects in the long term, which should be checked.Social implications: The development of activities in the social area by companies in the field of development of the service base and cooperation will have an impact on other indicators (economic and environmental), which is indicated by numerous examples of effects in this area in the world literature. Originality: The article takes a very important direction of further research in the area of know-how for taking actions aimed at closing supply chains. The authors look for the most universal indicators and pay attention to the need for their mutual complementation. The collected material is the starting point for further in-depth analyses.

8

Analysis of an enterprise's supply chain management by means of the measure method

Chłąd Mateusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 170

69--77

EN

Objective: The objective of this article is to present the basic issues related to the functioning of a balanced scorecard in an enterprise. Becoming familiar with and analyse selected areas of a monitored enterprise and showing how to make practical use of the information gathered about the occurring problems. Design/methodology/approach: It was decided to use the tools of a goal-based measure system to determine the causes of the problem, which can be generally applied to supply chain assumptions. It should be noted that this set is only exemplary, but is nevertheless intended to be used as accurately as possible to assess the supply chain in relation to an enterprise's strategy. Findings: The before-and-after analysis of the changes made it possible to determine whether the problem had been solved and what benefits the enterprise had gained. By examining the timing of individual actions, it was possible to identify a course of action for the future. Uniqueness/value: The results of the study can be used in strategic decisions of an enterprise in terms of measure optimisation.

9

Supply chain adaptability as a response to disruptions – theoretical and empirical aspects

Bukowska-Pietrzyńska Agnieszka, Motowidlak Urszula

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 74 (146)

46--54

EN

This article concerns the increasing complexity and variability of the business environment and the challenges faced by enterprises that operate within supply chains to properly identify and anticipate disruptions and adequately respond to them (i.e., the ability to resist and rebuild). This article aims to identify and evaluate the importance of the main factors that determine supply chains’ adaptability in the modern economy. A review of the literature on the subject, and the results of a survey conducted in the third quarter of 2022 among entities from the transport forwarding logistics (TFL) industry, diagnose the determinants of the adaptability of supply chains that operate when there are disruptions. They indicate the challenges faced by TFL companies that result from the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine and the directions of changes that result from them, both from the short-term and strategic perspectives. The relationships between the development of adaptability of supply chains and the increase in the competitiveness of entities enable us to verify the research hypothesis that, in the face of increasing disruptions and uncertainty in the business environment, strengthens the adaptability of supply chains producing a great potential in terms of maintaining the competitiveness of enterprises in the TFL industry. To gain and maintain a long-term competitive advantage, companies should strive to create a resilient supply chain that can withstand challenges and disruptions.

10

Energy supply chain management and security in public-private partnership

Krupnik Dorota

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

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nr 2

EN

The aim of the article is to identify and analyze how to manage the energy supply chain as part of public-private partnership and to try to answer the question in what direction should the Polish industry go to compete on global markets in the face of many challenges of decarbonisation? Maybe by using green energy produced close to its recipients and supplied bypassing the transmission grid? Maybe through the diversification of installations processing energy from various sources (RES), which would constitute an additional regulatory value for the power system? Could solutions, e.g. based on a direct line system, help in such a difficult technological and regulatory time for the energy market? As a research problem, an attempt was made to answer the question to what extent, for example, a systemic approach based on the model of direct lines can help strategic industry organizations in managing the energy supply chain, especially in situations of energy crisis? What actions can be taken to keep a secure energy supply chain management system operational or how to deal with threats affecting the functioning of the energy supply chain? The essence is to emphasize the role of the energy supply chain management system, based on specific requirements or innovative solutions, e.g. a sharing system or direct lines, in maintaining an appropriate level of energy supply security, especially during an energy crisis. To what extent can the requirements of reference documents focusing on operational control and process control ensure the security of the energy supply chain? With regard to the research problems defined in this way, the working hypothesis was formulated as follows: Searching for innovative solutions in the energy sector, and in particular the implementation of direct systems, can effectively counteract or at least reduce the effects of the recent electricity crisis and increase economic attractiveness for the industry. The article uses theoretical and empirical research methods adapted to the problems posed and the purpose of the article. These include: analysis of the literature, normative and legal documents and internal system documentation of sample organizations, the audit method using direct interview and observation of processes and activities.

11

Planning and implementation procedures of Armed Forces’ transport operations and the safety of the air transport of dangerous goods

Kalbarczyk Marcin, Kler Paweł, Hlubik Jan, Lipińska Katarzyna

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2023

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Vol. 58, no. 1

111--128

EN

Military air transport is a specialized transport service that requires a selection of the appropriate means of transport and careful planning of the mission. This becomes particularly important in the era of the Armed Forces activity in international unions such as the European Union or the North Atlantic Alliance, including the logistical support of the Ukrainian army with the Russian Federation beyond our eastern border. Military operations outside the country require the movement of components designated for the implementation of tasks over long distances while ensuring a short time of movement and the safety of personnel, equipment, and other materials. Such parameters can be guaranteed by air transport carried out by organic military means of transport and by contracting services on the civil market. The analysis carried out in the publication and its results complement the whole research in the area of safety of transport of hazardous materials by air. At the same time, they complement the research niche in the area of procedures for planning and implementing transport operations of the Armed Forces. The aim of this article is to present the practical aspects of the issues related to the transport of hazardous materials by aircraft and to verify the problem in the form of the following question: Do the current legal conditions and applicable procedures ensure the safe transport of hazardous materials by aircraft? For the purposes of this publication, the following hypothesis was adopted: Current procedures and legal regulations ensure timely and safe transport of hazardous materials by aircraft under the jurisdiction of not only the Armed Forces. Verifying the adopted hypothesis required the use of several appropriately selected research methods, the main of which should be distinguished: analysis of documents, synthesis, case study and inference. The presented analysis of normative documents and procedures related to the preparation of cargo allows to state unequivocally that the transportation of hazardous materials by aircraft can be carried out in an organized and relatively safe manner. However, the determinant ensuring transport safety is strict compliance with legal regulations and procedures.

PL

Wojskowy transport lotniczy to specjalistyczna usługa transportowa, która wymaga doboru odpowiedniego środka przewozu oraz starannego przeprowadzenia procesu planowania misji transportowej. Nabiera to szczególnego znaczenia w dobie aktywności Sił Zbrojnych w układach międzynarodowych, takich jak Unia Europejska, czy Sojusz Północnoatlantycki, w tym wsparcia logistycznego wojsk Ukrainy z Federacją Rosyjską za naszą wschodnią granicą. Działania militarne poza granicami kraju wymagają transportu komponentów wyznaczonych do realizacji zadań na znaczne odległości przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu krótkiego czasu przemieszczenia oraz bezpieczeństwa stanów osobowych, a także sprzętu i materiałów. Niewątpliwie parametry takie są w stanie zagwarantować transport lotniczy realizowany organicznymi wojskowymi środkami transportowymi oraz poprzez kontraktowanie usług na rynku cywilnym. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie praktycznych aspektów problematyki związanej z przewozem materiałów niebezpiecznych statkami powietrznymi oraz weryfikacja problemu w postaci następującego pytania: Czy obecne uwarunkowania prawne i obowiązujące procedury zapewniają bezpieczne przemieszczanie materiałów niebezpiecznych statkami powietrznymi? Na potrzeby niniejszej publikacji przyjęto hipotezę w następującej postaci: Obecne procedury i regulacje prawne zapewniają terminowy i bezpieczny transport materiałów niebezpiecznych statkami powietrznymi pozostającymi w jurysdykcji nie tylko SZRP. Weryfikacja przyjętej hipotezy wymagała zastosowania szeregu odpowiednio dobranych metod badawczych, z których jako główne wyróżnić należy: analizę dokumentów, syntezę, studium przypadku oraz wnioskowanie.

12

Developing relationships as a security factor in supply chain management in the metal sector in Poland

Staniewska Ewa

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2023

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Vol. 59, no. 2

135--150

EN

Ensuring security in the current environment, becomes particularly important in both social and economic terms. The changing conditions for business operators are not conducive to ensuring process stability and thus reducing risks in supply chains. It is becoming essential to identify areas, resources and activities that have the potential to ensure process stability and security and reduce uncertainty as well as risk in supply chains. Developing bonds between business partners is particularly important in this regard. Cooperation based on trust ids the basis of such partnerships in supply chains. At the same time, creating such relationships is not only a challenge, but also an additional source of risk. The objective of this paper is to identify the key aspects of relationship formation within companies and their role in ensuring the security of supply chains. Achieving the purpose of the thesis requires the identification of the essence of relationships and relational capital, and the presentation of research findings on key aspects of corporate relationships in supply chains. The research was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire and covered businesses operating in in the metal industry in Poland. The issues examined included such elements as: competences of enterprises in supply chain management in terms of shaping relations: within the enterprise, with customers, suppliers of materials and services, intermediaries (distributors), the number of contractors with whom enterprises cooperate and the level of their relationships, at which they cooperate, involvement of partners/contractors in decision-making, concepts used in relationships with co-operators, type of contracts and partnerships created, measurement/evaluation of cooperation and the scope of control of cooperation with contractors, elements of building trust, factors conducive to cooperation, barriers and reasons for failures in establishing supply chain management relationships. The research thesis is identifying the relationships of enterprises with contractors has a positive impact on their formation and ensuring the security of supply chains. The research niche presented in the article concerns the use of opinion and judgment research based on the author’s survey questionnaire in the environment of enterprises from the metal industry. Obtaining the results allowed to identify the role and scope of business relationships in supply chains and important factors influencing their shaping. The role of managing relationships with business partners as an important element impacting the security of supply chains was also emphasised.

PL

Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa, w obecnych warunkach, nabiera szczególnego znaczenia zarówno w aspekcie społecznym, jak również gospodarczym. Zmieniające się warunki funkcjonowania podmiotów gospodarczych nie sprzyjają zapewnieniu stabilności procesów i tym samym redukcji ryzyka w łańcuchach dostaw. Istotną staje się identyfikacja obszarów, zasobów i działań, które posiadają potencjał pozwalający na zapewnienie stabilności i bezpieczeństwa procesów oraz ograniczenie niepewności i ryzyka w łańcuchach dostaw. Szczególne znaczenie w tym zakresie odgrywa budowanie więzi między partnerami gospodarczymi. Podstawą takich partnerskich relacji w łańcuchach dostaw jest współpraca polegająca na zaufaniu. Jednocześnie tworzenie takich relacji stanowi nie tylko wyzwanie, ale także dodatkowe źródło ryzyka. Celem pracy jest wskazanie kluczowych aspektów kształtowania relacji w przedsiębiorstwach i ich roli w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa funkcjonowania łańcuchów dostaw. Osiągnięcie celu pracy wymaga identyfikacji istoty relacji i kapitału relacyjnego oraz prezentacji wyników badań dotyczących kluczowych aspektów relacji przedsiębiorstw w łańcuchach dostaw. Badania zostały przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem autorskiego kwestionariusza ankietowego i obejmowały przedsiębiorstwa branży metalowej prowadzące swoją działalność na terenie Polski. Badane zagadnienia obejmowały takie elementy jak: kompetencje jakimi odznaczają się przedsiębiorstwa w zarządzaniu łańcuchem dostaw w zakresie kształtowania relacji: w ramach przedsiębiorstwa, z klientami, dostawcami materiałów i usług, pośrednikami (dystrybutorami), liczba kontrahentów, z którymi współpracują przedsiębiorstwa i poziomi ich relacji. na jakim współpracuj funkcjonują, zaangażowanie partnerów/kontrahentów w podejmowanie decyzji, koncepcje wykorzystywane w powiązaniach z kooperantami, rodzaj umów i tworzone relacje partnerskie, pomiaru/oceny współpracy i zakres kontroli współpracy z kontrahentami, elementy budowania zaufania, czynniki sprzyjające współpracy, bariery oraz przyczyny niepowodzeń w nawiązania relacji zarządzaniu łańcuchem dostaw. Teza badawcza brzmi: identyfikacja relacji przedsiębiorstw z kontrahentami wpływa pozytywnie na ich kształtowanie oraz zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa łańcuchów dostaw... Nisza badawcza przedstawiona w artykule dotyczy zastosowania badania opinii i sądów w oparciu o autorski kwestionariusz ankiety, w środowisku przedsiębiorstw z branży metalowej. Uzyskanie wyniki pozwoliły na identyfikację roli i zakresu relacji przedsiębiorstw w łańcuchach dostaw oraz istotnych czynników wpływających na ich kształtowanie. Podkreślono również rolę zarządzania relacjami z partnerami gospodarczymi jako istotnego elementu wpływającego na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa funkcjonowania łańcuchów dostaw.

13

Alternative Security of the Combat Readiness Recovery Using 3D Printing and Reverse Engineering

Augustyn Sławomir, Kowalski Rafał

Safety & Defense

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2023

|

2

40--51

EN

Disrupting spare parts supply chains can harm the smooth running of an organization. In the case of military vehicles, weapons or other types of equipment used on the battlefield, this is a serious threat that may result in the inability to continue some tactical operations. An ad hoc way to maintain the ability to take action while the appropriate spare parts are delivered and to improve damaged devices may be to produce the damaged components locally. Such a temporary solution is possible for relatively simple elements whose structure, mechanical properties and principle of operation can be determined on a reverse engineering basis. This article describes the concept of alternative solutions for temporarily repairing damaged devices by producing spare parts in mobile specialized production subunits. This paper characterizes the types of 3D printing, contemporary examples of use in foreign armies, priorities of international alliances related to 3D printing, and a case study of repairing an unmanned aircraft by means of 3D printing. Using the experience and knowledge of foreign armies, adapting the possibilities of 3D printing applications to one's own needs, defining legal regulations and creating properly equipped subunits makes it possible to implement the presented concept. Creating conditions for implementing the described concept facilitates the production of a suitable product range in peace, crisis or conflict situations, which may significantly contribute to increasing the level of readiness of the national defense systems.

14

Przewozy transportem kolejowym między Chinami a Europą na Nowym Jedwabnym Szlaku w czasach kryzysu

Antonowicz Mirosław

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2023

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R. 78, nr 11/12

32--38

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest syntetyczna ocena wpływu zjawisk o charakterze kryzysowym na wielkości przewozowe w kolejowym transporcie ładunków między Azją a Europą na kolejowym Jedwabnym Szlaku. Analiza źródeł wtórnych i analiza wyników przewozowych w przewozach między Chinami a Europą przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane i wielkości statystyczne otrzymywane w ramach prac analityczno-badawczych w zakresie przewozów ładunków w ramach Organizacji Współpracy Kolei (OSŻD). Analiza potwierdziła, że przewozy towarowe między Chinami a Europą wykazały swoją stabilność w wielkościach przewozowych. Prowadzone działania kolei państw członkowskich OSŻD mające na celu przeciwdziałanie zjawiskom kryzysowym spowodowały osiągnięcie pozytywnych wyników przewozowych i zwiększanie przewozów kontenerowych w kolejowym transporcie międzynarodowym między Azją a Europą na kolejowym Jedwabnym Szlaku. Wyniki analiz wykazały wzrosty przewozów kontenerów w relacjach Chiny – Europa – Chiny w korytarzach transportu kolejowego funkcjonujących w ramach koncepcji Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku. Niemniej zjawiska kryzysowe uwidoczniły zmiany w przewozach na Korytarzu Północnym oraz dążenia do poszukiwania alternatywnych korytarzy przewozowych. Podstawowymi indykatorami międzynarodowego transportu kolejowego w przewozach tranzytowych między Azja i Europą okazały się szybkość transportu i czas dostawy towarów. Wpływ na wyniki przewozowe miały prace nad rozwojem i organizacją transportu kontenerów w ruchu międzynarodowym, w tym organizacja pociągów blokowych kontenerowych, cyfryzacja procesów obsługi na przejściach granicznych, cyfrowy list przewozowy CIM/SMGS.

EN

The aim of this article is to synthetically assess the impact of crisis phenomena on transport volumes in rail cargo transport between Asia and Europe on the rail Silk Road. The analysis of secondary sources and the analysis of transport results in traffic between China and Europe was carried out on the basis of data and statistical quantities obtained as part of analytical and research work in the field of freight traffic within the framework of the Organization for Co-Operation between Railways (OSJD). The analysis confirmed that freight traffic between China and Europe has shown its stability in transport volumes. The actions taken by the railways of the member states of the OSJD to counteract the crisis phenomena resulted in the achievement of positive transport results and an increase in container transport in international rail traffic between Asia and Europe on the rail Silk Road. The results of the analyses showed an increase in container transport in the China-Europe-China relations in the rail transport corridors operating under the New Silk Road concept. Nevertheless, the crisis has highlighted changes in transport on the Northern Corridor and efforts to search for alternative transport corridors. The main indicators of international rail transport in transit transport between Asia and Europe turned out to be the speed of transport and the time of delivery of goods. The transport results were influenced by work on the development and organization of container transport in international traffic, including the organization of container block trains, digitization of service processes at border crossings, and the CIM/SMGS consignment note.

15

Role of green logistics in the construction of sustainable supply chains

Pham Nguyen Dang Khoa, Dinh Gia Huy, Pham Hoang Thai, Kozak Janusz, Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 3

191--211

EN

The global supply chain has been growing strongly in recent years. This development brings many benefits to the economy, society, and human resources in each country but also causes a large number of concerns related to the environment since traditional logistics activities in the supply chain have been releasing a significant amount of emissions. For that reason, many solutions have been proposed to deal with these environmental pollution problems. Among these, three promising solutions are expected to completely solve environmental problems in every supply chain: (I) Application of blockchain in the supply chain, (II) Use of renewable energy and alternative fuels, and (III) Design of a closed supply chain. However, it seems to lack a comprehensive study of these solutions aiming to overcome the drawbacks of traditional logistics. Indeed, this work focuses on analyzing and evaluating the three above-mentioned solutions and the impacts of each solution on solving problems related to traditional logistics. More importantly, this work also identifies critical factors and challenges such as policies, laws, awareness, and risks that are found to be remarkable difficulties in the shifting progress of traditional logistics to green logistics. Finally, directions for developing and deploying green solutions to the logistics, supply chain, and shipping sectors toward decarbonization strategies and net-zero goals are discussed in detail.

16

Jak przygotować się do zmian w karcie charakterystyki wprowadzonych na mocy rozporządzenia (UE) 2020/878?

Konieczko Katarzyna, Klimecka Agnieszka, Kupczewska-Dobecka Małgorzata, Jurewicz Joanna

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

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2023

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Nr 4 (118)

5-12

PL

Dalszy użytkownik substancji chemicznych lub ich mieszanin ma obowiązek stosować je w sposób bezpieczny. Podstawowym dokumentem zawierającym informacje o zagrożeniach stwarzanych przez produkt chemiczny oraz informacje niezbędne do bezpiecznego stosowania chemikaliów, ich magazynowania oraz zalecanych sposobów postępowania z ich odpadami jest karta charakterystyki przekazywana wraz z substancją chemiczną lub mieszaniną w dół łańcucha dostaw. Rozporządzenie Komisji (UE) nr 2020/878 wprowadziło zarówno zmiany w odniesieniu do formalnych wymogów, jakie musi spełniać karta, jak i szereg zmian merytorycznych dotyczących zawartości poszczególnych sekcji i podsekcji karty charakterystyki. Od 1 stycznia 2023 r. wszystkie karty charakterystyki muszą być sporządzone lub zaktualizowane wg nowych wymogów. Artykuł jest skierowany zarówno do osób zajmujących się sporządzaniem kart charakterystyki, jak i do osób zarządzających kartami uzyskiwanymi od dostawców substancji i mieszanin stosowanych w zakładzie pracy. Celem pracy jest wskazanie najważniejszych zmian wprowadzonych w kartach charakterystyki, a także umożliwienie odbiorcom chemikaliów oceny, czy przekazana przez dostawcę karta charakterystyki została już dostosowana do nowych przepisów.

EN

The downstream user of chemical substances or their mixtures is obliged to use them in a safe manner. The basic document containing information on hazards posed by chemical products and information necessary for the safe use of chemicals, their storage and recommended ways of handling waste is the safety data sheet, provided with the chemical substance or mixture down the supply chain. Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/878 introduced changes both in relation to the formal requirements that the safety data sheet has to meet and a number of substantive changes regarding the content of individual sections and subsections of the safety data sheet. From January 1st, 2023, all safety data sheets have to be prepared or updated in accordance with the new requirements. The article is addressed to both persons involved in the preparation of safety data sheets, and persons managing data sheets obtained from suppliers of substances and mixtures used in the workplace. The aim is to indicate the most important changes introduced in the safety data sheets, as well as to enable recipients of chemicals to assess whether the safety data sheet provided by the supplier has already been adapted to the new regulations.

17

Developing a Decision Support System for Supply Chain Component

Andry Johanes Fernandes, Nurprihatin Filscha, Liliana Lydia

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2023

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Vol. 14, No. 2

124--133

EN

Increased competition has led businesses to compete with each other in streamlining supply chain processes, especially in the manufacturing sector. Supply Chain Management (SCM) determines the success of industrial business processes because it regulates product flow regarding integration, performance, and information. However, several problems have emerged in the supply chain process, such as a lack of coordination in the production queue, difficulties in forecasting trending products, and suboptimal production capacity. To address these issues, the role of information technology is crucial for implementing a Decision Support System (DSS). This study aims to develop a DSS to improve the supply chain processes. The research method used is Extreme Programming (XP) with a qualitative approach through a questionnaire. The research process involves collecting data, defining boundaries and problems, and designing, coding, and testing the system. As a final step, evaluation is carried out by distributing surveys to obtain valid satisfaction results. This research produces a DSS that has applicability in marketing, accounting, and production processes. The application of DSS in the furniture manufacturing industry can help manage the movement of resources, optimize strategic networks, and assist decision-making in the supply chain process.

18

Digital transformation of supply chains and company’s performance

Mielcarek Paweł, Piekarczyk Anna

LogForum

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2023

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Vol. 19, no. 1

47--57

EN

Background: The aim of the article is to examine the determinants of the digital transformation of the supply chains (DSCs) of companies. The presented research covers the stages of digital supply chain transformation, applied key technologies, and the results of implementation of DSC transformation. Methods: The research covered 235 randomly selected Polish companies of all sizes, focusing on transport and warehouse management companies (33.6%), industrial processing (15.7%), other services (11.4%) and wholesale and retail trade (11.1%). Data were acquired by the CAWI method in 2022. For statistical calculation, Pearson correlation and factor analysis were used. Results: The results of this paper indicate that the DSC transformation process is implemented with rather similar and moderate degree of intensity (mean 3.61 on a scale from 1 to 5). The transformation process of DSC is based on several interdependencies, that is, between integration of company’s technology base and other entities of the supply chain as well as with scale and improve the solutions for DSC. Moreover, DSC transformation is positive related with all of the performance measures (profit, sales, market share, ROI, and competitive advantage), while the greatest increase is noticed for ROI. Furthermore, the factor analysis confirm that a systematic and comprehensive approach to the transformation of DSC raises company performance. Conclusions: The presented research allows for a better understanding of analysed variables and the context that determines DSC transformation for both managers and practitioners. Thus, it enable building a strategy and roadmaps for the digital transformation of enterprises and mitigate associated risks.

19

Barriers to electronic data exchange in the supply chain - results from empirical study

Werner-Lewandowska Karolina, Kolinski Adam, Golinska-Dawson Paulina

LogForum

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2023

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Vol. 19, no. 1

127--139

EN

Background: The purpose of this article is to present the results of a study on barriers to data exchange in supply chains between logistics service providers (3PL and 4PL) and their customers in Poland. The study investigates two research hypotheses regarding the relationships between the size of a company and the role of a logistics service provider in the electronic data exchange between their business partners. Methodology: Bayesian ordinal regression was used to assess the reliability of the research hypotheses. The study used survey data from a population of 78 logistics service providers operating in Poland. Feedback was received from 51 respondents. Originality of the presented research results from the applied research method, Bayesian ordinal regression, rarely used in economic sciences to assess the reliability of research hypotheses concerning the determination of determinants of the studied phenomenon. The defined research hypotheses represent an important contribution to the research on communication in supply chains. Results: The results indicate that the level of the employment and the role of logistics service provider in a supply chain do not determine the extent of problems in electronic communication between the logistics operator and customers.

20

Problems of wood-based supply chain management in the context of resilience - a case study

Gnacy Natalia, Werbińska-Wojciechowska Sylwia

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 3

49--68

EN

This paper outlines the main challenges faced by the supply chain in the wood-based materials sector in the context of building resilience. The research work carried out made it possible to identify the main problems in the selected supply chain from the wood-based industry. They are associated with the occurrence of negative effects, including the destruction of the pallet, aging of goods in the warehouse, high packaging costs, and inefficient transport processes realization, including the processes of handling pallet units. In the context of external risks, a particular challenge is the shortage of raw materials on the market. The analyzed case study is based on the supply chain resilience assessment with regard to resilience potentials evaluation.

PL

W artykule zostały przedstawione główne wyzwania z jakimi mierzy się łańcuch dostaw w sektorze materiałów drewnopochodnych w kontekście budowania odporności na zagrożenia. Przeprowadzone prace badawcze pozwoliły na zidentyfikowanie podstawowych problemów w wybranym łańcuchu dostaw z branży drewnopochodnej. Związane są one z występowaniem negatywnych skutków, obejmujących m.in. zniszczenie palety, zaleganie towaru w magazynie, wysokie koszty opakowania, nie efektywną realizację procesów transportowych, w tym procesów manipulacji jednostkami paletowymi. Jednocześnie, w kontekście zagrożeń zewnętrznych szczególnym wyzwaniem jest obecnie brak surowca drewna na rynku. W analizowanym studium przypadku skupiono się na analizie odporności na zagrożenia łańcucha dostaw w odniesieniu do oceny potencjałów odporności na zagrożenia.