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The idea of human rights according to Leszek Kolakowski. Prolegomena

Musiał-Kidawa Aldona

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2023

z. 169

541--551

Purpose: The subject of the publication is a philosophical reflection on the idea that organizes the space of human and citizen life, of which we are contemporary beneficiaries. This idea today inspires the search for the subjective status of man, shapes the axiological system of societies, defines the duties of the human person, sets legal standards. Methodology: The publication is theoretical in nature. The analysis of the literature on the subject constituted the method of working on the publication. This method made it possible to learn about the current state of knowledge in the subject under discussion, indicated the scope of consideration of the problem, and also determined the perspective of further issues and questions that require answers. Findings: The publication discusses the values on which the idea of human rights is based, the assumption being that a person who transcends the characteristics of the zoological species participates in the moral and rational sphere, the sphere of unconditional moral imperatives that cannot be empirically determined. Social consequences: The perspective adopted in the publication discussing the idea of human rights is, first of all, important criteria and categories for the construction of the normative order, it projects the formation of social ties and the evolution of values that consolidate society. The idea of human rights in this sense is a regulator of collective life that creates social order. Originality: The publication asks what are the sources of the idea of human rights, whether the rooting of man in intellectual loyalty to reason is a sufficient motive to safeguard against the desire to invalidate them, whether man as a moral being is immune to the action of the instincts of his own nature.

An approach to scientific understanding of mind by defining a set of all possible contents of consciousness

Togawa T.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

2006

Vol. 26, no. 1

5-20

The lack of a well-defined concept of consciousness which could be accessible from both the mental and neural aspects is a serious obstruction in understanding the mind. This article is an attempt to introduce a concept of the content space which is definable from the mental side but also relates to neural models. The content space is defined as a set of all possible contents of consciousness, irrespective of the fact whether the each content corresponds to the already-realized conscious experience or not. The conscious event at any moment can be regarded as a result of the past, including all the effects from the outside and the inside of the brain, and the conscious event tends to produce effects on the inside and outside of the brain. This feature can be interpreted as a mental aspect of the neural activity, so that firing of a specific neuron corresponds to a conscious event specific to a certain element of the content space. By introducing the concept of the content space, the neural and mental facets are understood as two different facets of the same event. A specific feature of the contents of the consciousness in humans is that they can be expressed by language. Thus, the linguistic accessibility or the introspection is limited by the content space. According to this assumption, unconscious events cannot be mental but are purely neural. Consequently, no room remains to suspect any mysterious neural instrument in which unconscious mental processes are took place. The self and subjectivity have been shown to be comprehensible without assuming any unknown function.