Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Determination of Difference Amount in Reference Evapotranspiration between Urban and Suburban Quarters in Karbala City

Algretawee Hayder, Al-Saadi Riyadh Jasim Mohammed, Al Juboury Maad F., Hasan Musaab Falih, Nile Basim K., Kadhim Mustafa Amoori

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 7

180--191

EN

Evapotranspiration represents one of the main parameters in the hydrological cycle. It is usually expressed by the term reference evapotranspiration (ETo) that is affected by certain meteorological parameters. This study aimed to find the difference amount in ETo between urban and suburban quarters in Karbala city. The study methodology involved selecting once urban area and four suburban quarters. Two methods of determining the reference evapo- transpiration were applied: first, a direct method which measured ETo at selected fields by using a hand-held device, and second, an indirect method using the Penman-Monteith equation. The findings showed that the magnitudes of ETo by the Penman-Monteith equation are higher than the values measured by the direct method for urban and suburban quarters. Moreover, it was found that the absolute percentage of difference in the average amount of ETo between urban and suburban quarters is 13% by using the direct method and 61% by using Penman-Monteith equation. The study conclusion is that suburban area has higher magnitude of ETo than urban quarter by using any of direct method and indirect method (Penman-Monteith equation).

2

The Issues of Catchment Boundaries Delimitation in a Suburban Area – the Case Study of Poznań Metropolitan Area, Poland

Mrozik Karol, Napierała Michał, Adamska Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2020

|

Vol. 21, nr 3

202--208

EN

The urbanisation and suburbanisation processes are considered to have a detrimental impact on the environment. Increasing the share of the impervious surfaces is one of their main negative effects, particularly in and near the cities, affecting the water relations of basins. It also results in new catchment boundaries formation and, in many cases, changes in the physiographic parameters affecting the accuracy of hydrological and hydraulic calculations of small suburban catchments. This study is an attempt to delimit the catchment boundaries located in the suburban area of Poznań city, Poland, in three variants: according to the Raster Hydrographical Map of Poland and Raster Topographical Map of Poland, digital elevation model, and rainwater sewage system. The analyses were conducted with ArcGIS software, and the results were additionally verified with geodesic measurements on site. This work focuses mainly on the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the catchment shape and the course of its boundaries. The analyses were conducted on the Rów WB stream catchment located in the Skórzewo village, Dopiewo municipality, which stands out within the Poznań Metropolitan Area as the area where the suburbanisation process is the most intensified. This study proved that the agrotechnical and drainage works performed in undeveloped, agricultural areas affected catchment shape and size as much as suburbanisation itself. According to the authors, the suburban catchment boundaries should be regularly updated due to the intensity of the new investments development and additionally verified on site.

3

Krajobrazy podmiejskie i rezydencjalne, jako przestrzeń mieszkaniowa emerytów

Pytel Sławomir

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

|

2019

|

nr 41 (1)

43--56

PL

Ważnym problem mającym wpływ na funkcjonowanie obszarów miejskich i podmiejskich jest starzenie się społeczeństwa. Senior po przejściu na emeryturę większość swojego czasu spędza w mieszkaniu, dlatego mieszkanie dla seniorów jest najważniejszym miejscem życia. Wynika to z faktu, że dom daje im schronienie, poczucie bezpieczeństwa i pozwala na zaspokajania większości potrzeb. Jednak pojawia się dylemat czy wybrać mieszkanie w mieście czy raczej w strefie podmiejskiej. Współczesne miasta nie gwarantują ludziom starszym bezpiecznego i komfortowego życia. Urbanizacja nie oznacza, bowiem tworzenia lepszego środowiska dla seniorów. W celu zaspokojenia potrzeb emerytów budowane są często osiedla przeznaczone wyłącznie dla nich. Jednak emeryci nie chcą się tam przenosić, a wynika to z ich mentalności. Dlatego celem opracowania jest ukazanie przestrzeni mieszkaniowej spełniającej oczekiwania emerytów.

EN

The ageing of society is an important problem affecting the functioning of urban and suburban areas. After retiring, elderly people spend the majority of their time at home, therefore, to them, home is the most important place in their lives. This is due to the fact that the home offers them shelter and a sense of safety, as well as allowing them to satisfy most of their needs. However, there a dilemma appears as to whether one should choose to live in the city or in the suburbs. Modern cities fail to guarantee a safe and comfortable life for seniors, as urbanisation does not entail creating a better environment in which they can live. To meet their needs, housing estates are built especially for them. Nonetheless they do not want to move into these areas due to their mentality. The purpose of this paper is to present suburban landscapes as housing space for pensioners and to show the migration of pensioners to suburban areas.

4

The Impact of a Large City on Land Use in Suburban Area – the Case of Wrocław (Poland)

Tokarczyk-Dorociak K., Kazak J., Szewrański S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 2

89--98

EN

Land use and the landscape of the suburban area are strongly affected by the impact of a large city, which is an important factor determining their development. The paper presents the results of analyses of the functional and spatial transformations depending on the distance from city limits and main access roads. The analyses were based on CORINE data for the years: 1990, 2000 and 2006. The spatial transformations in the specified distance buffers were described with use of the indicator of the share of specific land use areas in the total surface area and the indicator of the average landscape patch surface area. The conducted analyses confirm that the spatial patterns characteristic for suburbanisation exist in the vicinity of large cities and along access roads. The phenomena noticed in the suburban zone of Wrocław include, among others, an increased share of surface area used for residential purposes, a decreased area of arable lands, and an increased concentration of commercial and industrial areas in the direct proximity of the city and access roads.

5

Nieodwracalne konsekwencje braku planów miejscowych w gminach strefy podmiejskiej miasta Białegostoku

Tokajuk J.

Przestrzeń i Forma

|

2011

|

nr 16

469-486

PL

Miejscowe plany zagospodarowania przestrzennego obowiązują na niewielkim obszarze gmin podmiejskich wokół miasta Białegostoku. Pojawia się problem zabudowy zagrodowej powstającej w oparciu o decyzje o warunkach zabudowy na terenach pozbawionych tzw. dobrego sąsiedztwa. Powoduje to rozlewanie się miasta oraz brak możliwości ochrony jakości przestrzeni przez gminy. Jedynym instrumentem przeciwdziałania chaotycznej zabudowie jest plan miejscowy. Brak motywacji gmin do sporządzania miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego.

EN

Local plans of spatial development are In force only in small area of suburban communes around the city of Białystok. The problem of farm building arises owning to outline planning decisions within the areas voided of so called "good neighborhood". This causes the sprawl of the city and the inability to protect area quality by the communes. The only instrument preventing from chaotic building is the local plan. Communes lack of motivation to draw up the local plans of spatial development.

6

Tereny rekreacji jako obszar interwencji w strefie podmiejskiej

Bajwoluk T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2011

|

R. 108, z. 1-A

153-160

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie na wybranych przykładach potencjalnych obszarów interwencji zlokalizowanych w strefie podmiejskiej Krakowa. Wybrane tereny, obecnie wykorzystywane są dla rekreacji wodnej- sezonowej, charakteryzują się dogodnym położeniem z punktu widzenia zasięgu oddziaływania i posiadają potencjał dla ich dalszej aktywizacji. Dawniej stanowiły miejsca eksploatacji kruszyw, co w znaczny sposób wpłynęło na ich dzisiejszą formę przestrzenną i częściową degradację otoczenia. Stanowią one główne obszary rekreacji wodnej w wschodniej i zachodniej części strefy podmiejskiej Krakowa. Od wielu lat pozostają w formie tymczasowego i prowizorycznego zainwestowania bez czytelnej wizji zagospodarowania. Rola tych obszarów nie ogranicza się jedynie do skali lokalnej, ale ze względu na położenie w strefie podmiejskiej i zasięg oddziaływania ma także znaczenie w skali metropolitalnej. Z uwagi na brak terenów o podobnym charakterze, wielkości i specyfice w najbliższym sąsiedztwie tereny te mogą stać się w przyszłości znaczącym elementem sieci zielonych przestrzeni dla miasta i strefy podmiejskiej.

EN

The purpose of this paper is to present on chosen examples, potencial areas of intervention located in Krakow's suburban zone. These chosen grounds are now used for seasonal water recreation. Their main feature is their convenient localization as for as their range of influence is concerned, what is more, they have a potential for further activation. They used to be places where natural resourses were exploited. That had a big influence on their spatial form and partial degradation of the surroundings. They are the main areas of water recreation in eastern and western parts of Krakow's suburbs. For many years they have been remaining in the form of temporary investment without a clear vision of development. The role of these grounds isn't limited only to a local scale. Because of their localization in the suburban zone is also remarkable on a metropolitan scale. Due to the lack of similar areas in the neighbourhood this grounds can become in the near future a remarkable element of green space system for the city and its suburban zone.

7

Kształtowanie przestrzeni publicznych nowych zespołów mieszkaniowych jednorodzinnych na przykładzie strefy przedmieść Warszawy

Polkowska D.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2010

|

R. 107, z. 3-A

147-153

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono rozwój przedmieść Warszawy na przykładzie dynamicznie urbanizującej się dzielnicy Wawer. Pomimo znacznej ilości rozpoczętych procedur sporządzania miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego, obszar ten nadal zabudowuje się głównie w oparciu o decyzje o warunkach zabudowy, co prowadzi do chaosu przestrzennego. Nie wykształciły się tu bowiem miejsca ani przestrzenie publiczne, gdzie mogłyby przejawiać się zachowania społeczne, brak publicznych terenów zieleni czy usług publicznych. Czy i w jaki sposób może wykształcić się na tych terenach miejskie środowisko zamieszkania?

EN

The paper presents the development of Warsaw's suburban area on the example of a dynamically urbanizing Wawer district. Despite the large number of local development plans procedures are begun, this area's development is still based primarily on the zoning decisions, which leads to spatial chaos. Neither the places nor the public spaces developed here. Is there a lack of public green areas and public services. Whether and how urban housing environment may develop in these areas?

8

Czynnik komunikacji w porządkowaniu struktury podmiejskiej Krakowa

Bajwoluk T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2010

|

R. 107, z. 1-A

273-283

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie na wybranych przykładach relacji pomiędzy układem komunikacyjnym a strukturą przestrzenną strefy podmiejskiej Krakowa. W obszarze Krakowa główny układ komunikacyjny strefy podmiejskiej opiera się na istniejących arteriach wylotowych z miasta, pełniących także rolę tras tranzytowych. Analiza zachodzących przemian wskazuje, że nie jest on dostosowany do przejęcia dodatkowych funkcji związanych z obsługą rozwijających się rejonów podmiejskich, co powoduje narastanie problemów i uciążliwości. Wydaje się zatem, że komunikacja jako integralny element struktury przestrzennej może stać się jedynym czynnikiem porządkującym strefę podmiejską, pozostając w ścisłym związku z planowanym zagospodarowaniem terenu.

EN

The purpose of this article is to present, on chosen examples the relation between the communication layout and spatial structure of Kraków suburban area. In Krakow area the main communication layout of the suburban zone is based on existing outlet arteries which also fulfill the role of transport routes. The analysis of occurring transformation points out that this transport system isn't ready to take over additional functions connected with servicing of developing suburban regions. To sum up the communication as an integral element of spatial structure may became the only factor sorting out suburban zones. However it must be tightly linked with the developing plans of the areas.

9

Wykorzystanie potencjału środowiska naturalnego dla aktywizacji turystycznej terenów podmiejskich Myślenic-Zarabia

Bajwoluk T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

|

2007

|

R. 104, z. 7-A

113-120

PL

Aktywizacja turystyczna i rekreacyjna jest jednym z istotnych celów strategicznych planowanego rozwoju miast i stref podmiejskich. Koncepcja zagospodarowania obszaru Zarabia w Myślenicach jest oparta na wykorzystaniu potencjału środowiska naturalnego i lokalnych uwarunkowań. Kompleksowe podejście do realizacji programu zamierzeń inwestycyjnych daje szansę na kształtowanie tej strefy jako terenu rekreacyjnego dla miasta i Aglomeracji Krakowskiej.

EN

Tourist and recreation activation is one of important strategic aims of the planned development of towns and suburban areas. The idea of development of the Zarabie area in Myślenice is based on using the potential of natural environment and local conditions. A comprehensive approach to implementation of investment plans program is a chance to develop this area as a recreational zone for the city and agglomeration of Kraków.

10

Oceny oddziaływania na środowisko w procesie ochrony krajobrazów podmiejskich

Dubel K.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2003

|

nr 1-2

10-15

EN

Procedures of valuation of interactions towards the environment (OOS), which has been a tool of environment protection policy in our country since 1990 , aim at providing entities included into a decision process with information on consequences which an introduced plan, program or ventures have on the environment. Apart from plans of special development OOS are an important tool for protection of suburban landscapes. They allow complex and systematic presentation of the knowledge about potential results of actions and possibilities of their avoidance or alleviation. The efficacy of suburban landscapes protection depends on the quality of drawn up reports (reliable and accurate information about planned investment and its potential interactions) and enforcing the investors to act on behalf of landscape protection by the administration.

11

Ekologiczno-przestrzenne problemy stref podmiejskich dużych miast na przykładzie Warszawy

Żarska B.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2003

|

nr 1-2

16-19

EN

The important directions for landscape shaping of suburban zones are enclosed in provisions of national, European Union and international legislation as well as in the cardinal ecological principles of nature protection. The most important ecological and spatial problems of suburban zones, typical for Warsaw and other big towns, are: 1) chaos of spatial management-dispersion of sites, domination of development, 2) rapid changes of proportion between biologically active and non-biologically active areas; 3) rapid fulfilment of space with anthropogenic non-natural elements having often forms disharmonised with surroundings and site tradition, 4) increasing fragmentation of biologically active areas and ecological isolation. The rational spatial management, realised consistently in accordance with long-term spatial policy, is the only tool to stop these undesirable processes. Physical development plans should be obligatory for all areas. Systems of natural areas and proecological provisions should be widely introduced in physical planning. The urgent need is to define maximal ranges for development in towns and mark out areas for realisation of natural system and ecological connections.

12

Uwarunkowania i kierunki przekształceń strefy podmiejskiej Olsztyna

Młynarczyk K., Łaguna W., Kadelska M., Gadomska W.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2002

|

nr 3-4

18-25

EN

The following general conclusions can be deducted from considerations of the paper entitled Conditions and directions of transformation of the area in suburban Olsztyn: - greens systems surrounding Olsztyn city are particularly valuable and fortunately their value has been noticed in strategic and planning documents which are a basis for city development, - existing natural limitations strongly conditioned creation and development of Olsztyn suburban zones, however incoherent or spontaneous investment actions which cause deformation of the existing cultural characteristics of the region or settlement unit are often noticed, - increasing interest in building areas in towns situated in the so called external green ring which surrounds Olsztyn city; on one hand they allow management of the area inside the city, designating those areas for functions other than dwelling functions (most of all decrease in leisure areas in the centre of the city does not occur), on the other hand because of unskilful shaping of the building they can cause degradation of the countryside, - an essential part in shaping the sense of bondage or, otherwise, identity with the place in question (a town, a street, building estate, a city, a region) should create educational systems which ought to care for knowledge of present and future generations about specificity of space shaping of an area in question (kind of buildings, its height, slant of roof, materials, way of implementation of a plot, etc.) - it is necessary to create systems of managing space in urban centres together with their external zone where appropriate areas are designated as biologically active and create leisure zones in suburban zones in spite of the lack of natural limits.

13

Tereny podmiejskie miasta Wrocławia i ich rola w realiach perspektywicznych XXI w.

Stępniewska-Janowska B., Lis A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2002

|

nr 3-4

84-89

EN

The article Suburban Areas of Wrocław city and their part in perspective realities of the 19th century stressed the fact that suburban areas of Wrocław city are a valuable load of cultural landscape which can bring the city manifold benefits and quanti-tively enriching its listed architecture. Restoring listed and destroyed special sets, palaces, gardens and parks to society they can be designated for international tourism. According to the authors of the publication, tourism should be perceived by self-governments of the cities and historical regions in Poland as one of essential factors of economical development. The authors of the article in a short form present the program whose assignment is preservation of the cultural landscape and restoration of its calculable values manifesting in listed architecture and in spatial sets of gardens and parks. Recreation of the destroyed parts can have the character of slavish reconstruction but can also preserve the old form in a different material and in a modern depiction. They stress that the effort put in both the first and the second form of "rebuilding" can have a positive meaning for the conception of creating a chain of relics of the past, out of suburban residences surrounding Wrocław city and presenting the advantages of a cultural landscape and the results of historical landscape protection in an international ring.

14

Ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego i przyrodniczego w strefie podmiejskiej i na obrzeżach Sztokholmu na przykładzie historycznych założeń parkowo-ogrodowych

Augustyn-Lendzion E.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2002

|

nr 3-4

72-78

EN

In the article entitled Cultural Heritage and Natural Protection in Suburban Areas and Outskirts of Stockholm Based on an Example of Historical Park- Garden Foundations the attention of the reader was drawn to green areas, both natural and founded by man which are under great concern in The Swedish Kingdom. Particular attention was paid to areas with not only natural value but also constituting cultural heritage on a domestic scale, and sometimes even the European one. Such objects include among others historical park-garden sets. The author of the present publication discusses in detail two foundations exemplifying different styles of garden art. These are: gardens of Gripsholm Castle and the palace park in Drottningholm. They are situated in Stockholm's suburban area on Melar lake. Both described sets have great value for Swedish culture. Moreover Drottningholm was included in UNESCO's relics of the past list in 1991, and Gripsholm Castle is one of ten Swedish Royal castles included in national cultural heritage. Restoration works undertaken in both cases are run with exceptional care and under the surveillance of authorised organs and public opinion.

15

Nowe tendencje w podmiejskiej architekturze okolic Warszawy i ich wpływ na krajobraz

Królikowski J. T.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2002

|

nr 3-4

116-120

EN

In the article entitled New Tendencies in Suburban Architecture in the Warsaw Area and Their Influence on Landscape PhD Jeremi T. Królikowski presents an outline of the research problem which he has been running since 1995. In the present publication the author notices that in the past few years in the suburban Warsaw landscape there has appeared such dominant elements as great trading centres and warehouses characterised with homogenous and commercial architecture which does not take into consideration the fact that the surroundings are of minimized esthetical value. In turn in the last few decades the housing substance of suburban Warsaw sets went through a period of monotony caused by norms and classification according to a type and was slowly overcome in the 1980s. Not until the 1990s did the variety of overlying trends, received by some observers as chaos, increase. Simultaneously voices appeared which were postulating restoring the equilibrium and order by introducing unification of patterns. Next the author discuses a dozen or so examples of modern housing building from Warsaw suburban districts leading to the final conclusion that architectonical tendencies which can be observed in the last few years in the neighbourhood of Warsaw are developing spontaneously under the influence of political, economical and social factors. Among the tools shaping the consciousness of receivers media play an important part which try in this simple way to direct their tastes. The character of Warsaw's suburban landscape will also depend on recognition of the complexity of the problem.

16

Doświadczenia i wzorce w kształtowaniu zabudowy w strefie podmiejskiej Warszawy

Różańska A., Krogulec T.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2002

|

nr 3-4

104-107

EN

In the article entitled Experience and module in shaping buildings in the Warsaw suburban zone it raised the issue of specific conditions which shaped the conception of city planning foundations in Warsaw. The author stresses that the medieval arrangement of the city did not differ from commonly accepted modules and that such a state lasted and included the 16th century. Only in the next centuries namely in the 1 7th and 18th century did the situation change. The old Warsaw situated behind medieval walls lost its significance and prestige. Relocation of the capital to Warsaw created a new situation for development (mostly town-planning) of the city, exactly, together with the King's residence, splendid residences of nobility, magnates, churches and monasteries began to be built. Demand for new building areas increased and as there were no spare plots within the limits of medieval Warsaw, buildings started to be erected in the suburbs. In the 19th century forts engirdling the city with a double ring were a barrier to the natural development of a suburban zone. The growing number of Warsaw inhabitants and also fast developing industry exacted densification of the buildings inside the fortification. The result of it was town-planning chaos and lack of proportion between city and suburban zone After regaining independence attempts were made to repair the town-planning setting of the city and improvement of its appearance. The short period of relative political stabilization of the interwar era brought many interesting town-planning solutions which the author discusses in her article in more detail.