Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 24

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
Wyszukiwano:
w słowach kluczowych:  steelmaking
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
EN
The article presents the results of model research concerning the change of technology of argon blowing into liquid steel at the ladle furnace, using the dual plug system. The results of numerical simulations were verified with experimental data carried out on the water model device. The verified model was used to perform numerical simulations to predict the impact of using a new gas injection technology - with different flow rates - on the time to achieve the assumed degree of metal chemical homogenization after alloy addition. Simulation results show that argon blowing metal bath in dual plug mode can effectively reduce mixing time compared to conventional technology with the same gas flow rates. Generally, the use of the dual plug system is beneficial for reducing the bath mixing time, however, the assumed optimal proportion of gas blown through individual plug should be followed. Finally, numerical predictions were used to perform experimental melt under industrial conditions. Industrial verification has clearly confirmed the validity of numerical modeling and showed that also in industrial conditions, a shorter time of chemical homogenization was obtained for the dual plug system.
EN
Purging the liquid steel with inert gases is a commonly used treatment in secondary metallurgy. The main purposes for which this method is used are: homogenization of liquid steel in the entire volume of the ladle, improvement of mixing conditions, acceleration of the absorption process of alloy additives and refining of liquid steel from non-metallic inclusions. The basic processing parameters of this treatment are: gas flow rate and the level of gas dispersion in liquid steel. The level of gas dispersion depends on the design and location of the porous plug in the ladle. Therefore, these parameters have a significant impact on the phenomena occurring in the contact zone of liquid steel with slag. Their improper selection may cause secondary contamination of the bath with exogenous inclusions from the slag, or air atmosphere due to discontinuity of the slag and exposure of the excessive surface of the liquid steel free surface. The article presents the results of modelling research of the effect of liquid steel purging with inert gases on phenomena occurring in this zone. The research was carried out using the physical (water) model of steel ladle. As a modelling liquid representing slag, paraffin oil was used, taking into account the conditions of similarity with particular reference to the kinematic viscosity. The results of the conducted research were presented in the form of visualization of phenomena occurring on the surface of the model liquid free surface in the form of photographs. The work is a part of a bigger study concerning modelling of ladle processes.
EN
The presented results of investigations are part of a larger study focused on the optimization of the flow and mixing of liquid steel in the industrial tundish of continuous casting machine. The numerical simulations were carried out concern the analysis of hydrodynamic conditions of liquid steel flow in a tundish operating in one of the national steelworks. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent. The research concerns two different speeds of steel casting. In real conditions, these speeds are the most commonly used in the technological process when casting two different groups of steel. As a result of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, predicted spatial distributions of velocity and liquid steel turbulence fields and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were obtained. The volume fractions of different flows occurring in the tundish were also calculated. The results of the research allowed a detailed analysis of the influence of casting speed on the formation of hydrodynamic conditions prevailing in the reactor.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących analizy materiału pozostałego po odzysku cynku z pyłów stalowniczych. Do badań użyto pyłów stalowniczych pochodzących z elektrostalowni. Średnia zawartość tlenku cynku zawartego w pyłach wynosiła 35% mas. Proces redukcji tlenku cynku przeprowadzono w laboratoryjnym piecu oporowym, w atmosferze argonu. Do redukcji wykorzystano koksik. Pozostały po redukcji materiał przetopiono w laboratoryjnym piecu indukcyjnym. W wyniku procesu otrzymano stop metaliczny, który poddano dalszej analizie chemicznej.
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the analysis of material remaining after the recovery of zinc from steelmaking dust. Steelmaking dust from the electric steelworks was used for the tests. The average content of zinc oxide contained in the dust was 35% wt. The reduction process of zinc oxide was carried out in a laboratory resistance furnace under argon. The coke breeze was used for the reduction. The material remaining after the reduction was melted in a laboratory induction furnace. As a result of the process, a metallic alloy was obtained, which was a subject of a further chemical analysis.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations performed on segregation of elements in the billets. The research were performed under standard industrial conditions, during high carbon steel production cycle. Probes (templates with the thickness of 20 mm) were taken from billets with square cross-section of 160 mm. Segregation of elements was determined based on the quantitative analysis of results performed by using spark spectrometry pursuant to PN-H-04045. Changes in concentrations of elements were analysed along two cross-sections. Element contents were performed at points distanced from each other by approx. 10 mm. The segregation of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus was determined for different billets.
EN
Detailed studies of the movement of liquid steel (hydrodynamics) on a real object are practically impossible. The solution to this problem are physical modelling carried out on water models and numerical modelling using appropriate programs. The method of numerical modelling thanks to the considerable computing power of modern computers gives the possibility of solving very complex problems. The paper presents the results of model tests of liquid flow through tundish. The examined object was model of the twonozzle tundish model. The ANSYS Fluent program was used to describe the behavior of liquid in the working area of the tundish model. Numerical simulations were carried out using two numerical methods of turbulence description: RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) – model k-ε and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). The results obtained from CFD calculations were compared with the results obtained using the water model.
EN
The paper evaluates two approaches of numerical modelling of solidification of continuously cast steel billets by finite element method, namely by the numerical modelling under the Steady-State Thermal Conditions, and by the numerical modelling with the Traveling Boundary Conditions. In the paper, the 3D drawing of the geometry, the preparation of computational mesh, the definition of boundary conditions and also the definition of thermo-physical properties of materials in relation to the expected results are discussed. The effect of thermo-physical properties on the computation of central porosity in billet is also mentioned. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of two described approaches are listed and the direction of the next research in the prediction of temperature field in continuously cast billets is also outlined.
8
Content available remote Vacuum Shroud (VS) for production of clean steel in tundish
EN
Purpose: Ladle to tundish melt transfer is paramount importance over the last three decades to controlling the cleanliness of high value steel. Tundish is an important buffer between ladle and mould where inclusion separation, flotation can be enhanced and exposed slag eye formation can be hindered by applying the knowledge of fluid dynamics as well heat transfer by changing the design of conventional flow modifiers towards production of ultra clean steel. Design/methodology/approach: In current numerical investigation a new conceptual flow control device called ‘vacuum shroud (VS)’ has been proposed to reduce slag eye formation, emulsifications and unwanted inclusions generations. Due to upward suction force from the side of the pouring nozzle the device is quite capable to reduce turbulence and emulsification within the tundish melt. Findings: Approximately 76% improvement in the overall process and 40% enhancement to inclusion floatability are predictable by using current flow control device (FCD). Research limitations/implications: Slag eye formation during pouring of liquid steel to tundish is a barrier to clean steel production on sustained manner. Several efforts have been made over the decades to resolve this phenomenon by suppressing the turbulence within this reactor incorporating many innovative flow control refractory’s like turbo-stop, trumpet shroud, advance pouring box, dissipative shroud, velocity break shroud, swirling flow shroud etc. But ultimate success is not possible to reach. Originality/value: The present investigation is development of an innovative flow control device (FCD) to control the aforementioned problems within this metallurgical reactor.
9
Content available Zinc Recovery from Flue Dust
EN
Flue dust from processing of steelmaking dust in cupola furnace was processed hydrometallurgically in order to recover zinc. The flue dust contained 17.8% Zn, 8.14% Si, 4.20% Fe, 2.34% Pb and minor elements. Leaching of the dust in H2SO4 enabled achieving almost 100% Zn extraction. Iron was removed from the leach liquors by means of hydrolytic precipitation up to pH = 4.5. Zinc electrowinning was used to obtain metallic zinc of high purity from purified solutions. As an alternative process of winning zinc from the leach liquors, precipitation of basic zinc carbonate was investigated.
PL
Pyły lotne z przetwarzania pyłów stalowniczych w piecu żeliwnym zostały przetworzone za pomocą hydrometalurgii w celu odzysku cynku. Pył ten zawierał 17,8% Zn, 8,14% Si, 4,20% Fe, 2,34% Pb oraz śladowe ilości innych pierwiastków. Ługowanie pyłu w H2SO4 umożliwiło uzyskanie niemal 100% Zn. Żelazo zostało usunięte z cieczy za pomocą precypitacji hydrolitycznej przy wartości pH = 4,5. Elektroliza cynku została zastosowana do otrzymania cynku metalicznego o dużej czystości z oczyszczanych roztworów. Jako alternatywny proces otrzymania cynku z cieczy ługowniczych, zbadano precypitację bazowego węglanu cynku.
EN
The paper describes the research and development of casting and solidification of slab ingots from special tool steels by means of numerical modelling using the finite element method. The pre-processing, processing and post-processing phases of numerical modelling are outlined. Also, problems with determining the thermophysical properties of materials and heat transfer between the individual parts of the casting system are discussed. Based on the type of grade of tool steel, the risk of final porosity is predicted. The results allowed to improve the production technology of slab ingots, and also to verify the ratio, the chamfer and the external/ internal shape of the wall of the new designed slab ingots.
EN
This paper deals with the issue of physical modelling of vortexes creation and tundish slag entrainment over the mouth of the nozzle into the individual casting strands. Proper physical model is equivalent to the operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Physical modelling methodology and simulated operational conditions are shortly described. Physical modelling was used for the evaluation of current conditions of steel casting at the application of different impact pads in the tundish. Further, laboratory measurement on the physical model aiming the determination of exact critical periods of vortexes creation and study of the slag entrainment as a consequence of changes in surface level during the tundish refilling to standard level were realised. The obtained results were analysed and discussed.
PL
W pracy zaproponowano metodykę określania ilości wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali na różnych etapach jej produkcji. Analiza zaprezentowana w artykule jest kontynuacją badań przeprowadzonych na gatunkach stali o zwiększonej plastyczności do odkształcania na zimno. Materiał do analizy pobierano podczas normalnego cyklu produkcyjnego z trzech żył urządzenia COS. Wszystkie pobrane wycinki wlewków poddano analizie metalograficznej. Na każdym wycinku dokonano kilkunastu pomiarów w celu określenia ilości i kształtu wtrąceń niemetalicznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły określić ilość i wielkość wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali dla analizowanych wlewków ciągłych, przed poddaniem ich przeróbce plastycznej.
EN
In the presented paper the authors propose a methodology for determining the control of non-metallic inclusions amount in steel, at various stages of its production process. The analysis presented in the article is a continuation of research performed on the steel grades of increased plasticity for cold deformation. The material for analysis was collected during the normal production cycle, from three billets casted through different molds. All samples were subject to metallographic analysis. For each section of the strand, several measurements were made to determine the amount and shape of non-metallic inclusions. The study helped to determine the number and size of non-metallic inclusions in steel billets, before farther plastic deformation.
EN
This paper deals with the possibilities of using physical modelling to study the slag entrainment in the tundish. A level of steel in the tundish is changing during sequential continuous casting. The most significant decrease in the steel level occurs when replacing ladles. It is generally known that if the height of steel level in the tundish drops below a certain critical level, it may generate vortexes over the nozzles and as a consequence entrainment of tundish slag into individual casting strands can occur. Thus, it is necessary to identify the critical level of steel for specific operational conditions. In this paper, the development of physical modelling methodology is described as well as physical model corresponding to operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in Třinecké železárny, a.s. The obtained results are discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodykę określania ilości wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali podczas procesów obróbki pozapiecowej i ciągłego odlewania stali w elektrostalowni. Zaostrzenie norm odnośnie do produkowanej stali wymusiło na producentach podjęcie określonych działań mających na celu zmniejszenie liczby wtrąceń niemetalicznych w ciekłej stali. Wtrącenia niemetaliczne dzielimy na endogeniczne i egzogeniczne. Całkowite usunięcie wtrąceń niemetalicznych jest niemożliwe, ma to związek z charakterem prowadzonego procesu produkcji.
EN
This paper presents a methodology for determining the amount of non-metallic inclusions in steel during secondary metallurgy and continuous casting processes in a steel mill. Strengthening the rules regarding the steel produced has forced manufacturers to take specific actions to reduce the number of non-metallic inclusions in the liquid steel. Non-metallic inclusions are divided into endogenous and exogenous. Complete removal of non-metallic inclusions is not possible for this has to do with the nature of the ongoing process of production.
PL
Dokonano przeglądu najnowszych tendencji w racjonalizacji użytkowania pieców łukowych wykorzystujących różne postacie energii i surowców. Zaprezentowano strukturę przepływu surowców, paliw i energii, wskazując na wymagania ilościowe i jakościowe zapewniające największą efektywność procesu technologicznego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wpływ rozwoju technologii metalurgicznych na strukturę strat energii. Wskazano na słabe wykorzystanie atrakcyjnych możliwości energetycznych i technologicznych stalowniczych pieców łukowych prądu stałego w budowie nowych jednostek produkcyjnych.
EN
Paper reviews latest trends in usage rationalization of arc furnaces that works with different kinds of energy and resources. Flow structure of resources, fuel and energy is presented, indicating qualitative and quantitative requirements ensuring best efficiency of technological process. Special attention is paid to influence of metallurgical technologies development on energy loss structure. Poor utilization of good energetic and technological capabilities of DC arc furnaces is indicated.
PL
Komputerowe programy termochemiczne wraz z bazami danych, obejmującymi ciekłe stale, żużle i stałe roztwory tlenków coraz częściej wykorzystuje się do symulacji skomplikowanych reakcji chemicznych i równowag fazowych występujących w procesach wytwarzania stali. Dzięki temu można ograniczyć zakres eksperymentów w skali laboratoryjnej i przemysłowej, co pozwala skrócić czas i obniżyć koszty prac badawczo-rozwojowych. Za pomocą programu FactSage można obliczyć lepkość żużli oraz określić przebieg ich krzepnięcia przy użyciu modelu równowagowego lub modelu Scheil'a, wyznaczając temperatury likwidusu i solidusu oraz powstające fazy. Symulacje w układzie ciekła stal-żużel pozwalają oceniać zdolności rafinacyjne żużli, w tym zdolność odsiarczania lub odfosforowania kąpieli stalowej. Z kolei symulacje w układzie żużel - materiał ogniotrwały można wykorzystać w procesie doboru wymurówki roboczej urządzenia na linii żużla. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady wykorzystania programu FactSage w procesie doboru kadziowego żużla rafinacyjnego.
EN
Computer programs with thermochemical databases, covering the liquid steels, slags and oxide solid solutions, are increasingly used to simulate complex chemical reactions and phase equilibria occurring in the steelmaking process. This enables to limit number of experiments in laboratory and industrial scale, which allows shortening the time and reducing the cost of research and development works. Slag viscosity can be calculated and slag solidification microstructure can be defined using the equilibrium solidification and Scheil's models by FactSage software. Simulations in the liquid steel - slag refining systems allow to assess the refining abilities of slags, including the desulfurization and dephosphorization ability of steel bath. The simulations in the system slag - refractory material can be used in selection of refractory materials for the slag line. The paper presents examples of thermochemical simulations made by FactSage used for selection of the ladle refining slag.
PL
W latach 2000-2007 następował silny wzrost światowej produkcji i konsumpcji stali. Wygenerowały go głównie kraje azjatyckie, zwłaszcza Chiny. Wzrost globalnej produkcji stali w wymienionych latach, jest w 73 % efektem niespotykanego tempa rozwoju chińskiego przemysłu stalowego. Jeszcze wyższy bo 90 %, jest udział tego kraju we wzroście globalnej produkcji surówki żelaza. Popyt na wyroby stalowe, jeden z wskaźników informujących o wzroście gospodarczym, zwiększył się ponad dwukrotnie, a zużycie wyrobów stalowych na jednego mieszkańca Chin, wzrosło z 104 kg w roku 2000 do około 308 kg obecnie. Mimo, że prognozy przewidywały spowolnienie tempa wzrostu światowej produkcji stali, to główną przyczyną pojawienia się dekoniunktury na rynku stali w drugim półroczu 2008 roku był światowy kryzys finansowy. W efekcie gwałtownego spadku zapotrzebowania na wyroby stalowe, z miesiąca na miesiąc spadała także ilość wytwarzanej surówki żelaza i stali surowej, a ich globalna produkcja w roku 2008 wyniosła odpowiednio: 927,1 mln ton i 1329,7 mln ton, była więc niższa o 2,0 % i o 1,1 %, w odniesieniu do roku 2007. Prognozy przewidują w roku 2009 dalszy, około 3,4 %, spadek produkcji stali. Sytuacja na rynku stali w następnych latach, determinowana będzie postępem w zwalczaniu obecnego kryzysu.
EN
In years 2000-2007 there was big increase in world steel production and consumption. It was made mainly by Asia countries, especially China. Global steel production growth is in 73 % an effect of Chinese steel production development. Even higher is share of this country in pig iron production increase. Demand for steel products, one of economy growth indicators, doubled, and steel products consumption per one Chinese person increased from 104 kg in 2000 to present ca. 308 kg, In spite of the fact that prognosis forecasted slow down in world steel production pace, the main reason of steel market recession in second half of 2008 was financial crisis. In effect of steel products need drop there was successive decrease of pig iron and crude steel production. Its global production in 2008 was respectively 927,1 mln t and 1329,7 mln to, so it was lower by 2,0 % and 1,1 % in comparison to year 2007. Prognosis for year 2009 predict further steel production decrease, by ca. 3,4%. Situation on steel market in next years will be determined by progress in crisis overcoming.
PL
Na podstawie analizy wytopów przemysłowych przedstawiono wpływ procesu wytapiania i odlewania stali węglowych i niskostopowych na zawartość gazów będących przyczyną wad odlewów w postaci pęcherzy i nakłuć. Wykonano pomiary tlenu aktywnego i stężenia wodoru oraz analizy zawartości tlenu całkowitego i azotu w stali w czasie procesu jej wytapiania w elektrycznym piecu łukowym, w kadzi po spuście i w odlewach. Przeanalizowano przebieg zmian zawartości gazów w procesie wytwarzania stali na odlewy i określono warunki ograniczenia ich zawartości w przypadku braku możliwości zastosowania pozapiecowej obróbki próżniowej.
EN
On the basis of the industrial melts the influence of the melting and casting processes of the carbon and low-alloyed steel on their gas content resulting in casting defects like blows and pinholes was presented. The contents of active and total exygen as well as of hydrogen and nitrogen were measured during melting in an electric arc furnace, in the ladle after tapping and in the castings. The course of gas contents changes in the process of stell making for castings was analyzed and cinditions for their limitation in cases, when there does not exist possibility for using secondary vacuum treatment of liquid metal, was determined.
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.