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Enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete using microwave cured bamboo composites

Adeniyi Ajayi Joseph, Gana James, Adanikin Ariyo, Ogedengbe Kola, Idowu Abundance

Archives of Civil Engineering

2022

Vol. 68, nr 3

553--567

Microwave curing of bamboo fiber increases the physical and mechanical qualities of cement concrete, according to previous studies. However, there are limited research on their endurance when used as an additive in concrete manufacturing to increase strength. The impact of bamboo fiber and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) on the mechanical and microstructure of the resulting concrete is investigated in this study. With the inclusion of bamboo fiber ranging from 0-1.5%, a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 was used. To make the samples, 10% SBR by weight of cement was dissolved in the mixing water. The batching was done by weight, with a water cement ratio of 0.6. Compressive strength, water absorption, swelling, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture were all studied as mechanical properties. Various characterization tests such as SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and TGA were performed on the microstructure, crystalline nature, and mineral composition of certain samples. According to the FTIR study’s findings, peak levels were detected in the O-H stretching, C-H fiber and CH2 functional groups, carbonyl group, C-O and C-C functional groups. As the temperature climbed, TGA measurements showed a drop in weight. The XRD test revealed peak levels of 6.611, 4.255, and 3.855 for sanidine, quartz, and calcite, respectively. After 28 days, the inclusion of bamboo fibers as an additive in concrete shows some promising outcomes in compressive strength, with samples containing 1% and 1.5% bamboo fiber cured at 80°C having a higher compressive strength value.

Sieciowanie i reakcje interelastomerowe w mieszaninach kauczuków butadienowo-styrenowego i chlorobutylowego

Bociong K., Cisowska A., Gietka K., Rzymski W., Syrek B.

Polimery

2010

T. 55, nr 6

461-468

Za pomocą walcarki laboratoryjnej, w standardowy sposób sporządzono mieszaniny kauczuków butadienowo-styrenowego (SBR) i chlorobutylowego (CIIR) w rozmaitym stosunku masowym. Mieszanki ogrzewano w temp. 433 K w obecności donora jonów metalu (ZnO, Fe2O3 lub pyłu Zn). Badano stopień usieciowania kauczuków w zależności od składu mieszanin oraz rodzaju i ilości donora jonów metalu. Ogrzewanie i usieciowanie mieszanin prowadzi do zmiany ich morfologii. Na podstawie widm IR stwierdzono, że sieciowanie jest wynikiem interelastomerowego alkilowania w reakcji Friedela-Craftsa pierścieni fenylowych SBR przez elastomeryczny polihalogenek CIIR a także autoalkilowania tych pierścieni przez łańcuchy SBR zawierające boczne grupy winylowe oraz mery 1,4-cis-butadienowe, katalizowanego przez aprotonowe kwasy Lewisa (ZnCl2, FeCl3) generowane in situ w reakcji CIIR z donorem jonów metalu. Stopień usieciowania mieszanin SBR/CIIR rośnie w miarę zwiększania udziału CIIR i donora jonów metalu. Najlepsze wyniki uzyskano w przypadku mieszanin zawierających więcej niż 50 % CIIR oraz 2-4 cz. mas. ZnO/100 cz. mas. CIIR. Opracowana, niekonwencjonalna metoda sieciowania może być wykorzystywana także do sieciowania mieszanin kauczuków z udziałem wybranych napełniaczy.

Blends of styrene butadiene and chlorobutyl rubber in various mass ratios were prepared according to standard procedures in a laboratory mill. The blends were heated to 433K in the presence of a metal ion donor (ZnO, Fe2O3 or zinc powder). The influence of the blend composition and amount of metal ion donor on the degree of interelastomer crosslinking of the rubbers was investigated. Thermal treatment and the resultant crosslinking of the blends led to changes in their morphology. On the basis of IR spectra (Figs. 2, 7, Table 2, 7), it was confirmed that crosslinking proceeds as a result of Friedel-Crafts interelastomer alkylation of the SBR phenyl ring by the CIIR polihalogenic elastomers (Scheme A). Moreover, the autoalkylation of these rings by SBR vinyl side groups and 1,4-cis-butadiene monomers were catalyzed by aprotic Lewis acids (ZnCl2, Fe2O3) generated in situ in the reaction of CIIR with the metal ion donor. The degree of blend crosslinking increased with an increase in the content of CIIR and the metal ion donor. The best results were obtained for mixtures containing more that 50 % CIIR and 2-4 parts by wt. of ZnO in respect to 100 parts by wt. of CIIR (Figs. 1, 4, 6; Tables 1, 3, 4, 6). The new, unconventional method could be applied for the crosslinking of rubber blends with selected fillers (Fig. 5, Table 5).