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Renowacja i konserwacja kamiennej płyty z tropami dinozaurów w rezerwacie przyrody Gagaty Sołtykowskie

Rembiś Marek, Dźwigulska-Musiał Paula

Przegląd Geologiczny

2021

Vol. 69, nr 2

91--96

The inanimate nature reserve Gagaty Sołtykowskie is located in the northern part of the Permian-Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, within the abandoned Odrowąż quarry. Trackways of dinosaurs have been printed on a sandstone bedding plane within the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) Zagaje Formation. The tracks are the oldest known evidence of a group life of the herbivore (plant-eating) sauropods andofa hunting group of predatory the ropods. After twenty years of being exposed to visitors, the sandstone layer had to be thoroughly renovated and conserved. On the basis of an evaluation of its state of preservation followed by laboratory examinations, the authors have prepared the program of conservation procedures and established a set of appropriate materials. The surface of the layer has been cleaned and its loose fragments fixed with the Injektionharz 100 (Remmers) glue. The layer has been impregnated and fractures sealed with an organosilicon compound KSE 100 and KSE 300 (Remmers). The tracks of dinosaurs have become more vivid due to their saturation with the mixture of the KSE 300 and a mineral pigment.

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of secondary mineral assemblages related to deterioration of building materials

Marszałek Mariola, Dudek Krzysztof, Gaweł Adam, Czerny Jerzy

Geological Quarterly

2019

Vol. 63, No. 4

683--698

The study was aimed at mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of secondary phases related to deterioration of historic building materials. The investigations, carried out in the Holy Trinity Basilica in Kraków, Poland, focused on the southern facade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis Chapel, built of the Miocene Pińczów limestone. Lower part of the facade is covered with a cement render, and the exposed foundations are made of Jurassic limestone and Cretaceous sandstone, both of local origin from the Kraków region and neighbouring Carpathians, in the form of irregular blocks bound with a cement mortar. The wall surface exhibits clear signs of damage; from dark grey soiling and scaling to efflorescences. Sampled materials, deteriorated, altered crusts and efflorescences were analysed with optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman microspectroscopy methods. The secondary minerals distinguished include abundant gypsum CaSO42H2O, less common thenardite Na2SO4 (and/or mirabilite Na2SO410H2O), aphthitalite (K, Na)3Na(SO4)2, darapskite Na3(SO4)(NO3)H2O, ettringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O, monosulphite Ca4Al2O6SO311H2O, as well as scarce nitre KNO3, nitratine NaNO3 and halite NaCl. Gypsum usually forms surface crusts and fills the pores inside some materials. The efflorescences, sampled from the exposed foundations, consisted of thenardite and/or mirabilite, aphthitalite and darapskite, whereas ettringite and monosulphite were connected with cement renders. Traces of nitre, nitratine and halite were detected at various elements of the chapel facade and foundations. The origin of the salts is related to composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, as well as to anthropogenic factors.