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Kultura strategiczna Węgier w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa po zmianach ustrojowych

Balogh Olivér

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2021

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R. 11, Nr 20

33--45

PL

Celem poniższego artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy na temat kultury strategicznej Węgier po zmianach ustrojowych. Poznanie węgierskiej kultury strategicznej jest niezbędne do zrozumienia decyzji strategicznych i politycznych dotyczących bezpieczeństwo dla sojuszników oraz partnerów politycznych. Węgierska strategia opiera się między innymi na położeniu geopolitycznym, doświadczeniach historycznych o sytuacji wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej. Węgry są małym krajem, co uwarunkuje jego kulturę strategiczną. Kraj podobnie jak inne państwa w regionie po upadku Układu Warszawskiego jednoznacznie określił cel strategiczny - dołączenie się do struktury euroatlantyckiej. Najważniejszymi momentami okresu badanego jest zaproszenie do Organizacji Traktatu Północnoatlantyckiego w 1999 roku oraz dołączenie do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 roku. W badanym okresie 1990-2020 zostało wydanych 5 strategii bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Dokumenty te są podstawą do analizy kierunku rozwoju, jak i współpracy w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa kraju. Węgry od zmian ustrojowych prowadzili pokojową politykę w regionie. Mimo zgrzytów historycznych ciągnących się od dwóch wojen światowych, traktaty pokojowe nie zostały głównym elementem kultury nienawiści i wrogości. Najnowsza strategia z 2020 roku wydana na początku pandemii Sars-CoV-2 jest jedną z najbardziej rozbudowaną od 1990 roku. Mimo 30 lat od zmianach ustrojowych nie można mówić o własnej kulturze strategicznej Węgier. Kraj o małej potencjale społeczno-gospodarczym w dobie globalizacji nie ma możliwości tworzenia własnej kultury strategicznej bez uwzględnienia otoczenia a także sojuszników i organizacji międzynarodowych działających w regionie. Wynika to między innymi z charakteru uchwalenia i pracy nad strategią. Analiza opiera się na analizach dokumentów strategicznych w okresie 1990-2020, a także literatury węgierskiej. Ze względu na analizy dokumentów i literatury można wywnioskować charakterystyczne cechy kultury strategicznej regionu Środkowej Europy, a także doświadczenia historyczne z czasów zimnej wojny i strefy wschodniej do której Węgry należą.

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze the strategic culture of Hungary after the political changes in 1990. Getting to know the Hungarian strategic culture it is inevitable to understand the strategic political decisions regarding security for political allies and partners. The Hungarian strategy is based, inter alia, on the geopolitical situation, historical experience, internal and external situation. Hungary’s culture is conducted by small countries situation. The country, similarly, to others in the region after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, clearly defined its strategic goals, which included the joining the Euro-Atlantic structures. The most important moments of the analyzed period are the invitation to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1999 and joining to the European Union in 2004. In the period from 1990 to 2020, five national strategies were issued. These documents are the basis for the analysis of development directions and cooperation in the aspect of security. Since the political changes, Hungary has pursued a peaceful policy in the region. Even the historical experiences of the two lost world wars and peace treaties, did not remain the main element of the Hungarian culture of hatred and hostility. The latest strategy from 20202, released at the beginning of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, is one of the most extensive strategy since 1990. Despite 30 years after the political changes, it is impossible to speak of Hungary’s own strategic culture. A country with a small socio-economic potential in the era of globalization cannot create its own strategic culture without considering its location, allies and international organizations operating in the region. This is due, inter alia, to the nature of the adoption and work on the strategy. The analysis is based on analyzes of strategic documents in the period 1990-2020, as well as Hungarian literature. Due to the analysis of documents and literature it is possible to deduce the characteristic features of the strategic culture of the Central European region as well as historical experiences from the Cold War and the Eastern zone to which Hungary belongs.

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The Influence of strategic culture on shaping security policy

Mitręga Adrian, Kozub Marian

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 27, No. 5

44--56

EN

Objectives: The aim of the article is to present the role that strategic culture plays in creating and shaping security of the future. Taking account of the purpose of this paper, the main research problem took the form of the following question: To what extent does strategic culture have an influence on shaping security of the future? Methods: In order to achieve the aim of this paper and solve the main research problem, the following research methods will be applied: method of analysis, synthesis and method of conclusion.The empirical methods facilitate examination of processes with the aim of drawing conclusions. The article uses research method such as observation. Results: Strategic culture is not a dogma or a camera through which we can look into the past or the future. It is a tool useful for understanding how and what the circumstances are in which a country defines appropriate measures and goals to achieve its goals regarding security. Conclusions: Strategic culture can help to understand the real cultural identity of a particular entity (such as a country or an organization) and its role in the system of international relations in a better way. Therefore, it can contribute to a better understanding of security policy implemented by the entity and what is more, the analysis of strategic culture can lead to a better understanding of the opponent's strategic behaviour on the basis on how the opponent defines victory, defeat, loss or suffering.

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On the variable of strategic culture: modus operandi of military interventions in the Middle East

Bivainis Andrius

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 23, No. 1

97—125

EN

The research subject of this article is the variable of strategic culture that has been subjected to some academic inertia since the Cold War period. The aim of this article is to define practical implications of the strategic culture through the prism of the neoclassical realist theory. It supports the argument that military interventional precedents in the Middle East since 2011 have been revealing adaptive considerations of the strategic culture as an intervening variable that implies interventional military decisions by the U.S. and its coalition partners. The first part of the article defines the precise role of this intervening variable as military interventional precedents are researched. This task is conducted by defining the general understanding of interventional initiatives, revealing structured assumptions of the neoclassical realist theory, and reconsidering the role of the strategic culture within that theoretical framework. The second part of the article shifts the attention to supportive empirical considerations regarding the strategic culture and perception of operational ideas – two specifi cally highlighted neoclassical realist assumptions. The article discloses that Western strategic culture is a changing intervening variable with a different level of permissiveness. A changing continuum of permissiveness is implied by interventional experiences that shape perception of the structural environment and dictate preferences for the power scale of interventional decisions. From this, the level of the structural environment’s permissiveness is defined. This permissiveness is associated with capabilities for implementing political objectives without further escalations of military power. Once the systemic environment becomes more permissive, the possibility of activating military intervention of various force-escalation becomes more conceivable.

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Użyteczność kultury strategicznej w analizowaniu problemów bezpieczeństwa i obronności : perspektywa pierwszego pokolenia badaczy

Borek A., Kołodziejczyk A.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2017

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R. 7, Nr 11

17--30

PL

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie użyteczności pojęcia kultura strategiczna w analizowaniu problemów bezpieczeństwa i obronności państwa. Autorzy artykułu przedstawiają na wstępie prekursorów myślenia kategoriami kultury strategicznej w historii myśli społecznej oraz nieodległy rodowód tego pojęcia. Dokonują charakterystyki kluczowych ujęć kultury strategicznej z perspektywy pierwszego pokolenia badaczy: Jacka Snydera, Kena Bootha oraz Colina S. Graya. Ukazują istotność kultury strategicznej jako kategorii analitycznej w ocenie zachowań państw reprezentujących podmioty społeczne i kulturowe. Wskazują też na pewne ograniczenia i słabości omawianych stanowisk w analizowaniu problemów bezpieczeństwa. Wreszcie, podkreślają znaczenie zmiennych kulturowych w analizach strategicznych bezpieczeństwa i obronności państwa oraz zasadność rozwijania badań nad kulturą strategiczną w ramach nauk o bezpieczeństwie i obronności.

EN

The aim of the article is to present the expediency of strategic culture concept in analyzing the problems of security and national defense. At first, the authors overview the main ideas behind thinking in categories of strategic culture in history of the social thought, and proximate lineage of those ideas to its precursors. They characterize the key conceptualizations of the strategic culture from the viewpoint of the first generation of scholars: Jack Snyder, Ken Booth and Colin S. Gray. From the perspective of those scholars, they argue for the relevance of this analytic category in the assessment of the policies of countries as representatives of social and cultural subjects. They also point out some limitations and weaknesses of those attitudes in analyzing the issues of security. Lastly, they underline the meaning of the cultural variables in strategic analyses of security and national defense, as well as validity of developing the research on strategic culture within the security and defense studies.

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Kultura strategiczna - geneza, definicja i praktyczne zastosowanie

Dryzd G.

Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych

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2017

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R. 1

175--186

PL

W pierwszej części artykuł przedstawia genezę i ewolucję badań nad kulturą strategiczną. Prezentuje sposoby definiowania tego pojęcia oraz klasyfikację stanowisk. W drugiej części tekstu autor zajmuje się praktycznym wykorzystaniem kultury strategicznej. Postrzega je przez pryzmat podstawowych funkcji nauki, jako zjawisko: opisywane, wyjaśniane i przewidywane.

EN

In the first part, the article presents the genesis of strategic culture research and describes the evolution of these studies over the years. It contains in itself the presentations of different ways to define this concept with their classification. In the second part, the author deals with the practical application of strategic culture through the prism of the basic functions of science, including description, explanation, and prediction.

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Kultura strategiczna

Czaja J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 3(72)

45-61

EN

The article features the notion of strategic culture. It has a lot in common with national identity and the culture of the state and nation, therefore it refers mainly to strategy and policy of the state. It rises out from national identity but it may also affect it in the same way as Prussian militarism traditions influenced the German Reich’s strategic culture and identity after the unification of Germany in 1871. Also today the United States’ strategic culture is beginning to change this large country. It serves (or rather the military power) to perceive and counteract threats and maintain the US hegemony. In connection with cooperation, integration, correlation and globalisation processes, multilateralism becomes a part of strategic culture, as well as in a smaller degree the culture and axiology of peace. Similarly to cultural differentiation of countries, there are also differences in strategic culture. This area of human thought does not easily undergo universalisation processes, However, certain characteristics of strategic culture, as Collin Gray rightly notices, are common even for countries of distant culture. Strategic culture sometimes absorbs features and elements of subculture which are closer to foreign culture than own culture identity. In general, it derivates from historic experience of the own nation and contains rational characteristics cumulating this experience. Nevertheless, it does not determine the rationality of behaviour based on current facts and events. Therefore, sometimes countries act as if breaking away from traditional dominant strategic culture.