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EN
Purpose: of this paper is to reveal the microstructural changes in Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V cast steels steel exposed to long-term service at elevated temperatures. The paper presents results of research and failure analysis undertaken to determine failure causes of a steam turbine casing. After 130,000 hours of service the crack in a outer shell of the turbine casing was found. Design/methodology/approach: Following research were performed in order to determine causes of the casing failure: chemical analysis; microstructure examinations with the use of light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); mechanical properties examinations using the Charpy impact test, and Vickers hardness test; fracture mode evaluation with SEM; the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Findings: The cracking of the outer casing occurred due to various causes. The main cause was stress distribution and stress changes during service of the turbine. The microstructure of ferrite and bainite/perlite is more susceptible to cracking than tempered martensite. Carbides coagulation process occurs at ferrite grain boundaries which increased embrittlement. Big nonmetallic inclusions also contribute to brittleness of material. Research limitations/implications: The whole history of start-ups and shutdowns of the turbine during long term service has not been recorded. There was no possibility to take samples with fracture area. Thus, service conditions of investigated samples and material of cracking area were different. Practical implications: Useability of the method for assessing the current degradation based on analysis of carbides morphology was confirmed for Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V cast steels. Originality/value: Microstructure composed of ferrite and perlite/bainite is more liable for degradation processes, during long-term exploitation at elevated temperature, than microstructure of tempered martensite.
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to reveal the microstructural changes in 13HMF steel exposed to long-term service at elevated temperatures. The degradation of bainite structure was determined and carbides morphology has been examined. The influence of carbides evolution was discussed in dependence of creep rupture strength and mechanical properties of the steel. Design/methodology/approach: Examinations were conducted on 273 mm diameter, 32 mm wall thickness tube made of 13HMF (14MoV6-3) steel. The tube was a segment of stem pipeline used in power plant at 540°C. The service time is 168,000 hours. Microstructure of the material has been examined with the use of light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis was used for phase chemical composition identification. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of thin foils was used for carbides structure identification. The mechanical properties of the tube material were evaluated in static tensile tests at room temperature, hardness tests and impact Charpy U tests. Findings: Microstructure of 13HMF steel tube shows an advanced level of degradation - coagulation of carbides at ferrite grain boundaries and inside bainitic grains. Precipitates of carbides decorated grain boundaries in chain forms. The presence of M7C3, M23C6, M6C phases were revealed. After extended service M23C6 and M3C carbides were replaced by more stable carbides. This transformation did not occur until the end. This indicates the presence of mainly Mo2C carbide, and only sporadic occurrence of carbide M6C. Practical implications: Useability of the method for assessing the current degradation level and for predicting residual lifetime of creep-resistant tubes based on analysis of carbides morphology was confirmed for Cr-Mo-V steel. Originality/value: Information available in literature does not clearly indicate the influence of microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-Mo-V steel after long-term exploitation. The study shows such relations.
4
Content available remote Evaluation of reformer tubes degradation after long term operation
EN
Purpose of this paper is to show the effect of long-term service at elevated temperatures on microstructural changes of cast steel reformer tubes made of the alloy IN-519 (24%Cr, 24%Ni, Nb). The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure degradation is discussed. Design/methodology/approach: Investigations were performed on five tubes taken from ammonia reformer furnace. Tubes worked at temperature of 880şC and 3.2 MPa pressure. The operation time varied from 24000 to 95000 hours. Microstructure of the material has been examined with the use of light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was used for phase identification. The mechanical properties have been evaluated in static tensile tests at room temperature. Findings: Metallographic investigations of IN-519 cast steel catalytic tubes show that structural changes occur in non-monotonic way with operating time at elevated temperatures. For this reason the evaluation of tube degradation can not be based only on the microstructure examinations. The presence of a good correlation between mechanical properties of the catalytic tubes and service conditions, i.e. temperature, time, and internal stress was confirmed. Research limitations/implications: The surface condition of the tubes walls like carburization and oxidation is not considered in this study. Practical implications: The method for assessing the current degradation level and for predicting residual lifetime of creep-resistant tubes has been established. The method uses elongation values as the main factor characterizing structural degradation of catalytic tubes. It respects all degradation mechanisms involved in tubes degradation, and can give reliable information on reformer tube condition through almost whole period of operation. Originality/value: Microstructure transformations occur in the IN-519 cast steel tubes during long-term operation in the reformer furnace were revealed and described
PL
Każdy kraj posiada własną strategię utrzymania infrastruktury mostowej. Ma ona na celu zapewnienie bezpiecznego użytkowania obiektu mostowego przez cały okres jego eksploatacji. W praktyce inspekcje obiektów mostowych odbiegają często od przyjętych wytycznych, a na wykonanie zaleceń z nich wynikających, jest zwykle za mało pieniędzy.
6
PL
Opracowanie dotyczy możliwości wykorzystania zaawansowanych narzędzi numerycznej mechaniki do oceny zachowania się konstrukcji pracujących w ekstremalnych warunkach, znajdujących się pod wpływem wieloparametrowych i/lub cyklicznych obciążeń mechanicznych, termicznych i chemicznych. Poszczególne elementy konstrukcji ulegają plastycznej i korozyjnej degradacji oraz rozpraszają energię, którą stanowią wkłady od nieodwracalnych zjawisk typu praca na odkształceniach niesprężystych. Trwałość konstrukcji i jej elementów oceniana jest za pomocą kryterium energetycznego. Nacisk został położony na zamodelowanie i numeryczne zaimplementowanie zjawisk degradacyjnych, takich jak cykliczna plastyczność, wywołana obciążeniami mechanicznymi i termicznymi, korozja naprężeniowa, korozja elektrochemiczna i korozja niskocykliczna. W opracowaniu prezentowane jest wykorzystanie programu numerycznego do analizy stanu konstrukcji kratowych. Program bazuje na metodzie elementów skończonych, w którym zaimplementowano modele uwzględniające korozyjną degradację materiału konstrukcji.
EN
The paper deals with the possibilities of advanced tools of numerical mechanics utilization for assessment of behaviour of structures working under extreme conditions and influenced by multiparameter and/or cyclic mechanical, thermal, and chemical loads. Particular elements of the structure undergo plastic and corrosive degradation and they dissipate energy from irreversible effects such as work on the inelastic strains. Lifetime of a structure and its units is estimated by means of the energy criterion. The main focus was on modelling and numerical implementation of degradation effects, such as cyclic plasticity generated by mechanical and thermal loads, stress corrosion, electrochemical corrosion and low-cyclic corrosion. Application of software for analysis of truss structures state is presented in this paper. In the software, based on the finite elements method, the models taking into account the corrosive degradation of structure material are implemented.
PL
Wieloletnio eksploatowane konstrukcje stalowe wymagają okresowej kontroli stanu technicznego. Jednym z czynników decydujących o dopuszczeniu do dalszej eksploatacji jest stan materiału, stopień degradacji jego struktury oraz obecność wewnętrznych nieciągłości. W pracy podjęto próbę rozwiązania problemu jakościowej oceny rodzaju wady (pęknięcie, wtrącenie) w blachach stalowych stosowanych na konstrukcje mostów suwnicowych. Przedstawiono zastosowanie nowoczesnego defektoskopu cyfrowego USLT 2000I firmy Krauetkramer do badań ultradźwiękowych blach konstrukcyjnych. W pomiarach zastosowano impulsową metodę echa, wykorzystano głowice fal podłużnych o nominalnej częstotliwości 15 MHz z szerokim pasmem częstotliwości emitowanego sygnału ultradźwiękowego (3/22 MHz). Przedstawiono wyniki badań metalograficznych z zastosowaniem mikroskopii świetlnej i elektronowej skaningowej przeprowadzonych pod kątem analizy wielkości, rodzaju i rozmieszczenia wtrąceń niemetalicznych oraz pęknięć. Przeprowadzono teoretyczną analizę sygnałów ech pochodzących od przedstawionych warstw modelowych. Wykorzystano DFT (dyskretne przekształcenie Fouriera) do częstotliwościowej analizy sygnałów pochodzących od tych warstw. Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów na modelach rzeczywistych oraz możliwości wykorzystania analizy częstotliwościowej sygnału echa do ilościowej i jakościowej oceny wad w badanych blachach konstrukcyjnych. Przedstawiono wybrane typowe sygnały ech uzyskanych podczas badań ultradźwiękowych konstrukcyjnych blach suwnicowych. Przedstawiona cyfrowa analiza sygnału pozwala w wielu przypadkach określić rodzaj wady, od której pochodzi analizowane echo.
EN
Long time exploitation of steel constructions necessitates of periodic quality test. The main factor, which is decisive of farther exploitation, is material condition, grade of its structure degradation and presents of internal imperfections. Main attempt has been devoted on qualitative description of flow in steel sheets using for construction of crane bridge girder. Possibility of application modern ultrasonic defectoscope USLT 2000I Krauetkramer and utilising digital signal recording for interpretation of flow in steel sheets was presented. Impulse echo method and 15 MHz broadband (3/22 MHz) probe G15MN ware used for performed examinations. Metallographic analysis (light and scanning electron microscopy) was fulfilled for quantitative, qualitative and dispersion description of non-metallic inclusions and cracks in examined steel sheets. Theoretical analysis of signal ware performed on the echoes reflected from proposed model layers. The results of theoretical consideration were experimentally verified on real models. The signal echo analysis was performed in frequency domain throughout utilization of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The frequency domain analysis of signal was adopted for signal echo interpretation. The typical signals from cracks and non-metallic inclusions were presented. These signals were not distinguished during utilising observation by means of classical defectoscopes. The signal processing made it possible to utilise the know pulse-echo method for the coating thickness measurement and permits in many cases to qualitative analysis of defects.
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