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Investigating Indian summer heatwaves for 2017–2019 using reanalysis datasets

Hari Manoj, Tyagi Bhishma

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 4

1447--1464

EN

Heatwaves are characterized by an increase in temperature to extreme levels, which adversely distress the living organisms. India ranks second in terms of disaster mortality among the world countries, preponderantly by heatwave—infuenced by regional climatology. In this study, the Excess Heat Factor (EHF) index is used to detect the heatwave using the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset over various states of India during the summer period (April–June of 2017–2019). EHF categorizes heat waves based on the severity, which is an intensity measure created by combining the measures of excess heat, long-term temperatures anomaly characteristics by each location’s unique climatology of heat by various thresholds. The heatwave events are analysed by combining the means of excess heat and heat stress, which has a strong aspect of EHF measure ments. Concerning the intensity of future heatwaves, EHF index helps to analyse the frequency and intensity of heatwave episodes and alert those community most exposed to heat related illness. One of the indices is derived from a climatological background to analyse the severity of heatwave over the Indian states. The analysis over India using the EHF index refected a substantial rate of increase in the intensity and the frequency of heatwaves in the successive years with an average EHF intensity (mean EHF for the analysis period) of ~ 41 °C2 , ~ 38 °C2 and ~ 39 °C2 , especially over the north–western states, eastern coastal states and central and southern states, respectively. The results of this study serve as a drive in the risk and vulnerability planning and assessment.

2

Funkcje badawczo-interpretacyjne bilansu cieplnego organizmu pracownika w ocenie obciążenia termicznego

Wacławik J, Knechtel J., Świerczek L.

Przegląd Górniczy

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2015

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T. 71, nr 1

100--108

PL

W pracy omówiono sposób postępowania w celu ograniczenia negatywnych dla organizmu ludzkiego skutków pracy w gorącym mikroklimacie. Korzysta się z racjonalnych metod oceny zagrożenia stresem cieplnym, opartych na reakcjach fizjologicznych organizmu. W metodach tych opracowuje się bilans cieplny, w którym uwzględnia się wymianę ciepła i wilgoci między organizmem pracownika a otoczeniem. Na tej podstawie określa się granice stresu cieplnego dla górników na podstawie fizjologicznej tolerancji, wyrażonej przez temperaturę wewnętrzną ciała oraz odwodnienie organizmu. W razie potrzeby dokonuje się selekcji pracowników i opracowuje procedury ochrony. Przy ocenie cielnych warunków pracy korzysta się z pojedynczych pomiarów określonych parametrów powietrza, pomiarów otoczenia, a także racjonalnych indeksów, wynikających z bilansu cieplnego pracownika. W artykule przytoczono niektóre z nich: temperatura powietrza na termometrze wilgotnym, wskaźnik WBGT, wskaźnik dyskomfortu, zdolność chłodnicza otoczenia, australijska cieplna granica pracy.

EN

This paper presents a way of conduction in the reduction of adverse effects of work in hot microclimate. The rational methods of assessment of heat stress hazard, which are based on physiological reactions of human body are used. These methods allow to develop the heat balance which includes the exchange of heat and moisture between the body of the worker and the surroundings. Thus, it is possible to determine the limits of heat stress for the miner on the basis of physiological tolerance, expressed in body temperature and dehydration. If needed, the selection of workers and development of protection procedures are performed. By assessing the thermal conditions of work, separate measurements of air parameters, surrounding measurements as well as rational indexes, resulting from the heat balance of the worker are used. This paper presents some of them: the air temperature on the wet-bulb thermometer, WBGT index, discomfort index, cooling power of the surroundings, Australian thermal work limit (TWL).

3

A Thermal Stress Treadmill Walk for Clinic Evaluation of Candidates for Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Duty

Raymond L. W., Barringer T. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2014

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Vol. 20, No. 2

281--293

EN

U.S. guidance for examining hazmat workers recommends stress testing be considered when heat stress is expected. However, the most common stress test—Bruce protocol treadmill electrocardiography (BPTE) wearing gym clothes—creates little thermal stress. Objective. Evaluate a novel thermal stress treadmill walk (TSTW). Methods. Body temperatures and heart rates during BPTE in 93 current and potential hazmat workers wearing gym clothes were compared with later values in 35 of these subjects while they were wearing thermally-restrictive “sauna suits” during a 45-min TSTW. Physiological strain index (PSI) was calculated from temperature and heart rate changes and compared with PSI values from hazmat simulations and climatic chamber exercises. Results. Tympanic temperature (TT) rose 0.5 °C (SD 0.5) during BPTE lasting 12.4 min (SD 2.9). PSI reached 6.0 (SD 1.3). TT rose 1.0 °C (SD 0.5) during TSTW, p < .01. PSI averaged 6.6 (SD 1.9) in 29 subjects who completed TSTW, versus 5.7 (SD 5.7) in the 6 subjects who did not. Ingested thermistor temperatures increased more than did TT during TSTW, yielding PSI of 7.0 (SD 1.5), equal to PSI values from climatic chamber exercises, i.e., 7.0 (SD 1.0). Conclusion. TSTW increased body temperature and PSI in 29 of the 35 subjects who completed it to levels matching those of operational simulations in climatic chambers and during hazmat exercises. This TSTW may be useful for evaluating candidates for hazmat duty.

4

Evaluation of human thermal comfort and heat stress in an outdoor urban setting in summer under arid climatic conditions

Abdel-Ghany A. M., Al-Helal I. M., Shady M. R.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 3

139--150

EN

Thermal sensation and heat stress potential were evaluated in summer in an outdoor arid environment. Such evaluation had never been made in arid regions. Various scales: the temperaturehumidity index (THI), physiological effective temperature (PET), universal thermal climatic index (UTCI) and standard effective temperature (SET*) were used for the evaluation. RayMan software model was used to estimate the PET and SET* and the UTCI-calculator was used for UTCI. The required air dry and wet bulb temperatures (Td, Tw), solar radiation flux (S0) and wind speed (V) were measured in summer (April 29–July 15). The results showed that: Persons are exposed to strong heat stress and would feel very hot most of the day time; and they are safe from heat stress risk and would feel comfortable most of the night time. Heat stress levels can be determined using the PET or UTCI scales; both are valid for arid environment and their results are almost similar; however, the THI cannot be used. SET* index specifically describes the thermal sensations and discomfort conditions along with summer days at any activity under arid conditions.

5

Wybrane elementy obciążenia cieplnego pracowników w ścianach eksploatacyjnych

Szlązak N., Obracaj D., Głuch B.

Górnictwo i Geologia

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2013

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T. 8, z. 3

143--158

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano metodę obliczeń stresu cieplnego pracownika dla wyrobisk ścianowych w kopalniach węgla kamiennego. Na podstawie wyników pomiarów parametrów powietrza z wylotów wyrobisk ścianowych w wybranych kopalniach przeprowadzono ocenę obciążenia cieplnego standardowego górnika (waga, wzrost, wskaźnik BMI itp.). Przeprowadzono analizę wpływu izolacyjności odzieży oraz wydatku energetycznego na wartość ubytku wody z organizmu i temperaturę wewnętrzną pracownika. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników wykazano istotność parametrów odzieży oraz ciężkości pracy w środowisku o trudnych warunkach klimatycznych.

EN

This article characterizes a calculation method for a worker’s heat stress in longwalls in coal mines. Heat strain of an average miner (weight, height, BMI index etc.) were estimated on the basis of the measurement results of air parameters in longwalls in selected mines. The influence of thermal insulation of clothing and a metabolic rate on an insensible water loss and worker’s core temperature were also examined. On the basis of the obtained results it was concluded that the parameters of clothing and how hard work in very hard climate conditions is play a significant role.

6

Effect of heat stress on biochemical parameters of hens

Havlicek Z., Slama P.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2011

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Vol. 5, No. 1

57--60

EN

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of high temperatures on biochemical parameters of hens. Heat stress generally causes a decrease in feed intake. The hypothesis that feed intake, egg production, egg quality measures, acid-base status (pH, pCO2, HCO3 –) of hens would be influenced by the high temperature period was tested. Twenty four Isa Brown hens at 60 weeks of age were used in this experiment and hens were randomly separated into 2 equal groups. Each group contains 12 hens. First control group was housed at 20.1÷21.2°C and 60÷65% relative humidity. Experimental group was housed for 2 weeks at 20.5°C and 60÷65% relative humidity in experimental box, and then exposed to 27°C and 60% for 4 week, and then allowed to recover for 2 week at 20.5°C and 60% relative humidity. All production parameters and egg quality were significantly affected by heat stress. Feed intake during first week heat period was significantly reduced (18%). In three next weeks, feed intake was increasing with reduction 14.5%, 8% and 9.5%, respectively. Blood pH values were significantly lower from 3rd week of exposure. Blood pH had these values: 1st week 7.372, 2nd week 7.371, 3rd week 7.380 and 4th week 7.289.

7

Impact of laser thermal stress on cotton fabric

Štěpánková M., Wiener J., Dembický J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2010

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Vol. 18, no. 3 (80)

70--73

EN

The thermal processing of cotton fabrics poses a serious danger for these materials, especially such processes as singeing and burning patterns by laser. The impact of laser radiation on the colour change of dyed samples was evaluated.

PL

Termiczna obróbka tkanin bawełnianych może stwarzać istotne zagrożenia dla struktury materiału. Szczególnie niebezpieczne są takie procesy jak przypalanie i wypalanie ornamentów za pomocą urządzeń laserowych. Tego typu obróbka materiałów bawełnianych spotykana jest np. przy wykańczaniu tkanin dżinsowych. W przedstawionych badaniach stosowano laser typu IR. Badano wpływ natężenia promieniowania laserowego zarówno na zmiany koloru obrabianych tkanin jak również na wygląd tkanin surowych.

8

Wskaźniki stresu cieplnego stosowane przy ocenie środowiska gorącego - kierunki rozwoju

Marszałek A.

WUG : bezpieczeństwo pracy i ochrona środowiska w górnictwie

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2005

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nr 7

14-17

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono najważniejsze, obecnie funkcjonujące wskaźniki stresu cieplnego bezpośrednie (WBGT, WGT, WD) empiryczne (ET, P4SR) oraz analityczne (HSI, ITS, SWreg , PHS). Obciążenie cieplne w środowisku gorącym powinno być określane w sposób jednolity. W związku z tym, że dla potrzeb polskiego górnictwa podziemnego podjęto prace związane z nowelizacją przepisów górniczych, niniejszy artykuł wzbogaca wiedzę w tym zakresie.

EN

Presented in this publication are the most important, functioning at present, thermal stress indicators: direct (WBGT, WGT, WD), empirical (ET, P4SR) and analytical (HSI, ITS, SWreg, PHS). The heat load in a hot environment shall be determined in a uniform manner. In view of the fact that for the needs of the Polish underground mining sector undertaken has been work aimed at amending the mining regulations, this article contributes to enriching the knowledge in this regard.

9

Ocena możliwości stosowania wentylacji naturalnej w budynkach dla drobiu przy wysokich temperaturach zewnętrznych - analiza teoretyczna

Kuczyński T., Gniazdowski J.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2003

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R. 11, nr 4

105--112

PL

Przeprowadzono teoretyczną analizę skuteczności działania wentylacji naturalnej w warunkach wysokich temperatur w zależności od prędkości wiatru. Przedstawione w parcy wyniki badań symulacyjnych wskazują, że prawidłowo zaprojektowana wentylacja naturalna może w okresie letnich upałów zapewnić poprawne warunki termiczne w budynku dla brojlerów.

EN

Paper presented a theoretical analysis of natural ventilation efficiency in a broiler house at high ambient temperatures in the summertime. Continous wide ridge opening and large openings in two sidewalls of the building were provided for the airflow. The simulation aimed at evaluating the effect of various ambient temperatures and wind velocities on air exchange intensity and the difference between inside and outside air temperatures. Another simulation object was to broiler building. The results of study suggested that properly designed natural ventilation should provide desirable thermal conditions in a broiler house even at high summer temperatures. Along all the duration of high temperatures in summer, the microenvironment temperature inside naturally ventilated building is supposed to be even slightly lower than in a building with mechanical ventilation. Potential problem could arise in the periods of high air temperatures joined with windless conditions, particularly lasting for a few hours.

10

Ocena możliwości stosowania wentylacji naturalnej w budynkach dla drobiu przy wysokich temperaturach zewnętrznych - badania empiryczne

Gniazdowski J., Kuczyński T.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2003

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R. 11, nr 4

113--120

PL

Zweryfikowano empirycznie wyniki analizy teoretycznej skuteczności działania wentylacji naturalnej w budynkach dla brojlerów w warumkach wysokich temperatur, a także porównano skuteczność działania wentylacji naturalnej do mechanicznej. Przedstawione w pracy wyniki badań generalnie potwierdzają, wyniki badań symulacyjnych i wskazują, że w okresie letnich upałów wentylacja naturalna zapewnia warunki termiczne porównywalne do tych, jakie są możliwe do uzyskania przez wentylację mechaniczną.

EN

Paper presents an attempt to empirical studying the efficiency of natural ventilation in broiler houses during high ambient temperatures in the summertime. Moreover, the study aimed at comparing the microenvironment in similar buildings with natural and mechanical ventilation, under similar weather and technological conditions. The effect of various ambient temperatures and wind velocities on differences between inside and outside temperature was also evaluated. Obtained results suggest that the natural ventilation should provide the proper thermal conditions in a broiler house at high air temperatures in the summer. Experimental data generally confirmed the results of simulation study indicating that well designed natural ventilation system should protect the birds against thermal stress to similar degree like mechanical ventilation.