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1

Development of the Horizontal Flow Wetland Using Palm Waste Biochar for Greywater Reclamation

Aylan Rana A., Al-Abbawy Dunya A. H., Yaseen Dina A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

236--249

EN

Wetlands technology is one of the main sustainable and successful treatment processes. Similarly, biochar is an organic, effective, and low-cost adsorbent material used for the treatment of diverse wastewaters. The combination between wetland system and biochar, as a media, can greatly enhance the treatment efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of two horizontal flow constructed wetlands planted with Bacopa monnieri L. for the treatment of household greywater. The objectives were to investigate the raw and treated greywater characteristics, compare the removal efficiency of pollutants by using gravel bed, and biochar-gravel bed, monitor the growth and survival of the plants. Findings indicated that the simulated treatment systems were able to improve all the greywater characteristics. The wetland with biochar enhanced the removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia (NH3), and other parameters compared with the wetland with gravels alone.

2

Separation of surface flow from subsurface flow in catchments using runoff coefficient

Ardekani A. Afshar, Sabzevari T., Haghighi A. Torabi, Petroselli A.

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 6

2363--2376

EN

Separating surface flow (SF) from subsurface flow (SSF) based on direct runoff measurements in river gauges is an important issue in hydrology. In this study, we developed a simple and practical method, based on runoff coefficient (RC), for separating SF from SSF. RC depends mainly on soil texture, land use and land cover, but we also considered the effect of slope and rainfall intensity. We assessed our RC-based method for three different soil types by comparing the value obtained with laboratory rainfall simulator data. The correlation coefficient between observed and calculated data exceeded 0.93 and 0.63 when estimating SF and SSF, respectively. The method was then used to separate SF and SSF in two catchments (Heng-Chi and San-Hsia) in Northern Taiwan, and the results were compared with those produced by the geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) model. Test revealed that, if RC is calculated accurately, the proposed method can satisfactorily separate SF from SSF at catchment scale.

3

Development of the Nash instantaneous unit hydrograph to predict subsurface fow in catchments

Babaali H. R., Sabzevari T., Ghafari S.

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 5

1877--1886

EN

For many permeable catchments with proper plant cover, subsurface flows play a key role in generating surface runoff. In this regard, developing subsurface flow models is of great importance and requires further studies. In Dunne-Black mechanism, it is subsurface flow causing saturated zone in hillslopes and generating surface runoff. The Nash model is an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model commonly used to predict the surface runoff. In this study, the Nash model was applied to estimate subsurface flow hydrograph in the catchments. The parameters of the subsurface Nash IUH (SNIUH) model were determined by developing of the subsurface travel time equations with the concept of celerity. The efficiency of the SNIUH model was verified by two rainfall simulator laboratory models. The mean error of the peak subsurface flow estimation ranged from 6.7 to 11.21% for both laboratory models, which was acceptable. Ultimately, the SNIUH model was used to estimate the subsurface flow hydrograph in Heng-Chi and San-Hsia catchments in Taiwan, and the results were compared with results of the subsurface geomorphologic IUH (SGIUH) model. The coefficients of efficiency (CE) of SNIUH were higher than 0.9 in four events for both catchments and the subsurface peak error values were between 10 and 16%.

4

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Rahmadyanti Erina, Febriyanti Cyntia Puspa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

67--77

EN

The batik industry became a double-edged sword for the development of Indonesia. While it plays a significant role in economy, it also contributes to the environmental pollution, which is mostly caused by the lack of appropriate technology for the wastewater treatment in small industries. This study aims at determining the feasibility in combining the coagulation-flocculation technology using Moringa oleifera seeds powder (MOSP) with horizontal subsurface constructed wetland (HSSFCW) in treating the batik wastewater. The results show that combining 750 mg/L MOSP in the coagulation flocculation technology with 5 days retention time on HSSFCW optimally removed 89.33% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD); 98.11% of total suspended solids (TSS); and 92.05% of fat, oil, and grease (FOG). Moreover, it increases the pH conditions up to 7.33. Despite its high removal efficiency, this technology combination is not feasible in the batik wastewater treatment due to inability to meet the standard effluent of the discharged wastewater. Therefore, adding pre-post treatment to this technology implementation is recommended to obtain the standard effluents of wastewater discharged.

5

Piping in loess-like and loess-derived soils : case study of Halenkovice site, Czech Republic

Bíl M., Kubeček J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2012

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Vol. 82, No. 1

45–-50

EN

The soil piping that occurs on luvisols in the vicinity of the village of Halenkovice was studied for 5 years. These piping phenomena can only be found where arable land meets the forest or a belt of shrubbery. If there is a scarp in the locality, which usually changes from 6° in the field to approximately 30° in the forest, soil pipes are more likely to occur. Before the scarp, the slope flattens out and it is almost horizontal. This factor makes it possible for the overland flow to seep into the slope. This seepage results in soil piping, which is formed in loess loam and colluvial deposits. There are about 15 sites in the vicinity of the village of Halenkovice, where soil piping occurs. In one of them, Halenkovice 1 (an area of 900 m2) we closely studied 47 partial cavities. Their internal volume is 3.8 m3. The volume of the sink holes is 23 m3. There are two types of soil pipes – vertical, which on average tend to be shorter (40 cm) and lead the water under the surface, and soil pipes parallel with the slope, which are on average 81 cm long. Water flows through the pipes during a thaw or precipitation, which often takes away the top soil. The intensity of this process depends on the intensity of precipitation, which occurs outside the growing season, when there are no crops in the fields.

6

Calculation of exit gradients at drainage ditches

Römkens M. J. M.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 17

151-153

EN

Seepage gradients play an important role in the detachment of soil particles from the side walls of stream channels and drainage ditches. Most seepage studies have focused on water losses. Relatively few have addressed the determination of these gradients as causes of soil loss and incipient gully development. This paper presents the methodology of calculating these gradients on any point of the soil-water interface of a subsurface flow system, for which a close-form analytical solution was obtained (Römkens 2009). Such a solution was derived using conformal transformations for a situation in which a ponded surface drains by subsurface flow into a ditch with a water table lower than that of the ponded surface. The derived relationships allow a close estimate of the soil detachment forces on the wetted drainage perimeter of the stream system.