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Analiza struktury substancji humusowych gleb po wprowadzeniu węgla brunatnego na podstawie widm fluorescencyjnych

Kwiatkowska-Malina J.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

2011

T. 14, nr 3

197-208

Badania dotyczyły analizy właściwości substancji humusowych (SH) oraz kształtowania struktury kwasów huminowych (KH) gleb po wprowadzeniu preparatu wytworzonego na bazie (85%) odpadowego węgla brunatnego. Do badań wykorzystano materiał glebowy z wieloletnich statycznych doświadczeń polowych i mikropoletkowych, a jako źródło materii organicznej Rekulter preparat wyprodukowany na bazie węgla brunatnego odpadowego i węgla brunatnego typu ziemistego z Zagłębia Konińskiego (KWB Konin). Niższe wartości intensywności fluorescencji na widmach 3-D EEM dla KH z gleby rdzawej (piaszczystej) wskazują na większy wpływ materii organicznej z węgla brunatnego na gleby bardzo lekkie piaszczyste w porównaniu do gleb cięższych (brunatna kwaśna, płowa). Wyniki ponad 20-letnich doświadczeń polowych na glebie rdzawej potwierdziły korzystne, długotrwałe oddziaływanie węgla brunatnego na właściwości gleby oraz na stan materii organicznej z tego źródła.

Soil is non-renewable and a very complex natural resource which performs many vital functions: food (99%) and other biomass production, storage, filtration and transformation of many substances including water, carbon, nitrogen. Soil as a top layer of the earth's crust is the first receiver of anthropogenic contaminants, and may or may not serve as a natural barrier to protect groundwater against contamination from the surface. One of the most important indicators of soil quality is soil organic matter (SOM), which is an important building block for the soil structure, formation of stable aggregates, and is able to improve the infiltration rates and the storage capacity of water. SOM presents a major pool carbon in the biosphere and can act both as a source and sink for carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Agricultural intensification and cultivation in general results in a serious decrease in SOM as compared to that in the natural vegetation. Presently, the protection of SOM is one of the main tasks in EU, because SOM in addition to its soil fertilizing function can act in the elimination of the soil contamination and carbon sequestration. In this context, humic substances (especially humic and fulvic acids) and cohesive fractions (clay, silt, silt clay, etc.) present in soil are favourable components. It is because of their high sorption capacity with respect to many contaminants, including heavy metals, which may results in their immobilisation and, consequently protect groundwater against contamination. Antropogenically transformed soils often do not contain humic substances (HS), thus their role as a natural barrier is decreased. Therefore, re-generation of HS through humification of organic matter from diverse sources added to soils, may be the way to re-built the protective character of soil barrier, and consequently to reduce environmental and/or health risks at areas under anthropopression. Transformation processes of brown coal applied to soil were described to evaluate the use of this material as an effective source of organic matter and HS generation in degraded soils. The goal of this study was to discuss fine brown coal derived preparation as effective sources of organic matter (and humic substances) especially in soils that are anthropogenically transformed. The research concerned the analysis of properties of HS as well as formations of humic acids (HAs) in soils after addition brown coal. Soil materials used in the research was collected from the long term field experiments and microplots, as the source of organic matter the Rekulter that is based (85%) on brown coal (soft smudge type) obtained from the Konin Basin deposits preparation was used. For qualitative characteristic of SOM, particularly, in HAs, modern analytical technique such as fluorescence intensity (FI) for 3-D EEM spectra was used. The lowest fluorescence intensity (FI) for 3-D EEM spectra were observed in the case of HAs extracted from rusty soil. The 20-years research results carried out on rusty soil (sandy) confirmed long-term effect of brown coal on soil properties as well as on organic matter that originated from this source.