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1

DSC Application for Microstructure Investigations of Medieval Cu Alloys

Konieczny J., Labisz K., Głowik-Łazarczyk K., Surma S., Wierzbicki Ł., Jurczyk S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 2

21--26

EN

Archaeometallurgical investigations presented in this work focus on analysing the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of artefacts from the17th in form of findings performed from cast iron as well as copper casts. The presented research results extend the up-to-date knowledge and present the analysis of structural compounds found in the microstructure of the artefacts from the time dating back to the late Middle Ages in the region around Czestochowa, Poland. The tested samples were found in earth in the city centre under the present marketplace. The excavation works were carried out in summer in the year 2009, and have resulted in the excavation of artefacts in form of copper block of the weight of several kg. The excavation action was led by a group of Polish archaeologists collaborating with the local authorities. The performed pre-dating of this element determines the age of the artefacts as the 17th century AD. The excavations that have been taking place since 2007 have widened the knowledge of the former Czestochowa. Historians of this town have suggested, that the found weight and traces of metallurgical activity suggest that the exposed walls were an urban weight. The weight is visible on the 18th century iconography. What was find on the Old Market indicates that there was a lush economic life before the Swedish invasion in this part of Poland. Some buildings lost their functions or were changed, others died in fires, but new places developed. To describe the microstructure, with its structural components, research was done using microscopy techniques, both of the light as well as electron microscopy (SEM), also chemical composition analysis was carried out using the EDS technique, as well as tool for phase analysis were applied in form of X-Ray Diffraction (qualitative analysis), especially for the reason to describe the phases present in the excavated material. This research will help to obtain new information in order to investigate further archaeometallurgical artefacts, extending the knowledge about middle age metallic materials its usage and manufacturing.

2

Charakterystyka struktury i właściwości stopu CuCrO.6 po zastosowaniu cyklicznego odkształcania metodą KoBo

Brzezińska A., Sobota J., Rodak K.

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2017

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nr 7-8

42--45

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości mechanicznych i fizycznych stopu CuCr0.6 po odkształcaniu metodą KoBo. Odkształcano materiał w stanie po odlaniu, po obróbce cieplnej: przesycanie (temp. 1000°C/3h) oraz przesycanie i starzenie (temp. 500°C/2h). Proces prowadzono przy parametrach (kąt obrotu matrycy 8°, częstość obrotu matrycy 5 Hz). Badania obejmowały przeprowadzenie statycznej próby rozciągania, pomiarów mikrotwardości oraz konduktywności elektrycznej. Scharakteryzowano strukturę stopu, wykorzystując mikroskopię świetlną i skaningową mikroskopię elektronową.

EN

In this paper the results of mechanical and phisical properties of CuCr0.6 alloy after applying KoBo deformation were presented. Material was deformed at the conditions: after casting, solution (1000°C/3h) and solution with ageing (500°C/2h). Process was performed at constant technological parameters as: torsion angle 8°, torsion frequency 5 Hz. The investigation include statical tensil strenght, hardness measurements and electrical conductivity. Structural investigations were performed by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

3

Stress corrosion cracking of leaded brass with various aluminium and tin content

Kondracki M.

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2017

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nr 10

344--347

EN

The paper presents studies on stress corrosion of cast leaded copper-zinc alloys containing aluminium and tin additions. The analysis of alloys susceptibility to this process was conducted on the base of the modified ammonia test which consisted of impact test results comparison for studied alloys after different time of exposure. Additionally, the structure was examined using electron and optical microscopy methods. Results of the studies have shown different resistance of studied alloys , depending on the chemical composition to the process of stress corrosion cracking.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje badania korozji naprężeniowej odlewniczych mosiądzów ołowiowych zawierających dodatki aluminium i cyny. Analiza podatności stopów na korozję naprężeniową została przeprowadzona przy pomocy zmodyfikowanej próby amoniakalnej, obejmującej badania udarności próbek w funkcji czasu ekspozycji. Do badań struktury stopów wykorzystano metody mikroskopii świetlnej i elektronowej. Wyniki badań pokazały zmienną odporność na korozję naprężeniową stopów zależnie od ich składu chemicznego.

4

Influence of plastic deformation temperature on the structure and mechanical properties of low-alloy copper alloys with Co, Ni and B

Grzegorczyk B., Ozgowicz W.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 84, nr 2

49--57

EN

Purpose: This work presents the influence of chemical composition and plastic deformation temperature of CuCoNi and CuCoNiB as well as CuCo2 and CuCo2B alloys on the structure, mechanical properties and, especially on the inter-crystalline brittleness phenomenon and ductility minimum temperature effect in tensile testing with strain rate of 1.2·10-3 s-1 in the range from 20°C to 800°C. Design/methodology/approach: The tensile test of the investigated copper alloys was realized in the temperature range of 20-800°C with a strain rate of 1.2·10-3 s–1 on the universal testing machine. Metallographic observations of the structure were carried out on a light microscope and the fractographic investigation of fracture on an electron scanning microscope. Findings: Low-alloy copper alloys such as CuCo2 and CuCo2B as well as CuCoNi and CuCoNiB show a phenomenon of minimum plasticity at tensile testing in plastic deforming temperature respectively from 500°C to 700°C for CuCo2, from 450°C to 600°C for CuCo2B and from 450°C to 600°C for CuCo2B and from 500°C to 600°C for CuCoNiB. Practical implications: In result of tensile tests of copper alloys it has been found that the ductility minimum temperature of the alloys equals to about 500°C. At the temperature of stretching of about 450°C the investigated copper alloys show maximum strength values. Originality/value: Based on the test results the temperature range for decreased plasticity of CuCoNi and CuCoNiB as well as CuCo2 and CuCo2B alloys was specified. This brittleness is a result of decreasing plasticity in a determined range of temperatures of deforming called the ductility minimum temperature.

5

Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques Possibilities for Centrifugal Cast Copper Alloy

Konar R., Mician M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 2

35--38

EN

The article deals with ultrasonic testing possibilities of the copper alloy centrifugal casts. It focused on the problems that arise when testing of castings is made of non-ferrous materials. Most common types of casting defects is dedicated in theoretical introduction of article. Ultrasonic testing technique by conventional ultrasound system is described in the theoretical part too. Practical ultrasonic testing of centrifugal copper alloy cast - brass is in experimental part. The experimental sample was part of centrifugally cast brass ring with dimensions of Ø1200x34 mm. The influence of microstructure on ultrasonic attenuation and limitations in testing due to attenuation is describes in experimental part. Conventional direct single element contact ultrasound probe with frequencies of 5 MHz, 3.5 MHz and 2 MHz were used for all experimental measurements. The results of experimental part of article are recommendations for selecting equipment and accessories for casting testing made of non-ferrous metals.

6

Achievements in automation of heat exchangers brazing

Pashkov I.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2016

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R. 88, nr 9

79--82

EN

One of the most difficult problems is brazing of tube plate of large copper heat exchangers. Ordinarily the manual brazing with power flame torch is used. Problem solving included new filler metal form application simultaneously with full automation of fluxing, transporting, brazing metal filling and heating processes. Wide gap filling and equal heating were achieved by heat gradient creation during brazing. Automation of heat exchangers allowed increasing of efficiency up to 4 times.

PL

Jeden z najistotniejszych problemów spajania dotyczy lutowania twardego płyty sitowej w dużych miedzianych wymiennikach ciepła. Zazwyczaj tego typu elementy łączy się metodą lutowania twardego płomieniowego przy zastosowaniu palnika gazowego. W celu rozwiązania różnorakich problemów wprowadzono nowy sposób aplikowania spoiwa, jednocześnie z automatyzacją procesów dozowania topnika, transportu, wypełniania lutem i nagrzewania. Stworzenie nagrzewania gradientowego pozwoliło osiągnąć równomierne nagrzewanie i wypełnianie szerokich szczelin. Automatyzacja lutowania wymienników ciepła pozwoliła zwiększyć czterokrotnie wydajność procesu.

7

Metodyka badawczo-konserwatorska zabytków pochodzenia archeologicznego ze stopów miedzi

Garbacz-Klempka A., Legoń K., Dyga A.

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2015

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Vol. 65, nr 1-2

18--23

PL

Zabytki metalowe zajmują ważną pozycję w badaniach historii kultury materialnej. Stanowią przedmiot analiz pod względem stylistycznym i technologicznym, przy wykorzystaniu wiedzy specjalistów różnych dziedzin i nowoczesnych nieniszczących technik badawczych. Badania zabytków wymagają specjalnego postępowania, zgodnego z zasadami ich zachowania i ochrony, dlatego też zalecane jest stosowanie metod nieniszczących i nieinwazyjnych. Celem pracy jest opis metodyki postępowania prowadzonego w czasie konserwacji zabytków metalowych pochodzenia archeologicznego. Podkreślono znaczenie nieniszczących metod badawczych jak spektrometria fluorescencji rentgenowskiej czy mikroskopia optyczna. Badania makro- i mikroskopowe umożliwiają ocenę stanu zachowania zabytków, rodzaju nawarstwień korozyjnych, są także pomocne przy analizie typologicznej ozdób archeologicznych i techniki wykonania. Przy udziale metody spektrometrii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej dokonuje się analizy składu chemicznego stopu i określenia przybliżonych właściwości technologicznych. Na podstawie tych informacji dokonuje się przygotowania programu konserwatorskiego, który obejmuje m.in. usunięcie produktów korozji, ustabilizowanie procesów korozyjnych, wzmocnienie struktury zabytku metalowego oraz zabezpieczenie przed dalszymi procesami destrukcji. Tak przygotowane zabytki mogą być przeznaczone do ekspozycji muzealnej, przy zachowaniu specjalnych warunków wilgotności i temperatury powietrza. Pośrednim celem jest przedstawienie metodyki badań i konserwacji wybranych zabytków metalowych ze zbiorów Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie jako swoistego poligonu badawczego oraz zaprezentowanie praktyk w zakresie prowadzonych tu interdyscyplinarnych badań terenowych i naukowych.

EN

Metal monuments are important in investigations of the material culture history. They constitute the subject of analyses in respect of style and technology, at utilising the expert knowledge of several fields and modern non-destructive research techniques. Investigations of monuments and antique elements require special procedures, in conformity of their maintenance and protection rules. Therefore using non-destructive and non-invasive methods is recommended. The aim of this study is the description of the methodology applied during the restoration of metal monuments of the archaeological origin. The meaning of non-destructive investigation methods, such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry or optical microscopy, is emphasised. Macroscopic and microscopic tests allow assessments of the maintenance state of monuments, kinds of corrosive piling ups as well as they are helpful in typological analyses of archaeological ornaments and in recognizing their production techniques. The analysis of the chemical composition of alloys and determinations of their approximate technological properties is performed by means of the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. On the bases of these information the conservation program, consisting - among others - of the removal of corrosion products, stabilisation of corrosion processes, strengthening of the metal monument structure and protection against further destruction processes, is prepared. Monuments prepared in such way can be intended for the museum exposition, at maintaining special conditions of humidity and air temperature. The indirect aim is the presentation of the research and restoration methodology of the selected monuments from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Krakow, treated as the special testing ground as well as showing trainings of the performed there interdisciplinary field and scientific investigations.

8

The Metallographic Characterization of Metal Artifacts Based on Late Medieval Examples

Garbacz-Klempka A., Kwak Z., Perek-Nowak M., Starski M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 4 spec.

29--34

EN

This work presents the metallographical observations of the chosen copper objects from the Late Middle Ages. Part of these studies is the analysis of metal relics from the Puck area conducted at the Faculty of Foundry, AGH-UST, in collaboration with the University of Warsaw. Medieval European cities were centers of trade and production of metal artifacts. Also in the Puck area, the manufacturing activities can be confirmed based on the metal findings. The aim of this study was to identify and systematize copper alloys used in the Late Medieval Period, on the basis of historic artifacts from Puck. The chemical composition analysis and microstructure observation were carried out. The research is at the first stage of an experiment of reconstructing the medieval alloys in order to study deeper their properties.

9

Computer Advisory System in the Domain of Cooper Alloys Manufacturing

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Rojek G., Regulski K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 3

77--80

EN

The main scope of the article is the development of a computer system, which should give advices at problem of cooper alloys manufacturing. This problem relates with choosing of an appropriate type of bronze (e.g. the BA 1044 bronze) with possible modification (e.g. calcium carbide modifications: Ca + C or CaC2) and possible heat treatment operations (quenching, tempering) in order to obtain desired mechanical properties of manufactured material described by tensile strength - Rm, yield strength - Rp0.2 and elongation - A5. By construction of the computer system being the goal of presented here work Case-based Reasoning is proposed to be used. Case-based Reasoning is the methodology within Artificial Intelligence techniques, which enables solving new problems basing on experiences that are solutions obtained in the past. Case-based Reasoning also enables incremental learning, because every new experience is retained each time in order to be available for future processes of problem solving. Proposed by the developed system solution can be used by a technologist as a rough solution for cooper alloys manufacturing problem, which requires further tests in order to confirm it correctness.

10

Microstructure and properties of Cu–Nb and Cu–Ag nanofiber composites

Rdzawski Z., Głuchowski W., Stobrawa J., Kempiński W., Andrzejewski B.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, no. 3

689--697

EN

There is a growing demand for new high strength and high electrical conductivity materials for the advanced electric applications. The promising materials for generators used to produce strong and variable magnetic fields are Cu–Ag and Cu–Nb wires. Two classical copper alloys were selected for this investigation. The third material used in the studies was produced by bundle drawing of niobium wire in a copper tube. Microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties were examined in relation to processing technology. Microstructure of Cu–Ag wires consisted of silver-rich bands distributed in a copper-rich matrix, whereas that of the Cu–Nb alloy wire was not homogeneous. Despite significant plastic deformation, globular particles of niobium, which do not contribute to the increase of mechanical properties, were also observed in addition to narrow bands of niobium-rich phase. Multiple drawing of Nb wire bundle in a copper jacket is a promising method for the production of Cu–Nb microcomposites. The number of wires increases in geometric progression during subsequent bundling, which results in the reduction of Nb band cross-section. Under this work, a wire having more than 820,000 niobium filaments of a diameter between 100 and 200 nm evenly distributed in a pure copper matrix was produced.

11

Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Nb Wire Composites

Głuchowski W. J., Rdzawski Z.M., Stobrawa J. P., Marszowski K. J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 1

35--40

EN

Nowadays, there is much activity all over the world in development of Cu-Nb composites for their potential use as conductors in high field magnets. This study was aimed at investigation of microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Nb composite wires. The investigated materials have been processed by vacuum furnace melting and casting, and then hot forging and cold drawing. Initial results of research into Cu-Nb composite material obtained using repeated iterative drawing of niobium wires compacted into copper tube, have been also presented in this article. The ultimate tensile strength versus cold deformation degree has been presented. These changes have been discussed in relation to microstructure evolution. It was assumed that repeated drawing of compacted wires is a promising method for fibrous composite production (more than 823,000 Nb fibres of nanometric diameter) characterized by high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Original SPD technique applied for Cu-Nb composite deformation result in initial microstructure refinement and improves effectiveness of wire production process.

PL

Aktualnie obserwuje się na świecie intensywny rozwój kompozytów Cu-Nb stosowanych jako przewody nawojowe generatorów silnych pól magnetycznych. Badania miały na celu określenie mikrostruktury oraz właściwości mechanicznych i elektrycznych drutów kompozytowych Cu-Nb. Badane materiały wytworzono przez zastosowanie topienia i odlewania w piecu próżniowym, a następnie kucia na gorąco i ciągnienia. Zaprezentowano także wstępne wyniki badań wytwarzania kompozytu Cu-Nb na drodze iteracyjnego ciągnienia pakietu drutów niobowych w rurze miedzianej. Pokazano wyniki badań wytrzymałości na rozciąganie w zależności od stopnia odkształcenia, w powiązaniu ze zmianami mikrostruktury. Stwierdzono, że wielokrotne ciągnienie pakietu drutów jest obiecująca metoda wytwarzania kompozytów włóknistych (ponad 823000 włókien Nb o przekroju nanometrycznym) o wysokich właściwościach mechanicznych i konduktywności elektrycznej.

12

Rozwój topników do lutowania twardego

Majewski D., Winiowski A.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2013

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R. 85, nr 8

23--27

PL

Omówiono tendencje rozwoju nowoczesnych topników do lutowania twardego oraz topniki opracowane i wytwarzane dotychczas w Instytucie Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach. Opisano badania nad nowymi topnikami do lutowania twardego materiałów trudno lutowalnych – tytanu i stali nierdzewnej, a także właściwości lutownicze nowo opracowanych topników oraz jakość i właściwości połączeń lutowanych wykonanych z ich użyciem.

EN

Described trends in the development of modern brazing fluxes. Fluxes developed and produced in the Institute of Welding in Gliwice. Research into new fluxes for difficult brazing materials–titanium and stainless steel. Brazing properties of the newly developed fluxes and the quality and properties of joints made by them.

13

Influence of RCS process on the structure and mechanical properties of CuSn6 alloy

Kwaśny W., Nuckowski P., Rdzawski Z., Głuchowski W.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 62, nr 2

60--66

EN

Purpose: The goal of the study is try to find the influence of plastic deformation using the RCS (repetitive corrugation and straightening) process on the structure and mechanical properties of CuSn6 alloy. The influence of process parameters on the above property were investigated. Obtained results were correlated with the results obtained for alloy subjected to cold rolling. Design/methodology/approach: This study was aimed to investigate structure and mechanical properties non annealed strip of CuSn6 alloy, cold-rolled and the tape subjected to intensive plastic deformation using the RCS method (repetitive corrugation and straightening). Findings: Research have shown increase compressive stresses and tensile strength in material after RCS process compared to classic rolled. Crystallite size measurement confirmed the presence of nano-scale structures in the studied materials after deformation by RCS process. The used method of plastic deformation is promising for development materials with improved properties. Research limitations/implications: The research was carried out on samples, not on final elements. Practical implications: Research is moving towards the development of the materials with finest microstructure, known as ultra-fine-grained materials with improved properties, compared to currently known materials. Originality/value: This paper presents the results of study of the structure and mechanical properties CuSn6 alloy deformed in the RCS (repetitive corrugation and straightening) process.

14

The analysis of the chloride and fluoride influences on the reducer refinement processes (Carbo-N-Ox) aluminum alloys

Bydałek A. W., Schlafka P., Biernat S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3

9--14

EN

Slag refining slag with west materials was analysed used the DTA methods. In the paper a method of determining the reduction capability, with the Carbo-N-Ox method, of slag solutions was used. Some relations between the stimulators in the environment - slag - metal system allow to initiate mass exchange reactions in the process of slag refining.The presented in work course of behaviour permits on choice of basic composition of slaglite, the of necessary components stimulating quantities, as well as on accomplishment of opinion of ability refinement. The worked out programme Slag-Prop, after introduction of data with experiment, it allows on next corrections in composition of proposed mixtures also, should be put on properly elaborated factors of multistage reaction with essential usage of suitable stimulators.

15

Technologia wytapianych modeli w zastosowaniu dla stopów miedzi

Rzadkosz S., Kranc M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Piękoś M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3 spec.

143--148

PL

Technologia wytapianych modeli należy do najstarszych technologii odlewniczych. Historycznie służyła do odlewania narzędzi, broni i ozdób. Model wykonany z wosku pszczelego oblepiano gliną suszono i wypalano. Otrzymywano odlewy o dużej gładkości powierzchni, dokładności i precyzji wykonania ornamentu. Metodą tą odlewano niewielkie kilkugramowe odlewy jak i wielkogabarytowe pomniki. Współcześnie ta technologia jest wykorzystywana w wielu ważnych gałęziach produkcji zarówno artystycznej, jak i przemysłowej. Szczególnie w przemyśle zbrojeniowym, lotniczym, motoryzacyjnym, energetycznym, budowlanym, a nawet kosmicznym. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i eksperymentów, prowadzonych w zakresie technologii odlewnictwa miedzi i stopów miedzi z zastosowaniem metody wytapianych modeli, zarówno w aspekcie historycznym, jak i współczesnej praktyki przemysłowej. Przykładowo przedstawiono analizę wybranych elementów dawnych technologii, form i odlewów wytworzonych w epoce brązu oraz wyniki badań dotyczące aktualnie produkowanych odlewów dla branży energetycznej. Jakość odlewów została oceniona na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań z zakresu mikrostruktury, składu chemicznego, przewodności elektrycznej i zawartości tlenu.

EN

Investment casting technology belongs to the oldest casting techniques. Historically, it was used for casting tools, weapons and ornaments. A model, made from beeswax, was covered in loam, dried and fired. The casts obtained were characterised by high surface smoothness, accuracy and precision of its ornaments. This method was used for relatively small casts as well as for big monuments. Nowadays, this technology is used in many fields of manufacturing, both artistic and industrial, especially in ornaments, aviation, automotive, power, construction and even space industry. This work presents the results of research and experiments conducted in the field of casting technology of copper and copper alloys, applying the investment casting method, both in its historical aspect and modern industrial practice. An exemplary analysis was presented of the chosen elements of the old technologies, moulds and casts, as well as the results of casts made currently for the power industry. The casts quality was evaluated based on the research of their microstructure, chemical composition, electrical conductivity and oxygen content.

16

Study of the BA1044 alloy properties and their interpretation with the use of fuzzy logic

Górny Z., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Saja K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 2

75--79

EN

The study presents the results of research aimed at the construction of a model of the relationship between the physical properties of metal and the types of toughening treatment and modifiers used in the modification of BA1044 alloy. Samples of melts were subjected to four variants of the heat treatment and to five types of modification. Studies of the samples consisted in measurements of five physical parameters. Consequently, it was necessary to seek a relationship between the nine input parameters and five output parameters. With this number of the variables and a limited number of samples, searching for the relationships by way of statistical methods was obviously impossible, so it was decided to create an approximate model through the use of fuzzy logic. This study describes the process of creating a model and presents the results of some simulation experiments that confirm the validity of the correct approach.

17

Rule of the fluoride stymulators in to the Carbo-N-Ox method during aluminium bronze melting process

Bydałek A. W., Schlafka P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3

15--18

EN

During the slag refining process, in the real systems, the complex processes of mass exchange appear. Some relations between the stimulators in the environment - slag - metal system allow to initiate mass exchange reactions in the process of slag refining. Due to this kind of influences there is a possibility of direction and control of melting copper and it’s alloys.

18

Researching the Influence of Chemical Composition and Technological Parameters on the Quality of Copper Alloys

Rzadkosz S., Kozana J., Kranc M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 1 spec.

153--158

EN

The work presents the results of process efficiency of refining liquid copper with special refining agents and the analysis results of the influence of alloying components on the structure and properties of the chosen alloys. The research undertaken aimed at evaluation of the influence of alloying additives, such as aluminium, silicon and also cobalt in the chosen Cu-Zn alloys. The microstructures were researched with the help of light and scanning microscopy together with X-ray microanalysis to determine significant changes of mechanical properties.

19

Nieniszczące badania średniowiecznej buławy

Rudzińska M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Dyga A., Liwoch R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3 spec.

139--142

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę składu i sposobu produkcji buławy średniowiecznej pochodzącej ze zbiorów Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie. Buława jest bronią obuchową, a także atrybutem władzy. Badania te były ważną częścią prac konserwatorskich, wykonywanych dla tego zabytku. Warunkiem przeprowadzenia badań składu chemicznego na zabytku było zastosowanie metody nieinwazyjnej, w związku z tym wykorzystano spektrometrię fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii. Badania składu przeprowadzono na kilku etapach prac konserwatorskich: przed podjęciem konserwacji (w celu dobrania odpowiedniego programu konserwatorskiego) oraz po oczyszczeniu powierzchni z nawarstwień korozyjnych (w celu określenia składu czystej powierzchni metalu). Wykazały one, że buława odlana została z brązu ołowiowego. Pod warstwą korozji zachował się dość jednolity skład stopu, pomimo zalegania w niekorzystnym środowisku ziemnym. Wśród opublikowanych badań składu buław brązowych, nie natrafiono na analogiczny stop o podobnych proporcjach zawartości pierwiastków. Brązy te zawierały zazwyczaj dużą ilość cyny z domieszką ołowiu. Omawiany zabytek wyróżnia się więc składem chemicznym stopu. Analizę składu uzupełniono obserwacją makro- i mikroskopową powierzchni obiektu pod kątem stanu zachowania oraz techniki wykonania. Z obserwacji wynika, że zastosowano metodę wytapianych modeli. Na powierzchni zabytku zaobserwowano wady powierzchni surowej oraz uszkodzenia mechaniczne. Prace konserwatorskie zabezpieczyły buławę oraz przygotowały do ewentualnej ekspozycji muzealnej. Dzięki badaniom zabytku, wiedza na temat buław odkrytych na ziemiach polskich została poszerzona o kolejny egzemplarz.

EN

The article presents detailed scientific analysis of the chemical composition and way of production of the medieval mace from a collection of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow. This research was an important part of conservation work on the mace head. The main condition for conducting a study of chemical composition of the artifact was to use a non-destructive method, and therefore the piece has been investigated using methods: macro and microscopic analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The study was carried out during several stages of conservation works: before conservation in order to select the appropriate conservation program and after cleaning the surface from corrosive layers to determine the composition of pure metal surface. The alloy used for the mace head proved to be lead-copper alloy. Underneath the corrosion layer remained quite a homogeneous composition. Published studies on the composition of bronze maces presents bronzes with a different percentage composition of alloy elements. These bronzes typically contain a large amount of tin with added lead. This mace head is distinguished by the chemical composition of the alloy. Macro and microscopic studies of the surface show that in order to produce the mace head the method of lost wax was used. Macro and microscopic studies of the surface revealed some defects and mechanical damage. The conservation work secured the mace and prepared for a museum exposition.

20

Mediaeval Casts of the Eastern Reliquary Crosses

Garbacz-Klempka A., Nosek E. M., Rzadkosz S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 1 spec.

147--152

EN

Non-destructive testing methods are widely applied for metal artefacts research. The analyses presented here are part of research and conservation program encompassing metal artefacts discovered during archaeological excavations in the years 2010–2011 in the area of Czermno. Among metal artefacts of archaeological origin there is an important group of objects connected with cult. Reliquary crosses called encolpions can be distinguished here; worn both by priests and by lay people in Central and Eastern Europe. They present an interesting group for historical and iconographic research, as well as for the analyses of the materials and the techniques applied. The type of cast encolpions were examined, found in the area of the old dwelling complex connected with fortified settlement of Czermno (the old Grody Czerwieńskie). These objects are initially dated to the 12th century. These metal artefacts are researched, by application of the non-destructive testing methods, at the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków in cooperation with Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Rzeszów University. The research helped to enlarge the scientific scope of knowledge on Mediaeval materials and manufacturing techniques, while the conservation efforts gave back the proper artistic value to the artefacts from Czermno and allowed for the appropriate exhibition.