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1

Determination of technical and economic parameters of an ionic transport membrane air separation unit working in a supercritical power plant

Kotowicz J., Michalski S., Balicki A.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 37, nr 3

359--371

EN

In this paper an air separation unit was analyzed. The unit consisted of: an ionic transport membrane contained in a four-end type module, an air compressor, an expander fed by gas that remains after oxygen separation and heat exchangers which heat the air and recirculated flue gas to the membrane operating temperature (850 °C). The air separation unit works in a power plant with electrical power equal to 600 MW. This power plant additionally consists of: an oxy-type pulverized-fuel boiler, a steam turbine unit and a carbon dioxide capture unit. Life steam parameters are 30 MPa/650 °C and reheated steam parameters are 6 MPa/670 °C. The listed units were analyzed. For constant electrical power of the power plant technical parameters of the air separation unit for two oxygen recovery rate (65% and 95%) were determined. One of such parameters is ionic membrane surface area. In this paper the formulated equation is presented. The remaining technical parameters of the air separation unit are, among others: heat exchange surface area, power of the air compressor, power of the expander and auxiliary power. Using the listed quantities, the economic parameters, such as costs of air separation unit and of individual components were determined. These quantities allowed to determine investment costs of construction of the air separation unit. In addition, they were compared with investment costs for the entire oxy-type power plant.

2

Selected aspects of operation of supercritical (transcritical) organic Rankine cycle

Mocarski S., Borsukiewicz-Gozdur A.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2015

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Vol. 36, no. 2

85--103

EN

The paper presents a literature review on the topic of vapour power plants working according to the two-phase thermodynamic cycle with supercritical parameters. The main attention was focused on a review of articles and papers on the vapour power plants working using organic circulation fluids powered with low- and medium-temperature heat sources. Power plants with water-steam cycle supplied with a high-temperature sources have also been shown, however, it has been done mainly to show fundamental differences in the efficiency of the power plant and applications of organic and water-steam cycles. Based on a review of available literature references a comparative analysis of the parameters generated by power plants was conducted, depending on the working fluid used, the type and parameters of the heat source, with particular attention to the needs of power plant internal load.

3

Influence of chosen parameters on economic effectiveness of a supercritical combined heat and power plant

Kotowicz J., Łukowicz P.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2013

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Vol. 93, nr 5

323--329

EN

The article presents an economic analysis of a supercritical combined heat and power plant integrated with a carbon dioxide chemical absorption unit. Authors describe first the thermodynamic performance boundaries that result from the integration with a carbon capture unit as a function of its heat and electric power consumption rate. These limits refer to the heat and electric power annual production which is essential in economic analysis. Secondly, an influence of a set of different parameters on break-even price of electricity is studied. Mainly the influence of carbon dioxide emission allowance price, fuel price, investment costs, overhaul and other maintenance costs on the break-even price of electricity is examined.

4

Ocena ekonomiczna nadkrytycznego bloku węglowego dużej mocy zintegrowanego w różnych konfiguracjach z CCS oraz z odzyskiem ciepła ze spalin

Kochaniewicz A., Łukowicz H.

Archiwum Energetyki

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2013

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T. 43, nr 1/2

157--169

PL

W pracy dokonano analizy wskaźników opłacalności ekonomicznej budowy bloków węglowych o parametrach nadkrytycznych opalanych węglem kamiennym i brunatnym. Przeanalizowano trzy warianty konfiguracji bloku, tj.: blok wyjściowy, blok wyjściowy+CCS i blok wyjściowy+ CCS+ORC.W analizie ekonomicznej wykorzystano tzw. próg rentowności BEP (break even point), bazującego na określeniu punktu wyrównania, określającego sytuację w której przychody ze sprzedaży energii elektrycznej pokrywają koszty stałe i koszty zmienne instalacji. Dokonano oceny wpływu zmiany wybranych parametrów takich jak: jednostkowe nakłady inwestycyjne, cena zakupu uprawnień do emisji CO2, a także wpływu ceny paliwa. Dla tych wszystkich uzmiennionych parametrów określono wpływ ich zmian na graniczną cenę sprzedaży energii elektrycznej. Analizie poddano samodzielny oraz po jego zintegrowaniu z CCS (carbon dioxide capture and storage) wysokosprawny nadkrytyczny blok węglowy o mocy 900 MW. Analizowano także wpływ integracji bloku energetycznego z siłownią ORC (organic Rankine cycle) i podjęto próbę określenia jego efektywności ekonomicznej, przy czym przyjęto, że obieg ORC zasilany jest ciepłem odpadowym ze spalin wylotowych z kotła.

EN

This paper presents the analysis of the indices of the economic profitability of the construction of brown- and hard coal-fired power plants for supercritical steam parameters. Three variants of the power plant configuration are analysed within this study: the initial power plant, the initial power plant + CCS, the initial power plant + CCS + ORC. The economic analysis employs the break-even point (BEP), which is based on the determination of the point of balance between the income from the sale of electricity and the plant fixed and variable costs. The impact of change in selected parameters, such as investment expenditures per unit, the price of the CO2 emissions allowances and the price of fuel, is analysed. The effect of changes in all these variable parameters on the minimum selling price of electricity is determined. The analysis concerns a high efficiency 900 MW coal-fired power unit for supercritical steam parameters as the initial plant and its variant after integration with the CCS. The impact of a further integration of the power unit with an ORC plant is analysed and an attempt is made to determine the economic efficiency of such integration. It is assumed that the ORC is fed with the waste heat from the boiler exhaust gases.

5

Increase of power and efficiency of the 900 MW supercritical power plant through incorporation of the ORC

Ziółkowski P., Mikielewicz D., Mikielewicz J.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2013

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Vol. 34, no. 4

51--71

EN

The objective of the paper is to analyse thermodynamical and operational parameters of the supercritical power plant with reference conditions as well as following the introduction of the hybrid system incorporating ORC. In ORC the upper heat source is a stream of hot water from the system of heat recovery having temperature of 90˚C, which is additionally aided by heat from the bleeds of the steam turbine. Thermodynamical analysis of the supercritical plant with and without incorporation of ORC was accomplished using computational flow mechanics numerical codes. Investigated were six working fluids such as propane, isobutane, pentane, ethanol, R236ea and R245fa. In the course of calculations determined were primarily the increase of the unit power and efficiency for the reference case and that with the ORC.

6

Modeling of a supercritical power plant with an oxy type pulverized fuel boiler, a carbon dioxide capture unit and a ‘four-end’ type membrane air separator

Kotowicz J., Michalski J.

Archiwum Energetyki

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2012

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T. 42, nr 2

73--83

PL

W artykule analizowano elektrownie o mocy 600 MW i parametrach pary świeżej 30 MPa/650 °C i wtórnej 6 MPa/670 °C. Elektrownia wyposażona jest w następujące instalacje: kocioł pyłowy typu oxy, wysokotemperaturową membranę do separacji powietrza typu ‘four-end’ oraz instalację przygotowania i sprężania CO2. Wymienione instalacje zostały zamodelowane. Przy założeniu stałej mocy brutto analizowanej elektrowni wyznaczono zapotrzebowanie na moc zamodelowanych instalacjach, sprawność obiegu parowego oraz sprawność termiczną kotła. Wielkości te wyznaczono w funkcji stopnia odzysku tlenu w membranie. Pozwoliło to wyznaczyć sprawność wytwarzania energii elektrycznej netto.

EN

The analysis of a 600 MW supercritical power plant with parameters of life steam at 30 MPa/650 °C and of reheated steam 6 MPa/670 °C was made. Power plant is equipped with the following units: oxy type pulverized fuel boiler, ‘four-end’ high temperature membrane air separator and carbon dioxide capture system which were modeled. With the assumption of a constant gross power of the analyzed power plant, the thermal efficiency of the boiler and the steam cycle efficiency were calculated. These parameters were designated as a function of the recovery rate of oxygen in the air separation unit. This allowed to determine gross and net efficiency of electricity generation.

7

Numerical thermodynamic optimization of supercritical coal fired power plant with support of IPSEpro software

Elsner W., Kowalczyk Ł., Marek M.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2012

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Vol. 33, no. 3

101-110

EN

The paper presents a thermodynamic optimization of supercritical coal fired power plant. The aim of the study was to optimize part of the thermal cycle consisted of high-pressure turbine and two chosen high-pressure feed water heaters. Calculations were carried out using IPSEpro software combined with MATLAB, where thermal efficiency and gross power generation efficiency were chosen as objective functions. It was shown that the optimization with newly developed framework is sufficiently precise and its main advantage is the reduction of computation time on comparison to the classical method. The calculations have shown the tendency of the increase in efficiency, with the rise of a number of function variables.

8

Exergy analysis of internal regeneration in supercritical cycles of ORC power plant

Borsukiewicz-Gozdur A.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2012

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Vol. 33, no. 3

51-63

EN

In the paper presented is an idea of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) operating with supercritical parameters and so called dry fluids. Discussed is one of the methods of improving the effectiveness of operation of supercritical cycle by application of internal regeneration of heat through the use of additional heat exchanger. The main objective of internal regenerator is to recover heat from the vapour leaving the turbine and its transfer to the liquid phase of working fluid after the circulation pump. In effect of application of the regenerative heat exchanger it is possible to obtain improved effectiveness of operation of the power plant, however, only in the case when the ORC plant is supplied from the so called sealed heat source. In the present paper presented is the discussion of heat sources and on the base of the case study of two heat sources, namely the rate of heat of thermal oil from the boiler and the rate of heat of hot air from the cooler of the dinkier from the cement production line having the same initial temperature of 260[degrees]C, presented is the influence of the heat source on the justification of application of internal regeneration. In the paper presented are the calculations for the supercritical ORC power plant with R365mfc as a working fluid, accomplished has been exergy changes and exergy efficiency analysis with the view to select the most appropriate parameters of operation of the power plant for given parameters of the heat source.

9

Validation of a program for supercritical power plant calculations

Kotowicz J., Łukowicz H., Bartela Ł., Michalski S.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2011

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Vol. 32, no. 4

81-89

EN

This article describes the validation of a supercritical steam cycle. The cycle model was created with the commercial program GateCycle and validated using in-house code of the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery. The Institute's in-house code has been used extensively for industrial power plants calculations with good results. In the first step of the validation process, assumptions were made about the live steam temperature and pressure, net power, characteristic quantities for high- and low-pressure regenerative heat exchangers and pressure losses in heat exchangers. These assumptions were then used to develop a steam cycle model in GateCycle and a model based on the code developed in-house at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery. Properties, such as thermodynamic parameters at characteristic points of the steam cycle, net power values and efficiencies, heat provided to the steam cycle and heat taken from the steam cycle, were compared. The last step of the analysis was calculation of relative errors of compared values. The method used for relative error calculations is presented in the paper. The assigned relative errors are very slight, generally not exceeding 0.1%. Based on our analysis, it can be concluded that using the GateCycle software for calculations of supercritical power plants is possible.

10

Determination of interaction between thermal cycle and cooling water system of a supercritical power plant

Wróblewski W., Dykas S., Rulik S.

Archiwum Energetyki

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2010

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nr 1/2

189-206

EN

In this paper the analysis of operating conditions of a modern supercritical power plant is presented. The 600 MW reference cycle was chosen for this study. The conjugate model of a thermal cycle and a cooling water cycle was implemented to predict operation conditions of power plant. The main assumptions and features of this algorithm are described. The simulation of cooling water includes natural draft cooling tower model and condenser model. The basic design parameters of cooling water system components were estimated. The influence of ambient conditions on the power plant efficiency and main cycle parameters was investigated. Also the possibility of cooling water mass flow control was examined and the profits obtained from cooling mass flow control were presented. The considered algorithm is useful to determine optimal cooling water conditions due to the various ambient air temperature and partial load of the thermal cycle which may be a useful information for the design and operation process.

PL

Prezentowany artykuł dotyczy analizy nowoczesnego bloku nadkrytycznego przy zmiennych warunkach pracy. Jako obieg referencyjny wybrano blok o mocy 600 MW. Sprzężony model obliczeniowy obiegu cieplnego oraz układu chłodzenia został stworzony w celu określenia wpływu zmiennych warunków pracy. Główne cechy oraz założenia omawianego algorytmu zostały przedstawione oraz wyjaśnione w tym artykule. Model obliczeniowy układu wody chłodzącej składa się z chłodni kominowej o ciągu naturalnym oraz skraplacza. W celu analizy główne wielkości projektowe omawianych komponentów zostały oszacowane. Celem badań było określenie wpływu warunków zewnętrznych na sprawność i na podstawowe wskaźniki pracy siłowni cieplnej. Dodatkowe badania dotyczące możliwości regulacji strumienia wody chłodzącej oraz określenia zysków z jej stosowania zostały przedstawione w ramach omawianej analizy. Prezentowany algorytm pozwala na określenie optymalnego strumienia wody chłodzącej w zależności od temperatury powietrza atmosferycznego oraz obciążenia cieplnego bloku. Taka informacja może być przydatna zarówno na etapie projektowania, jak i eksploatacji bloku cieplnego.

11

Utylizacja ciepła odpadowego z procesu wypalania klinkieru cementowego w elektrowni z nadkrytyczną siłownią organiczną

Borsukiewicz-Gozdur A., Nowak W.

Rynek Energii

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2009

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nr 6

75-81

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono analizę możliwości i opłacalności zasilania elektrowni z organiczną siłownią nadkrytyczną energią odpadową z procesu wytwarzania klinkieru cementowego. Proces ten charakteryzuje się stosunkowo wysoką energochłonnością a szczególnie korzystne parametry, pod kątem zagospodarowania ciepła odpadowego posiada powietrze nadmiarowe z chłodnika klinkieru. W ramach tej pracy przeanalizowano możliwość przetwarzania ciepła odpadowego o temperaturze 270°C na prąd elektryczny z zastosowaniem siłowni na paramenty nadkrytyczne tzw. S-ORC. Dla wybranych czterech organicznych czynników roboczych: R41, R152a, R245fa i R365mfc wykonano obliczenia wielkości charakterystycznych sprawności i pracy jednostkowej. Przeprowadzono także uproszczoną analizę ekonomiczną stosowania siłowni S-ORC w oparciu o wskaźniki oceny ekonomicznej: wartość obecną netto (NPV) oraz indeks zyskowności (PI).

EN

At the work analysis of the possibility and profitability of supplying the power station with the supercritical, organic power plant supplied by waste energy from the process of producing the cement clinker have been conducted. This process is characterized relatively high energy consumption, particularly beneficial parameters has excess air from process of cooling the clinker. As part of this work a possibility of converting the waste heat with temperature 270°C was analysed to the electricity production using the supercritical organic cycle so-called S-ORC. For four chosen organic working substances: R 41, R 152a, R245fa and R356 mfc were carried out calculation of characteristic parameters: the efficiency and the specific work. Also a simplified economic analysis of applying the S-ORC in the cement industry was conducted based on indicators of the economic appraisal: net present value (NPV) and index of the profitability (PI).

12

The Thermodynamic And Economic Analysis Of The Supercritical Coal Fired Power Plant With Ccs Instalation

Kotowicz J., Janusz-Szymańska K.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2009

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Vol. 4, no 1

75-82

EN

In the paper the results of the thermodynamic and economic analysis of the supercritical coal fired power plant integrated with the carbon dioxide capture installation was shown. The paper presents the algorithm for determining the power of power plant and its efficiency losses due to the membrane separation of CO2 from the flue gases and CO2 compression. For the purpose of separating CO2 a membrane technology was applied. Calculations concerning the membrane separation of CO2 were carried out with the program Aspen. For the assessment of the separation process two indices were applied: the mole fraction of CO2 in the permeate and the recovery ratio of CO2. The decision variables in the calculation were the pressure on the feed side and on the permeate side. The pressure on the permeate side is generated by a vacuum pump and on the feed side by a compressor. The power rating of require components determines the energy consumption of the separation and compression processes. The way of determining the minimum losses of the power rating and efficiency of the power plant in membrane separation process and compression CO2 using calculated indices were shown. The power rating losses and efficiency of the power plant were determined for both processes. The economic analysis was calculated for power unit, taking into account investments and costs connected to the CO2 capture installation. For the conducted analysis it is essential to determine the unit sale price of electricity as well as the cost of avoided emission CO2.

13

Sprzężony model obiegu cieplnego i układu wody chłodzącej dla siłowni na parametry nadkrytyczne

Wróblewski W., Dykas S., Rulik S.

Rynek Energii

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2008

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nr 6

54-60

PL

W artykule przeprowadzono analizę warunków pracy obiegu cieplnego bloku nadkrytycznego. Uwzględniono w niej sprzężenie obiegu cieplnego z obiegiem wody chłodzącej. Przedstawiono model obiegu cieplnego oraz algorytm jego rozwiązania, model skraplacza oraz model chłodni kominowej mokrej o ciągu naturalnym. Analizowano również pracę układu cieplnego i układu wody chłodzącej w zmiennych warunkach. Do analizy zastosowano obieg referencyjny siłowni na nadkrytyczne parametry pary o mocy 600MW. Dla tego bloku założono parametry zamkniętego układu chłodzenia, przyjęto wymiary skraplacza oraz gabaryty chłodni kominowej. Analizowano różne warianty pracy bloku, uwzględniające różne parametry powietrza atmosferycznego. Rozważono również możliwość regulacji obiegu wody chłodzącej w celu określenia optymalnych, ze względu na sprawność cieplną siłowni, warunków pracy pomp. Przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń dla założonych charakterystyk poszczególnych elementów układu i sformułowano wnioski.

EN

In this paper the thermal cycle model of supercritical power plant conjugated with the cooling system working at different operating conditions was presented. The calculations for reference unit of 600 MW output with close cooling system were made. The basic parameters and construction type of cooling tower and condenser were assumed. The algorithm for cooling system consists of the cooling tower model and condenser model and enables calculations for different working regimes. The iteration process to calculate the parameters of thermal cycle and cooling water cycle was described. The influence of atmospheric temperature changes typical for the one-year period on the power plant performance indicators and cooling water control possibilities were discussed. The chosen results were presented and the investigations were summed up.