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PL
Powszechnie stosowane blachy elektrotechniczne stali krzemowej [15, 16] są zorientowane na ziarno (GO – np. blachy transformatorów anizotropowych) lub niezorientowane na ziarno (NGO – np. blachy izotropowe lub generatorowe). Badaniu poddano blachę typu M130 o wymiarach odpowiadających formatowi A4. Oceniano dwa przypadki zmiany naprężenia w stosunku do geometrycznego środka arkusza blachy jak i wąskiego paska zwijanego w okrąg. Wprowadzono założenie, że poza zakresem odkształceń plastycznych w blasze pozostaje naprężenie szczątkowe w procesie produkcji i montażu np. transformatorów czy maszyn. Wskazano, że istnieje jakościowa zależność między wynikami pomiarów a przewidywaniami analitycznymi. Podjęto próby ilościowej analizy naprężenia na drodze symulacji i pomiaru. Badano związek stanu naprężenia ze zmianami parametrów podatności magnetycznej na stan odkształceń czy deformacji (efekt magnetosprężysty Villariego).
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Content available remote Złożony stan naprężenia w gazociągu przesyłowym
PL
W artykule przedstawiono złożony stan naprężenia w gazociągu przesyłowym wywołany czterema czynnikami: ciśnieniem gazu, zmianami temperatury, zginaniem na placu budowy oraz naciskiem gruntu. Wyniki obliczeń analitycznych porównano z modelem numerycznym. Zaobserwowano różnice w przypadku naprężeń termicznych obwodowych, które są mniejsze wg modelu MES niż wyznaczane analitycznie. Stosowane metody projektowe można uznać za bezpieczne, o ile nie występują dodatkowe oddziaływania na całej długości gazociągu. Wobec niepewności wyniku wskazana jest weryfikacja obliczeń rożnymi metodami.
EN
The paper presents the complex stress state in a gas transmission pipeline caused by four factors: gas pressure, temperature changes, on-site bending and the soil gravity. The results of the analytical calculations are compared with the numerical model. The differences concern the hoop component of the thermal stress, which is lower obtained from the Finite Element Method than from the analytical method. The current design methods can be considered safe as long as there are no additional impacts along the entire length of the gas pipeline. In view of some uncertainty in the results, it is advisable to always verify the calculations with different methods.
EN
During this work, the roof of the car was used as an engineering application to study and monitor the occurrence of failures under the influence of various loads. The shells are made of multilayer composite materials using epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fiber and aluminium oxide granules as reinforcing materials to increase the impact resistance that vehicles may be exposed to while driving, in addition to other loads and conditions such as vibration and constant exposure to moisture and sunlight. The simulation program was used the finite elements method through software Abaqus program in addition to the program MATLAB v.2020a to process the data obtained from the method that used in this study. The results showed that the specified failure criteria work well for predicting the overall structural response such as strain, stress, maximum force and displacement. The losses of energy of impact collision increase as an increase in impact velocity. The dissipation of energy which depend on the stress and strain distribution during elastic deformations. The effect of thickness of the lamina plays an important role in health monitoring the structure.
EN
Replacing components on an already assembled inertia shaft of a car transmission system can be tedious and detrimental to some components, so using a puller instead of a tool like a hammer can help you get the job done safely and faster. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the designed fixed-speed puller, allowing easier access to the shaft. Based on the geometry of the existing puller, its model was made using the finite element method, and the resulting stress distribution during dynamic loading was investigated. Based on the determined stresses, the components of the puller have been redesigned so that they can safely transmit the stresses that arise while providing sufficient pressure to disconnect the selected elements of the inertia shaft.
PL
Wymiana elementów na już zmontowanym wale bezwładności samochodowego układu przeniesienia napędu może być żmudna i szkodliwa dla niektórych elementów, dlatego użycie ściągacza zamiast narzędzia takiego, jak młotek może pomóc w bezpiecznym i szybszym wykonaniu pracy. Celem badań była ocena działania zaprojektowanego ściągacza o stałej prędkości, umożliwiającego łatwiejszy dostęp do wału. Na podstawie geometrii istniejącego ściągacza wykonano jego model metodą elementów skończonych i zbadano wynikowy rozkład naprężeń podczas obciążenia dynamicznego. W oparciu o wyznaczone naprężenia elementy ściągacza zostały zaprojektowane tak, aby mogły bezpiecznie przenosić powstające naprężenia przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu docisku wystarczającego do rozłączenia wybranych elementów wałka bezwładnościowego.
5
Content available Stress analysis of suspended rail vehicle bogie
EN
The main topic of this article is the strength analysis of selected bogie components – the wheelset axle and the frame. Axle calculations were based on the analytical method and were conducted with different types of materials. The finite element method was used for verification of bogie frame construction and loads applied on the frame were calculated according to the PN-EN 13749 norm. The bogie is a part of suspended electric multiple unit which was main matter of authors’ master thesis: „The concept of suspended railway engine wagon”, conducted on Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Gdansk University of Technology.
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EN
A literature review on existing design and analysis methods for composite adhesively bonded joints has been conducted. Methods that might form a basis for development of practical engineering methodology for adhesively bonded joints were selected and described. Starting from the simplest and the fastest analytical methods (closed-form solutions): average shear stress, shear lag model and adhesive beam model through more complex and more time consuming numerical methods supported by finite element analysis: global models, local models, cohesive zone models. Assumptions and applicability of each method was discussed. Simple and fast methods in order to be reliable have to include many conservative assumptions and therefore may lead to over-designed structure (weight penalty). Structural optimization and weight reduction require the usage of more complex and time consuming methods. Therefore, selection of adequate methods should always be balanced against strength, durability, costs and weight.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki przeglądu literatury poświęconemu metodom projektowania oraz analiz wytrzymałościowych kompozytowych połączeń klejonych. Wybrane oraz opisane zostały metody, które mogą posłużyć jako podstawa do opracowania praktycznej inżynierskiej metodologii projektowania połączeń klejonych. Zaczynając od prostych oraz szybkich metod analitycznych: metoda średniego naprężenia tnącego, shear lag model, klejowy model belkowy, poprzez bardziej skomplikowane i czasochłonne metody numeryczne wspierane przez metodę elementów skończonych: modele globalne, modele lokalne, model strefy kohezyjnej. Omówiono założenia oraz odpowiedniość każdej z metod. Proste oraz szybkie metody, aby były niezawodne, muszą zawierać wiele założeń, które prowadzą do przewymiarowania struktury. W celu optymalizacji struktury oraz redukcji jej masy, bardziej złożone i czasochłonne metody muszą zostać użyte. W związku z tym, wybór odpowiedniej metody do danego zagadnienia powinien być zawsze zrównoważony pomiędzy wytrzymałością, trwałością, kosztem oraz masą.
EN
The stress-strain relations, displacement distribution, stress resultants and mid plane strain resultants of a functionally graded material plate are studied using Hamilton’s principle. A simply supported rectangular thick shell direct stress, inplane shear stress, transverse stress and displacement are investigated. The analysis and modeling of five layers FGM shell is carried out using MATLAB19 code with ABAQUS20 software. Using distinct materials on the top and bottom layers of the shell, a transverse uniform load in five degrees - of - freedom is applied with a specific Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus in a power and sigmoidal law function through the thickness direction. A power law was used to determine the distribution of properties through shell thickness. The results showed that the bottom layer affected significantly most stress due to subjected to the most in-plane stress while the displacement is greatest at the top layer.
EN
This paper presents a comparative analysis with different models of the flexspline for a harmonic hermetic drive. The flexspline is a thin-walled construction, deforming during work, so its design is a very complicated process. The paper contains a strength analysis for some selected models of this gear. Calculations were performed using the finite element method (FEM) in ADINA. The work presents stress diagrams in longitudinal intersections for susceptible wheels of different shapes for direct comparison. Suggested changes in construction of the flexspline will increase durability of a welded hermetic gear.
EN
Purpose: Use of aluminium alloys in critical parts of a vehicle is common since they can combine the two important properties of a material those are being strength and lightweight. The aim in this research is to guide to design process of a wheel with taking example of an electric race vehicle implementation. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the fatigue strengths of wheels produced for a two-person racing electric vehicle (Demobil09) are evaluated by calculating maximum distortion energy criterion (Von Mises) with Finite Element Analysis. Findings: Aluminium alloy wheels are crucial safety related components and are subjected to static and dynamic loads directly. Using FEA results, the weight and equivalent stress of the wheel are both reduced. So, the energy consumption is also decreased. Modal frequencies of the wheel models are determined. Research limitations/implications: In this paper, the materials analysed are AL6063 T6 and Al5083 aluminium alloys. Different materials can be analysed in future works. Practical implications: This paper is focusing on how to reduce the energy consumption of a two-person electric vehicle concentrating on reducing the weight of vehicle wheels. The vehicle is more technological than mass production cars since it is an electric race car which uses a hub motor, the body and chassis are produced using carbon polymer composites and all electronic units are designed and produced. Although its specialities it has homologated safety equipment like seats and safety belts. Originality/value: All boundary conditions must be analysed in details and a strength analysis must be conducted during design of the wheels for different load cases to ensure the strength of a wheel while keeping the weight as low as possible. In this complex process, this paper can give some clues to designers for strengths and weights of the designs since three different wheel forms are evaluated for reducing energy consumption of the vehicle.
EN
The progress of additive manufacturing technology brings about many new questions and challenges. Additive manufacturing technology allows for designing machine elements with smaller mass, but at the same time with the same stiffness and stress loading capacity. By using additive manufacturing it is possible to produce gears in the form of shell shape with infill inside. This study is carried out as an attempt to answer the question which type of infill, and with how much density, is optimal for a spur gear tooth to ensure the best stiffness and stress loading capacity. An analysis is performed using numerical finite element method. Two new infill structures are proposed: triangular infill with five different densities and topology infill designed according to the already known results for 2D cantilever topology optimization, known as Michell structures. The von Mises stress, displacements and bending stiffness are analyzed for full body gear tooth and for shell body gear tooth with above mentioned types of infill structure.
EN
This work deals with the problem of X-ray stress determination on the samples dedicated to fatigue tests. A number of research studies point out the fact that the processing of hard, difficult to machine materials like nickel superalloys, reveals more than one trend of residual stress versus working parameters of behaviour (Lavella and Berruti, 2010). Many papers have shown that the residual stresses are dependent on a combination of a number of factors. When the above is taken into account simultaneously with the requirements of the internal General Electric specification for the fatigue tests samples preparation (Metallic test specimen preparation, low stress, 2017) the problem of turning and grinding parameters gathers significance. It is well known that the quality of the surface layer, produced during machining, is of vital importance for the fatigue life specially for the components of aircraft produced form nickel superalloys e.g. Inconel 718 (Kortabarri et al., 2011). That is why the surface layer’s properties are described in detail by the standards. The aim of the work is to determine one of the most influential features from the point of view of fatigue life, i.e. the stress state on the surface layer with one non-destructive method - the diffraction analysis.
EN
The paper presents the initial design of the four-cylinder CI engine head and the analysis of the strength of the head with the use of FEM. The article covers: general assumptions of the designed head, analytical design calculations, three-dimensional head model and timing system components using CAD. The scope of calculations using the head calculation model includes strength calculations and determination of the amount of strain caused by the given load.
EN
Anisotropic rotor configurations influenced by the presence of a large number of geometrical parameters in a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance (PMASR) motor pose design challenges in obtaining a robust geometry satisfying the requirements of reduced torque ripple and high torque density. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to perform detailed geometrical sensitivity analysis of a 36 slot/4 pole permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance (PMASR) motor using h-indexing and level sensitivity analysis in order to specify a guideline for designers to prioritize the design variables for optimization. Systematic multi-level design optimization for multiple objectives is implemented by an NSGA-II algorithm aided by the finite element analysis tool, hardware prototyping and experimental validation. The optimized designs also exhibit better structural and thermal characteristics.
EN
The article presents an analysis of stresses in the current tool system of the die during the implementation of the third forging operation of the screw M12 class 10.9 with cylinder head and hexagonal socket. It was assumed that the level of negative cracking due to stress can be reduced by using a mounting interference between the die and the tube blank. Due to the design of the tool system value of the die, the interference value cannot be too large. Therefore, an analysis of the influence of the interference between the die and the tube blank in a die tool system on the value and distribution of stresses in the individual components. An analysis of the assembly stresses and the stresses occurring during the process of deformation of the shaped head of the screw was done. The calculations were performed using a commercial software package MARC / Mentat.
EN
The article presents the method of creating a 3D model of a passive lifter with (polder) plowshares, used in sugar beet harvesters, along with stages of its preparation and results of stress analysis. The computer simulation takes into account force timelines obtained during field tests of the tool. The Stress analysis module of the Autodesk Inventor program was used for the analysis, using the finite element method (FEM). The analysis included the elements that constitute the working part of the lifter, whereas elements of the flexible system were omitted. The results confirm that the lifter structure was developed correctly in terms of durability. The highest reduced stresses, calculated according to the Huber-Mises-Hencky (HMH) hypothesis, were 128.4 MPa (the minimum value of the safety factor related to the yield point is 1.61). The paper also discusses the construction of two flexible couplings with infinitely variable torsional stiffness, which can be used as an alternative solution for a typical flexible system: a shock absorber and a helical spring.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sposób tworzenia modelu 3D, etapy przygotowania oraz wyniki analizy naprężeń wyorywacza kombajnu do buraków cukrowych z lemieszami płytowymi (polderowymi). W komputerowej symulacji uwzględniono przebiegi w czasie sił otrzymane z testów polowych. Do analizy wykorzystano moduł Analiza naprężeń programu Autodesk Inventor wykorzystujący metodę elementów skończonych. Wyniki analizy potwierdzają poprawność konstrukcji wyorywacza pod względem wytrzymałościowym. Największe naprężenia zredukowane obliczone wg hipotezy wynosiły 128,4 MPa (minimalna wartość współczynnika bezpieczeństwa odniesionego do granicy plastyczności wynosi 1,61). Dodatkowo omówiono budowę dwóch sprzęgieł podatnych mających możliwość bezstopniowej regulacji sztywności skrętnej, które mogą stanowić alternatywne rozwiązanie dla typowego układu podatnego w postaci amortyzatora oraz sprężyny śrubowej.
EN
The study investigated the impact of post-failure properties of the rock mass on the stress-deformation state in the vicinity of the underground excavation and the pressure exerted on the support. An analytical solution to the problem was presented, including the creation of inelastic zones in the vicinity of the excavation: ideal-plastic zone with residual strength and plastic zone with mild decrease of rock medium strength and taking into account the dilatancy. The analysis of the obtained dependencies was carried out using geotechnical parameters characterizing the Carboniferous rock mass of a hard coal mine. The influence of the plastic zone was determined with a mild decrease in strength to the state of stress, deformation and pressure on the rock mass support. The results of the considerations were compared with the solution, which omitted the softening of the rock mass and the solution based on the model of the elastic-plastic-brittle medium. The results of the analysis broaden the knowledge on the behavior of the rock medium in the vicinity of the excavation. The obtained solution can be further developed in order to enable its practical application, especially under the conditions in which the behavior of the rock medium in the vicinity of the excavation well reflects the elastic-plastic model with a gentle drop in the strength of the rock material.
EN
This paper presents dynamic and stress analysis of a virtual prototype (VP) of a lock mechanism, which would lead to verification of its functionality in terms of kinematic, dynamic and strength parameters. The proposed modifications of input parameters of the technical equipment addressed were verified using the software environment of MSC. ADAMS and FEM software ANSYS Workbench.
EN
This article deals with a modification of the main load-bearing part of a mechanical rack system, which is designed for storage of bar materials with the total length of 6 m. The structure of the equipment is made by the welding of steel parts and consists of the main load-bearing structure, which comprises the central beam and horizontal beams and of four draw-out shelves on each side layout in four levels. Every individual shelve is intended to carry weight of 3.0 t with respect to customer requests. However there was found out, that in the pulled-out positions of shelves with maximum load, the main load-bearing structure shows some weak locations. Therefore there has been necessary to make design modifications of this part. The modification has consisted in the complement of a supplementary sheet into the overstrained location. Based on computational simulations we have found out, this modification of the structure ensures the stress reducing and it is suitable for the intended purpose.
PL
W artykule omówiono modyfikację głównej części nośnej mechanicznego systemu regałowego, który przeznaczony jest do przechowywania materiałów prętowych o łącznej długości 6 m. Konstrukcja urządzenia zbudowana jest ze spawanych części stalowych i składa się z głównej konstrukcji nośnej, która posiada belkę środkową, poziome belki oraz cztery wysuwane półki z każdej strony w czterech poziomach. Każda pojedyncza półka ma przenosić ciężar 3,0 t w zależności od specyfikacji klienta. Okazało się jednak, że przy maksymalnie wysuniętych półkach z maksymalnym obciążeniem główna konstrukcja nośna wykazuje się brakiem stabilności. W związku z tym konieczne było dokonanie modyfikacji konstrukcji tej części. Modyfikacja polegała na dodaniu blachy w miejscu nadmiernie obciążonym. Badania symulacyjne wykazały, że ta modyfikacja struktury zapewnia zmniejszenie naprężeń i poprawę stabilności konstrukcji.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań numerycznych nad możliwością zastosowania sztucznych sieci neuronowych (SSN) do obliczeń wytrzymałościowych elementów maszyn wirnikowych. W tym celu autorzy rozważyli kilka prostszych przypadków w celu ustalenia optymalnej struktury SSN i odpowiedniego sposobu jej uczenia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki dotyczące uczenia sieci rozwiązywania problemu belki wysięgnikowej. Następnie analizowano problem ważkiej tarczy prostej obciążonej ciągnieniem w celu doboru modelu SSN. Ostatnim analizowanym zagadnieniem było zastosowanie SSN do wyznaczania rozkładu naprężeń w profilowanej tarczy sprężarki osiowej.
EN
In this paper the results of numerical research in possibility of usage artificial neural network (ANN) in stresses analysis are presented. For this purpose, a few simple cases were considered in order to optimize the ANN structure and its learning algorithm. In the first part of this paper, results of learning ANN of solving the cantilevered beam problem are shown. The simplified compressor disc problem was analyzed due to select the ANN model. The last case is the use of ANN to stresses analysis of profiled axial compressor disc.
EN
Background: Implant thread profile plays a vital role in magnitude and distribution of contact stresses at the implant-bone interface. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of four distinct thread profiles of a dental implant in the mandibular premolar region. Methods: The dental implant represented the biocompatible Zirconia material and the bone block was modelled as transversely isotropic and elastic material. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted for four distinct thread profiles of a dental implant at 50%, 75%, and 100% osseointegration. An axial static load of 500 N was applied on the abutment surface to estimate the stresses acting within the bones surrounding the implant. Results: Regions of stress concentration were seen mostly along the mesiodistal direction compared to that in the buccolingual direction. The cortical bone close to the cervical region of the implant and the cortical bone next to the first thread of the implant experienced peak stress concentration. Increasing the degree of osseointegration resulted in increased von-Mises stresses on the implant-cortical transition region, the implant-cancellous transition region, the cortical bone, and the cancellous bone. Conclusion: The results show that the application of distinct thread profiles at different degrees of osseointegration had significant effect on the stresses distribution contours in the surrounding bony structure. Comparing all four thread profiles, a dental implant with V-thread profile induced lower values of von-Mises stresses and shear stresses on the implant-cortical transition region, implant-cancellous transition region, cortical bone, and cancellous bone.
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