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1

Krajobraz małych miast w województwie lubelskim. Część 2 – zmiany krajobrazu po 1989 r.

Bernat Sebastian, Trykacz Karolina

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2020

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nr 44 (2)

7--38

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza zmian struktury krajobrazów po 1989 roku wybranych gmin powiatu chełmskiego w województwie lubelskim – gminy miejskiej Rejowiec Fabryczny oraz dwóch gmin miejsko-wiejskich: Rejowiec i Siedliszcze. Strukturę krajobrazu zbadano na podstawie danych o pokryciu terenu pochodzących z bazy danych CORINE Land Cover. Wykorzystując narzędzia GIS przeanalizowano zmiany w strukturze krajobrazu z zastosowaniem metryk krajobrazowych. Ponadto podjęto próbę rozpoznania znaczenia przynależności do sieci Cittaslow w kontekście zmian krajobrazowych. Badania wykazały, że zmiany w pokryciu terenu nie są związane tylko z rozlewaniem się zabudowy ale także zwiększaniem się powierzchni gruntów ornych poza zasięgiem urządzeń nawadniających oraz zwiększaniem średniej powierzchni płata dla tych terenów. Po roku 2012 dostrzec można również zahamowanie zmian w pokryciu terenu, co potwierdza wskaźnik zmienności struktury krajobrazu. Może to być związane z członkostwem w Unii Europejskiej (m.in. Wspólna Polityka Rolna). Badania nie wykazały wpływu przynależności do sieci Cittaslow na zmiany krajobrazowe. Konieczna jest dalsza kontynuacja zaproponowanych analiz w szerszej perspektywie czasowej i w określonym zakresie przestrzennym.

EN

The objective of the article is to analyse changes in landscape structure after 1989 in selected communes of the Chełm county in the Lublin Voivodeship, namely the urban commune of Rejowiec Fabryczny, and two urban-rural communes Rejowiec and Siedliszcze. The landscape structure was analysed based on data on land cover from the CORINE Land Cover data base. GIS tools were used for the analysis of landscape structure transformations with the application of landscape metrics. Moreover, an attempt was made to examine the affiliation to the Cittaslow network in the context of landscape transformations. The study showed that changes in land cover are not only related to the sprawl of building development, but also to an increase in the area of agricultural land outside the range of irrigation facilities, and an increase in the mean surface area of such land. A decline in land cover transformations has also been observed since 2012, as confirmed by the landscape structure diversity index. It may be related to the membership in the European Union (among others Common Agricultural Policy). The study showed no effect of affiliation with the Cittaslow network on landscape transformations. A continuation of the proposed analyses is required in a broader time perspective and in a specific spatial range.

2

Propozycja metody wyznaczania tła krajobrazowego w oparciu o wskaźnik dominacji form pokrycia terenu

Pieńkowski P., Podlasiński M.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2017

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nr 35

9--18

PL

Zaprezentowana w pracy propozycja delimitacji tła krajobrazu Pomorza oparta została o numeryczną mapę form pokrycia terenu. Przedstawiono w niej autorską metodę umożliwiającą wyznaczenie obszarów o dominującym tle krajobrazowym i kartograficzną ich prezentację. Wykorzystano w niej jedną z modyfikacji metody przestrzennej średniej ruchomej. Stosując założenia przedstawione w pracy, dla każdej z komórek przypisano tzw. wskaźnik dominacji. W celu uzyskania mapy tła krajobrazowego, dla każdego sposobu użytkowania obliczenia wykonano oddzielnie, a następnie strefy dominującego krajobrazu nałożone na siebie. W zależności od przyjętego promienia poszukiwań wartości wskaźnika dominacji i utworzone na ich podstawie mapy tła krajobrazowego różnią się od siebie, stąd przyjęcie danego promienia poszukiwań powinno uwzględniać przydatność danej mapy np. do analiz przyrodniczych lub wynikać ze skali danego opracowania.

EN

Presented at paper proposal of landscape structure in Pomerania Region delimitation was based on a numerical map land cover (CORINE). The original method allows to determine the areas of the dominant background of landscape and enables the cartographic presentation. It uses one of the modification of the method of spatial moving average. Using the assumptions presented in the work for each of the cells so called landscape dominance index has been assigned. To obtain a map of the background landscape, for each land use were made separately calculations, then zones of the dominant landscape were overlaid. Depending on the assumed radius search the value of the landscape domination index and created on its basis of landscape background maps differ from each other, thus adoption of the radius of the search should take into account the suitability of the map, e.g. for the analysis of natural environment or the result of the scale of the development.

3

Określanie stopnia izolacji wysp krajobrazowychna przykładzie Pomorza

Pieńkowski P., Podlasiński M.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2017

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nr 35

19--28

PL

W rolniczo-leśnym krajobrazie Pomorza wyspy krajobrazowe to najczęściej małe płaty leśne położone w obrębie pól oraz płaty polne usytuowane wewnątrz większych kompleksów lasu. Pełnią one ważną bio- i fizjocenotyczną rolę, stąd określenie stopnia ich izolacji stanowi istotny element oceny struktury przestrzennej krajobrazu. W pracy zaprezentowano metodę oceny izolacji przestrzennej wysp krajobrazowych uwzględniającą zarówno kontekst krajobrazowy obiektu, jak również jego wielkość. Pierwszym etapem umożliwiającym wyznaczenie stopnia izolacji wyspy było wyodrębnienie obszarów o dominującym tle krajobrazowym, według metodyki przedstawionej w pracy Pieńkowskiego i Podlasińskiego (2017). Metoda oceny izolacji wysp pozwala na dobór odpowiedniego promienia poszukiwań, zgodnego z celem prowadzonych badań, jak również umożliwia prezentację zmian wskaźnika izolacji danej wyspy w zależności od przyjętego promienia poszukiwań. Zastosowany w pracy wskaźnik izolacji (I) pozwala ponadto na wybór optymalnych obiektów do badań nad wpływem izolacji i wielkości wysp na skład gatunkowy siedlisk, występujących w ich obrębie.

EN

Environment islands in the agricultural and forest landscape of Pomerania, are most often a small patches of forest, located within the fields and a patches of the field located within the larger forest complexes. Small environmental islands play an important bio- and physiocenotic role, hence the level of their isolation is an important element of the spatial landscape structure assessment. The paper presents a method for evaluating the spatial isolation of environmental islands considering both the landscaped context of object, as well as its size. The first step to determine the isolation degree of the island was calculation of areas with a dominant landscape background (presented in the previous article). The method of isolation islands assessment allows to choose a suitable search radius, consistent with the objective of research, as well as the control the size of the island isolation, depending on the assumed search radius. Used in the work degree of isolation (I) also allows to select the optimal facilities for research on the isolation effects and the size of the islands in the species composition.

4

Ekotony w krajobrazie i krajobraz ekotonów: nowe wyzwania dla uznanej koncepcji

Chmielewski T. J., Kułak A.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2016

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nr 31

25--42

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd wiodących koncepcji dotyczących ekotonów krajobrazowych w ujęciu fizycznogeograficznym, ekologiczno-krajobrazowym i architektoniczno-krajobrazowym; określono główne współczesne wyzwania i perspektywy badawcze w tym zakresie oraz możliwości zastosowania nowych elementów teorii ekotonów krajobrazowych w praktyce ochrony i kształtowania krajobrazów kulturowych. Na kilku praktycznych przykładach wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem skali przestrzennej studiów i poziomu organizacji systemów krajobrazowych, oprócz struktur typu ekotonu krajobrazowego, w coraz większym zakresie możemy mieć do czynienia z krajobrazami ekotonowymi obejmującymi całe fizjocenozy, lub nawet ich lokalne kompleksy. Można również przyjąć, że udział powierzchniowy obu w/w form układów ekotonowych może być jednym ze wskaźników przyrodniczej i fizjonomicznej spójności systemów krajobrazowych. Analizując procesy przekształceń fizjonomii terenu w czasie i przestrzeni, można wyznaczać „migrujące ekotony”: osie i fronty postępujących przemian wyglądu i stylu krajobrazu.

EN

The article presents a review of the leading concepts of the landscape ecotones, using the physiographic, landscape-ecological and landscape-architectural approach; the authors have also identified the major contemporary challenges and research perspectives in this field, as well as a possibilities of implementation a new elements of the landscape ecotones theory in the practice of cultural landscapes conservation and design. It has been shown – on several practical examples – that together with increasing a spatial scale of studies as well as a level of landscape systems organization, besides of landscape ecotones, in an increasing extent we have to deal with a ecotonal landscapes, covering the whole physiocoenoses or even their local complexes. It can also be accepted, that the surface share of both these two ecotonal forms may be one of the indicators of environmental and physiognomic connectivity of landscape systems. Analyzing the processes of the landscape physiognomy transformation in the time and space, can be define a “migrating ecotones”: axes and fronts of progressive changes of the landscape appearance and style.

5

Changes of Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana L.) Habitats and Implications for the Species Presence in SE Moravia, Czech Republic

Skokanová H., Havlíček M., Unar P., Janík D., Šimeček K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

98--112

EN

The study focuses on the changes of Ortolan Bunting (Emberizia hortulana L.) habitats, which occurred during the last 20 years, and the implications of these changes for the presence of the species population in south-eastern Moravia, Czech Republic. The research was based on aerial photographs and field work. We have identified habitats that were favoured by Ortolan Bunting in the study area on the basis of expert knowledge and by spatial analysis. We found that these habitats experienced statistically significant decline in their area. The decline was steeper in the region where Ortolan Bunting occurred only in the 1990s and was smaller in the region where the bird was present from late 1990s till 2012. However, our analyses did not confirm direct relationship between the habitat changes and the decline of Ortolan Bunting population, i.e. we did not find that decline of favourable habitat significantly affected decline of the species population. The main reasons for the decrease of favourable habitats in the study area are changes in agricultural practices, especially spread of mechanisation that have caused an increase in the size of fields and a drastic reduction of groups of trees and solitary trees. Additionally, widespread grassing of vineyards and other plots as a result of integrated and organic farming contributed to the decrease of favourable habitats. Practices in the form of planting new trees and leaving parts of managed land bare to be used for mitigating the decline of the bird population were discussed.

6

Landscape Patch Pattern Effect on Relationships between Soil Properties and Earthworm Assemblages: A Comparison of two Farmlands of Different Spatial Structure

Regulska E., Kołaczkowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

549--558

EN

Our survey was carried out in two study sites of approximately 3.3 ha each located in the Suwałki Lake District in NE Poland in the year 2008. Earthworms and soil samples were collected during two campaigns (spring and autumn) from 25 × 25 cm and 30 cm deep sampling points. The complex arable landscape (CAL) supported higher earthworm diversity, density and biomass than the similarly managed but homogeneous arable landscape (HAL). The spring and autumn earthworm sampling campaigns revealed very different patterns, and we conclude that autumn sampling is the most adequate for biomonitoring. On the other hand, the spring collections were significantly correlated to soil physical parameters, thus spring sampling is more suitable for studying such correlations. Significant correlations occurred almost exclusively for CAL and the soil parameters significantly relating with earthworm community were: soil moisture, nitrogen and organic carbon contents. The possible reason for it is the presence of numerous refuges for lumbricids offered by field margins, balks, woodlots and meadows in the CAL and lack of them in the HAL.

7

O przestrzeni krajobrazowej

Andrejczuk W.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2014

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nr 24

45--64

PL

Artykuł określa pojęcie przestrzeni krajobrazowej oraz omawia jej zasadnicze charakterystyki, takie jak: lokalizacja, wymiar i granice, kształt, wypełnienie fizycznymi polami oraz materialnymi ciałami, ciągłość, zróżnicowanie, hierarchiczność, fraktalność, złożoność oraz strukturę.

EN

The article defines the concept of the landscape space and discusses its essential characteristics, such as: location, size and boundaries, shape, physical fields and material bodies filling its, continuity, differentiation, hierarchy, fractality, complexity and structure.

8

Large-scale changes of the forestation in river channel below the dams in Southern African rivers: assessment using Google Earth Images

Uddin F. M. J., Asaeda T., Rashid M. H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

607--624

EN

According to the results of many studies construction of dams, their decommissioning, and sediment flushing from the reservoir have been associated with vegetation dynamics. However, factors governing the spatial changes of forestation in the floodplain below the dams have not been explored extensively. This study examined the interacting effects of dam, inflow and land-use patterns of catchment areas and other factors on downstream vegetation patterns along the downstream reaches of Southern African Rivers. A total of 105 segments of 15 rivers (16 dams) located in seven Southern African countries were studied. Areas of herbaceous and forest vegetation of river channels below a dam and land-use catchment area patterns were obtained by the Google area calculator and aerial image analysis. Forest development was the highest just below the dams, and the ratio of forest cover decreased with distance from the dam toward the river mouth. Forest coverage ratio was found to decrease with an increase in dyke distance, number as well as of inflows (r = −0.66, P <0.01) and water coverage ratio, and bare land in the river flood plain. However, a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of bare land in the catchment area, the dyke distance of the river and the number of inflows or tributaries are the factors most associated with forestation among the studied parameters. Forestation progressively decreased following the entrance of free following tributaries below dams, which appeared to reduce the effects produced by dams on vegetation forestation by causing local deviation. The impact of different land use types, such as agriculture on forestation, was insignificant though in some cases, land use areas cause the forest area reduction.

9

Landscape structure changes in the Slepiotka River drainage basin in the period 1824-1993 (The Silesian Upland, Poland)

Mazurek K.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2014

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Vol. 3, iss. 1

32--40

EN

The area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is the most important underground mining district in Poland. Coal mines, operating in the area since the eighteenth century, have contributed to massive transformations of the landscape structure. River valleys within range of intensive exploitation activities have been undergoing vast changes. The Slepiotka River drainage basin constitutes an interesting regional example of transformations in the river's watercourse as well as in its adjacent area. It is a left-hand tributary of the Klodnica River with a length of about 8.6 km. Changes in the landscape structure that occurred between 1824-1993 have been analyzed. The starting material consisted of topographical maps that were digitized and calibrated and served as a basis to create colorful compositions. The areas occupied by the different land cover types have been calculated, which allowed to determine their participation in the drainage basin. In about 169 years, significant changes took place in the area of research considering the share of different types of cover and land use. During this time, the river changed its course, both naturally and by human activities. Increasing urbanization and technological development contributed to the diametrical transformation of the landscape structure in the discussed area.

10

Bats at small subterranean winter roosts : effect of forest cover in the surrounding landscape

Lesiński G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 4

761-767

EN

The study was carried out in central and north-eastern Poland in order to assess bat occurrence in small winter roosts located in house-cellars, in relation to the share of the surrounding landscape taken by forest cover and the distance separating the different sites from forests of at least 1 km2. Data from single checks in 2243 cellars in 1990.2007 revealed a positive relationship (R[^2] = 0.33, P <0.001) between the percentage of cellars occupied by bats and the forest cover (range: 2.58%) in sections of surrounding landscape covering between 30 and 220 km2. Forest cover in the landscape within 1 km of the cellar appeared to have a slight influence on the number of species and species diversity (Simpson's index; respectively R[^2] = 0.14, P = 0.006 and R[^2] = 0.13, P = 0.011). Both number of species and species diversity were progressively lower with increasing distance from the nearest forest covering an area of 1 km2 or more (for both R[^2] = 0.15, P = 0.005). Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) and Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) were significantly more likely to colonise the cellars surrounded by landscape with a higher level of forest cover (P = 0.001 and 0.031), while M. nattereri was also more likely to be found in those at shorter distances from forests (P = 0.005). No such relationships were reported for either Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) or Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817).

11

The Geoworld and its reflection in the daytime surface structure

Kovalyov Alexander

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 9

38--62

EN

The author proposes the new presentations about nature of information appearance and causes of development in a whole, the conception of the Geospace as the result of the Earth spherical symmetry breach and conception of a landscape as the communicative surface organization in the whole case. It shows that two-dimensional Fourier-spectrums is good method of analyze a daytime surface. For the geographical landscape it is the daytime surface organization. The presentation about Geoworld structure including mineral geosphere, biosphere, anthroposphere (agrosphere, technosphere, noosphere) and divosphere is given.

12

Rolno-środowiskowe znaczenie trwałych użytków zielonych

Jankowska-Huflejt H.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2007

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R. 15, nr 1 cz.2

23-34

PL

Trwałe użytki zielone są źródłem naturalnych, wartościowych pasz wpływających na jakość środków żywienia ludzi. Pełnią również ważne funkcje w ochronie środowiska i kształtowaniu krajobrazu. Tymczasem poziom ich wykorzystania i gospodarowania na nich w ostatnich kilkunastu latach bardzo obniżył się. Następstwem tego są straty ekonomiczne i środowiskowe. Następuje degradacja runi i gleb (zwłaszcza organicznych), zmniejsza się znaczenie ich funkcji ochronnych, m.in. w stosunku do wód gruntowych i powierzchniowych. Wpływają na to zaniedbania gospodarki wodnej na tych użytkach i przede wszystkim zbyt mała obsada zwierzętami trawożernymi, głównie bydłem i owcami. Możliwe sposoby poprawy ich wykorzystania to odtworzenie pogłowia zwierząt przeżuwających. Po ustanowieniu limitowanych kwot mlecznych dobrym, perspektywicznym kierunkiem wydaje się być chów bydła mięsnego i owiec, szczególnie cennych w kształtowaniu krajobrazu.

EN

Permanent grasslands are a source of natural, valuable fodder for the livestock, affecting consequently the quality of foodstuffs for human nutrition. They fulfil also some important functions in environment protection and landscape creation. However, the level of their management and utilization decreased within last several years. That results in economic and environmental losses. There occure the degradation of sward and soils (organic soils in particular), and decrease of their of their important protective functions, especially in relation to the ground and surface waters. Such a situation is affected by negligences in water management on the grassland areas and - first of all - by too low ruminant livestock density, mainly the cattle and sheep. Possible methods of improving their utilization consist in the reconstruction of ruminant livestock density. After establishing limited milk quotas, raising of the beef cattle as well as the sheep, seems to be particularly prospective and valuable because of their role in landscape shaping.

13

Lokalizacja granic w ekosystemach z wykorzystaniem termowizji

Lubecki A., Surowiec J.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2001

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Vol. 11

5-65--5-70

EN

Ekosystems which include all organisms living on a given area, together with physical environment, are connected between each other with processes of energy flow and matter circulation. The factors which condition existing of these processes in ecosystems are green plants, animals as well as funga and bacteria. These groups constitute trophic structure in the form of food chains. The general principle of ecosystem reduces to the fact that one organism is a source of food for the other, the latter for the next and soon. Tacing into account diversity of ecosystems, reflecting a series of elements of geographical environment, we deal with thermal diversity of the ground, which in turn, decides about absorption, dissipation or reflection of thermal energy reaching the surface of the Earth. These phenomena, recorded by thermovision systems can be located on thermogrammes. The problem to be discussed is determination of borders between ecosystem groups on the basis of superficial distribution of temperatures on thermogrammes recorded from a plane.