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Elementy tzw. stylu racjonalnego domów spółdzielni "Ognisko" w Warszawie na tle planowania urbanistycznego międzywojennej Warszawy

Kłosek-Kozłowska D.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2002

T. 47, z. 3

251-264

In 1915 just before regaining by Poland its status of an independent country, Warsaw become capital city and prepared herself for fulfilling functions of a European metropolis. The new Municipal Board turned to aperienced, architects and town planners, members of the Circle of Architects, with a request for a town-planning vision of shaping the capital. This difficult task was undertaken by Prof. Tadeusz Tołwiński, who together with a team composed of Karol Jankowski, Józef Heurich, Franciszek Lilpop, Cezary Rudnicki and Stefan Szyller, presented at a session held by the magistrate in December 1916 a scheme of a future plan of Warsaw entitled The Initial Sketch for the Regulation Plan. An opportunity for sketching a vision of a modern Warsaw with dispersed development enhanced with green spaces and healthy, ("hygienic", to use a term from the epoch) forms of residential housing, was provided by the considerable enlargement of the administrative region of the town, freed from a rigid ring of fortifications. In 1915 Warsaw incorporated not only nearby villages and suburbs, but also the sprawling terrains of the former Russian "Warszawa" fort. Work on the first regulation plan of Warsaw was by no means easy, and for technical reasons could assume only the form of a sketch. This document, of immense importance for the Polish capital, analysed the town-planning potential of development and contained a vision of shaping Warsaw which corresponded to the challenges of new town-planning theories. When studying its main ideas we come across the principles of the then devised modern town-planning which for many years became a canon of the town planner's workshop: the distinction of districts with service centres as well as functional spherical development with a division into compact, mixed (housing, trade, industry), dispersed and industrial. The plan also included references to the idea of the "garden city" launched by Ebenezer Howard, which from the beginning of the century had made a worldwide career. The usefulness of the so-called "Tołwiński plan" from 1916 is discernible especially in decisions about the division of land for the housing cooperatives emerging at the time. From the beginning of the 1920s the state treasury intended the easily accessible former Army terrains, such as the northern edges of Pole Mokotowskie, to become part of cooperative building investments. The first to be delineated in this region were the lots along the Water Works and Filtrowa Street, situated on the former outskirts of the town. At the time, Topolowa Street - (a poplar avenue) - led from Nowowiejska Street to the main gate of the Warsaw civilian and military airport, with the open terrain of Pole Mokotowskie to the east and the horse race tracks in the distance. Indubitably, the approach to the airport and the planned promotion of Topolowa Street served as a pretext for introducing its two-sided development. In this manner, a rectangular residential estate lot was extracted from Pole Mokotowskie on the eastern side of Topolowa Street. The lot - with an area of 8 500 sq. metres - was granted as a perpetual lease to the "Ognisko" building-housing cooperative, established in 1923 by celebrated politicians and professional people. In 1923-1927 the Cooperative built a residential estate which, envisaged as an experiment linked with a search for a modern model of urban development, was an interesting response to the social problems of towns, discussed at the beginning of the century. It is also an excellent illustration of the artistic quest for the expression and aesthetics of Warsaw architecture in the mid-1920s. A high artistic level of the houses constituting the "Ognisko" Cooperative was the work of the team of the estate's authors. The chief designer - architect Roman Feliński (1886-1953), a graduate of the Royal Higher Technical School in Munich and the Lvov Polytechnic, and then the latter's professor as well as a highly acclaimed town planner, was the author of one of the first textbooks about building towns. In it, he drew attention to "space conceived as an essential artistic elemen" of the town, whose shaping should be subjected to "the same requirements [ ... ] as the creation of living space". Together with Roman Feliński the "Ognisko" houses were designed and built by his collaborators, eminent Warsaw architects: Józef Krupa - a well-known specialist dealing with residential housing, highly regarded in the Circle of Architects, Stanisław Kraskowski - an experienced architect, and Stefan Sienicki, the youngest among the designers who soon became recognised as an extremely talented architect. Work on the construction of the "Ognisko" estate proved to be an important experience and a path towards rapid promotion. The "Ognisko" Cooperative created an enclosed housing estate block with residential buildings along the streets and garden space inside the lot. They constitute a clearly distinguished functional-spatial unit composed of two residential complexes, whose architectural expression, scale of development, composition of elevations and detail correspond to the rank of the streets for which they created individualised rows of houses. The objects in question comprise an interesting example of pioneering architectural and town-planning solutions associated with a current searching for a modern model of town residences, pursued in the mid-1920s. Apart from references to the fashionable "garden city" model which guaranteed its residents direct contact with greennery, they proposed a new type of urban development designed according to the requirements of hygiene and health, for which suitable insolation, ventilation and number of residents per room were the most important parameters. Already in the course of construction, projects of the "Ognisko" houses were displayed at the "Flat and Town" exhibition held by the Union of Polish Towns in Warsaw (1926). The show was financed by the Ministry of Public Works, which from the very outset of its activity regarded efforts connected with a new type of residential development, "most suitable for Polish climatic, social and economic conditions", to be an issue of utmost urgency not only for Warsaw. The discriminant of this "style" was, apart from the application of functional spatial units and distinctive structures constituting the elements of the housing estate composition, also the application of repetitive solutions which, similarly to elements of standardised industrial production were, differently arranged, to become decisive for rational, modern aesthetics. The "Ognisko" estate, therefore, contain a specific stylistic dualism in the solutions applied throughout the whole estate. Alongside bold rational currents, truly avantgarde, their architecture also includes earlier, still well-embedded tendencies which, although regarded as modern, referred to contrary ideas - tradition and history. The "Ognisko" buildings clearly reflect this process. They also show vividly the moment of departure of architecture operating with traditional forms, which made way for modern architectural forms. Its synonym was the avantgarde art represented by two Warsaw-based groups: Blok and Praesens, which from the mid-1920s paved the way for the Polish avantgarde. The philosophy represented by those groups undoubtedly exerted a great impact on the activity of the "Ognisko" architects, who completed the housing estate in an atmosphere in which modern art was becoming the "leading style", and simple forms, smooth walls, modularity and repeatability became the obligatory language. This dialogue between the departing and emerging tendencies in architecture, the professional dilemma experienced by every architect in every epoch, demonstrates a still "unsteady" pursuit of modernity, particularly characteristic for this period. In early twentieth-century Poland, however, this trend became specially accelerated, thus placing architecture and architects in a situation of strong pressure and the necessity of rapid reactions to assorted changes.