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Urban planning of Khartoum. History and modernity Part II. Modernity

Hassan S.S., Kobylarczyk J., Kuśnierz-Krupa D., Chałupski A., Krupa M.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

2017

Nr 52

140--148

The cosmopolitan centre of Khartoum, built in order to meet the requirements of the British residing there in isolation, was a concept realising the planning vision of a contemporary metropolitan city created on the level differing from the twentieth-century urban-planning principles of the West. Branching off, according to a meticulously planned and controlled scheme, the orthogonal grid of Khartoum with its opposite, chaotic Umm-durman on the other bank of the Nile, within half a century of their existence became proof of the phenomenon which, even today, might be regarded as a utopia. Free from tension, full of cultural contrasts and class differences, the capital of Sudan did not escape the touch of premature old age. A period of prosperity, known from old postcards and sentimental stories, was replaced with another utopia whose vision did not survive the clash with reality. In the second part of work concerning the history and urban development of Khartoum, the Authors presented issues concerning the realisation of urban-planning visions from the 1st and 2nd half of the 20th century. They also drew attention to their consequences and the fact that they constitute a signifi cant legacy for the current generation of urban planners.

Kosmopolityczne centrum Chartumu, zbudowane aby sprostać wymaganiom rezydujących tam w izolacji Brytyjczyków, było koncepcją realizującą planistyczną wizję współczesnego miasta metropolitalnego stworzonego na poziomie nieodbiegającym od dwudziestowiecznych założeń urbanistycznych Zachodu. Rozgałęziająca się według ściśle zaplanowanego i kontrolowanego schematu, ortogonalna siatka Chartumu wraz z zaprzeczającym jej, chaotycznym Umm-durmanem po drugiej stronie Nilu stały się w ciągu półwiecza istnienia dowodem fenomenu, który nawet dziś mógłby być uznany za utopię. Wolna od napięć, pełna kulturowych kontrastów i różnic klasowych stolica Sudanu nie uniknęła dotyku przedwczesnej starości. Czas dobrobytu znany dziś ze starych pocztówek i sentymentalnych opowieści zastąpił czas innej utopii, której wizja nie zniosła zderzenia z rzeczywistością. W drugiej części pracy dotyczącej historii rozwoju urbanistycznego Chartumu autorzy przedstawili problemtykę dotyczącą realizacji wizji urbanistycznych z I i II połowy XX wieku. Zwrócili również uwagę na ich skutki i fakt, że stanowią istotną spuściznę dla współczesnej generacji planistów.

Reconnaissance observations on heterogeneous succession within the Menilite beds (Oligocene) at Skrzydlna, Outer Carpathians

Siemińska A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

2014

Vol. 40, no. 1

127--128

The quarry outcrop at Skrzydlna near the southern margin of the Silesian Nappe central sector (Polak 2000) exposes a heterogeneous succession that occurs within the Menilite beds (Oligocene). The aim of this work is to present preliminary observations on details of lithological, sedimentological and structural development of this sequence. The discussed succession belongs to a structure identified as the Skrzydlna scale, and is underlain by the classic lithological association of the Menilite beds present in the region that shows the predominant palaeoucrrent directions towards the SW: dark brown siliceous menilite shales, thin-bedded and fine-grained turbidite sandstones associated with black siliceous shales and ferroan concretions (Polak 2000). This is overlain by siliceous sandstones with shales and intercalations of marl. The observations presented here document several previously unpublished details of ca. 50 metres thick succession that comprises the following complexes (in stratigraphically ascending order): (i) sandstone, medium grained, totally devoid of mudstone layers and composed of massive amalgamated beds; (ii) dark shales with very thin sandstone interbeds characteristic for the Menilite beds; (iii) thin- to medium-bedded light grey weathering marls passing upwards into laminated marls; (iv) chaotic polymictic conglomerate/sedimentary breccia (ca 17 m thick), matrix- to clast-supported, which rests upon the underlying marl unit with a pronounced erosional contact; (v) massive, channel-fill sandstone with thickness changing laterally from 2 to 1 meter; (vi) three turbidite sequences: fining upwards (F-U) to medium and thin-bedded sandstones with subordinate mudstones that pass to a coarsening upwards (C-U) succession of massive, amalgamated sandstone beds (the most "proximal" facies type), which grades into a F-U sequence. The characteristic sedimentary features of this succession include: features of some turbidite beds that are characteristic for supply from hyperpycnal flows; occurrences of linked debrites (turbidite beds succeeded by co-genetic debrite); slump beds and creep-deformed sandstone dykes; slide sheets of intrabasinal rocks; large-scale debris flow beds (olistostrome beds) containing blocks as large as ca. 2 metres across. Structurally, these strata are deformed by networks of joints, which show density and orientation differing between individual lithological complexes. This probably reflects variations in competence of compositionally and texturally different units, eg. the marl complex labelled (iii) above the overlying debris flow deposit (iv). The above features suggest that the discussed succession originated as a result of interplay of mass-transport deposition (MTD) and sedimentation out of a variety of turbidite flows. This conclusion expands the earlier interpretation of this association as an olistostrome intercalated within the Menilite beds of the Skrzydlna area advanced by Cieszkowski et al. (2012) and Cieszkowski (2006). The features outlined above imply the position in the basin proximal to a tectonically active, elevated source area and supply by combination of debris flows, slumping, slab-sliding, and periodic contribution of terrigenous detritus directly from a fluvial system on the adjacent land.