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Niezwykłe anomalie termiczne w strefie klimatu podbiegunowego obszaru atlantycko-europejskiego

Twardosz R., Kossowska-Cezak U.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2013

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Nr 23

93--105

PL

Opracowanie oparto na wartościach średnich miesięcznych temperatury powietrza z 17 stacji meteorologicznych od Wybrzeży Grenlandii do Nowej Ziemi z 60-lecia 1951-2010. Do badań przyjęto stacje, w których temperatura średnia wieloletnia w najcieplejszym miesiącu, tj. w lipcu, nie przekracza 12°C. Za anomalne uznano te miesiące, w których temperatura różniła się od średniej wieloletniej przynajmniej o 2 odchylenia standardowe. Zbadano przebieg roczny występowania miesięcy o anomalii ujemnej (niezwykle zimnych) i dodatniej (niezwykle ciepłych) oraz tendencji zmian ich częstości w 60-leciu, a także rozkład przestrzenny najbardziej rozległych anomalii. Stwierdzono, ze w ciągu 60 lat były 132 miesiące niezwykle zimne i 127 miesięcy niezwykle ciepłych. Najwięcej miesięcy niezwykle zimnych (41) i najmniej niezwykle ciepłych (11) było w 10-leciu 1961-1970; najmniej miesięcy niezwykle zimnych (3) i najwięcej niezwykle ciepłych (57) było w 10-leciu 2001-2010. Wzrost częstości miesięcy ciepłych zaznaczył się głównie w zachodniej części badanego obszaru.

EN

The study is based on average monthly temperature data from 17 weather stations located along a belt between the Greenland coast and the island of Novaya Zemlya and recorded during the period 1951-2010. The stations were selected to meet the criterion of a maximum long-term average temperature of 12°C for the warmest month, i.e. July. The anomalous month was defined as having an average temperature different from the long-term average by at least 2 standard deviations. Both positive (exceptionally warm) and negative (exceptionally cold) anomalies were analysed, as well as their trends of frequency change during the study period and the spatial distribution of the cases with the largest geographical spread. However, a majority of the anomalous months of each type were only recorded at single stations or at two neighbouring stations (of those included in the study), which would suggest spatially limited or even strictly local factors effecting such an exceptional temperature increase or drop. Exceptionally cold months (ECM) were more frequent than their warm counterparts (EWM), had a greater spatial extent and the scale of their anomaly tended to be larger (i.e. down to –12°C compared to maximum +10°C for EWMs). ECMs were more often linked in two-month or three-month series (31 such series), while multiple EWM series were fewer (18), but longer, lasting up to 6 months. The highest numbers of anomalous months were recorded during the decade 1961-1970 (41 ECM and 11 EWM) and the lowest numbers in the decade 2001-2010 (3 ECM and 57 EWM). The increase in the warm month activity was largely limited to the western end of the study area. The annual pattern of anomalous months was far more defined in the eastern section of the area, along the coast of a vast continent, than in the maritime west. This clear definition of the eastern pattern was mainly down to the frequency of ECMs and their large spatial extent. In the western section of the area the distribution of ECMs and EWMs is more balanced with a recent maximum of EWM frequency located in Iceland. ECMs coincide with the advection of cold air masses from the north and northeast, while EWMs tend to occur in association with southern warm advections.

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Odczuwalność cieplna w sezonach letnich 2007 i 2008 w Calypsobyen (Spitsbergen)

Gluza A., Siwek K.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2009

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nr 19

223-231

PL

Celem pracy jest wstępna charakterystyka warunków bioklimatycznych południowego obrzeża Bellsundu. W tym celu wykorzystano powszechnie dostępne charakterystyki bioklimatyczne: wielkość ochładzającą powietrza (H), wskaźnik ochładzania wiatrem (WCI) oraz temperaturę ochładzania wiatrem (WCT). Obliczono ich wartości średnie, maksymalne i minimalne oraz rozkład częstości.

EN

This paper describes the bioclimate of Calypsobyen. The station was located on Calypsostranda, a flat sea terrace, at the height of about 23 m a.s.l., at a distance of 200 m from Bellsund Fjord and 2 km from the Scott Glacier. The substratum was made of dry lichen-moss tundra. For this analysis there have been chosen two meteorological elements: air temperature and wind. The material used in this paper was taken from summer seasons from the years 2007 and 2008. We used meteorological data from the 10th of June to 11th of September from each year – together 188 days. Three bio-meteorological indices were analyzed: Dry Cooling Power (H), Wind Chill Index (WCI) and Wind Chill Temperature (WCT). Results of these observations are presented in tables. Mean cooling power in summer seasons amounted 1285.3 Wźm-2. Frequency of occurance of cooling power was counted according to Petrovič and S. Kacvinsky classification. In the investigated period predominated “cold” and “cool” cases. There were about 64.3% such cases. From among analysed meteorological elements influent cooling power, the wind velocity has the most importance. Correlation coefficient between the wind velocity and cooling power amounts +0.96. Mean Wind Chill Index (WCI) in summer seasons amounted 823.2 Wźm-2. In the investigated period also predominated “cool” and “cold” cases. There were about 93.2% such cases. From among analysed meteorological elements influent Wind Chill Index, the wind velocity has also the most importance. Correlation coefficient between the wind velocity and Wind Chill Index amounts +0.88. Mean Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) in summer seasons amounted 3.3°C. In the investigated period predominated only “very small” and “small” cases. There were 100% such cases. From among analysed meteorological elements influent cooling power, the air temperature has also the most importance. Correlation coefficient between the temperature and Wind Chill Temperature amounts +0.73.

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Niektóre cechy bilansu cieplnego człowieka w okresie zimowym w warunkach klimatu subpolarnego północnej Finlandii

Błażejczyk K., Fiala D., Richards M., Rintamaki H., Ruuhela R.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2008

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nr 18

89-97

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki terenowych badań bioklimatyczno-fizjologicznych bilansu cieplnego człowieka oraz niektórych parametrów fizjologicznych organizmu w warunkach zimowych w strefie klimatu polar-nego północnej Finlandii. W trakcie badań obserwowano tempo ochładzania się temperatury twarzy oraz warunki zachowania równowagi cieplnej organizmu podczas długotrwałej ekspozycji terenowej.

EN

The paper presents some results of field experiment dealing with physiological adaptation to cold in arctic climate. The bioclimatic-and-physiological measurements were carried out in February 2008 in Saariselka in northern Finland. The research are the part of COST 730 Action “Towards a universal thermal climate index UTCI for assessing the thermal environment of the human being”. We have observed face cooling during long cold exposure when standing and during walking. Whole body heat balance, adaptation processes and thermal sensations were also studied. The results show great effectiveness of cold adaptation processes. Both, physiological responses of an organism (e.g. shivering) and behavioural thermal regulation (activity, clothing) help to keep homeothermy. Some risk of local skin cooling that can lead to frostbite was observed at non covered face after 20 minute exposure in –12°C and wind speed of 12-20 m/s.