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1

Fuel saving index assessment on driving behavior control system of prototype model using neural network

Munahar Suroto, Triwiyatno Aris, Munadi M., Setiavan Joga Dharma

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

123--141

EN

Efficient fuel consumption in the world is essential in automotive technology development due to the increase in vehicle usage and the decrease in global oil production. Several studies have been conducted to increase fuel consumption savings, Fuel Cells (FCs), the application of alternative energy vehicles and the Engine Control Unit (ECU) system. FCs do not require oil energy to propel the vehicle, so this technology promises to reduce energy consumption and emissions. However, this research still leaves problems. FCs are susceptible to short circuit hazards, and ownership costs are very high. Alternative energy applications produce less power, less responsive acceleration, and insufficient energy sources to enter mass production. The ECU application still has an orientation toward achieving stoichiometry values, so the increase in fuel efficiency has the potential to be improved. Driving behavior is a variable that has a close relationship with fuel consumption efficiency. However, research on driving behavior is only studied for implementation in autonomous car-following technologies, safety systems, charging needs characteristic of electric vehicles, emission controls, and display images on invehicle information systems. Meanwhile, research on driving behavior as a control system to improve fuel efficiency has not been carried out. To that end, this study proposes the use of driving behavior for a newly designed control system to improve fuel efficiency. The control system in this research is a prototype model to be assessed using the Fuel Saving Index (FSI) analysis. An artificial neural network is used to help the recognition of driving behavior. The results showed that the newly designed control system was categorized on scale IV of FSI. On this scale, the power generated by the engine is quite optimal when it is in the eco-scheme driving behavior. The driving behavior control system can significantly improve the efficiency of fuel consumption. Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) is achieved above the stoichiometric value.

2

Influence of Branch Death on Leaf Nutrient Status and Stoichiometry of Wild Apple Trees (Malus sieversii) in the Western Tianshan Mountains, China

Tao Ye, Nuerhailati Maziyirea, Zhang Yuan-Ming, Zhang Jing, Yin Ben-Feng, Zhou Xiao-Bing

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 4

296--312

EN

The wild apple tree Malus sieversii is a tertiary relict species and a key ancestor of the commonly cultivated apple trees today. In recent years, many M. sieversii individuals have died or have severe dead branches. Whether branch death would lead to the change in nutrient stoichiometry of M. sieversii remains unclear. In this study, the nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) stoichiometric traits of M. sieversii individual trees with different proportion of dead branches divided into three classes (Class I [< 20%], Class II [40-60%], and Class III [> 80%]) during annual growth period, elemental scaling relations, and the possible influencing factors were systematically analysed. Leaf N, P, and K decreased during growing season, and N and P did not show significant differences among the three classes; however, the Class III wild apple trees had the lowest K contents in both photosynthetic and reproductive organs. Flowers had higher P and K contents than leaves, whereas fruits had low N content. The growth of M. sieversii was always limited by N due to low N:P ratio and N resorption efficiency. The scaling exponents of leaf N-P, N-K, or P-K among the three classes did not show any significant differences, revealing an inherent property of M. sieversii. Most soil variables showed weak correlations with leaf nutrient parameters (except for K). Precipitation and relative humidity, rather than temperature, showed significantly positive effects on leaf nutrients. These findings suggest that increasing water input and plant K content may be conducive to enhance the resistance and recovery ability of diseased wild apple trees.

3

Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of plants from natural and restorable communities at lands used for Qinghai-Tibet Highway Construction, China

Luo M. W., Mao L., Guo Z. G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

227--238

EN

Highway network construction is one of common factors contributing to alpine grassland degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as well as other regions, resulting in big area land used for highway construction by abruptly removing the vegetation and topsoil on both sides of roadbed. Taking the Land Used for Qinghai-Tibet Highway Construction (LUQHC) produced in 1994 as an example, a field survey was conducted to investigate the leaf N, P stoichiometry of plants from natural communities and restorable communities by using all plants and same pairwise of species, because the natural vegetation restoration at LUQHC is driven by element availability to some extent. This study showed that plants were probably P-limited in study region and the variation of N:P ratio was closely related to leaf P concentration. Results of same pairwise of species showed that the leaf N, P and N:P ratio of plants from restorable communities were higher than those of adjacent natural communities, indicating that leaf N and P were simultaneously affected by the environment circumstance of LUQHC. However, results of all species showed that the environment factors only impacted on leaf N concentration. These showed that the plant in restorable communities suffered from more intense P-limited conditions than those in natural communities, and that the same pairwise of species sampling was better to acquire the N- or P-limitation status for plant in restorable communities than all species. This study also showed that phylogenetic variation (family and genus identity) was key factor affecting the variations of N, P stoichiometry.

4

Determination of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of activated sludge models

Liwarska-Bizukojc E., Ledakowicz S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 37, nr 3

73-83

EN

An overview of methods aiming at the determination of selected parameters of activated sludge models has been presented. The attention was paid to the model parameters being the most sensitive and dependent on the composition of biomass and/or substrate. These parameters should be determined experimentally. Methods based on the measurements of oxygen uptake rate are widespread use in this area. For the parameters associated with ordinary heterotrophic organisms the method is well-known and regarded as standard. At the same time for many parameters associated with polyphosphate accumulating organisms the procedures have not been elaborated so far.

5

Nutrient stochiometric relations and biogeochemical niche in coexisting plant species : effect of simulated climate change

Penuelas J., Sardans J., Ogaya R., Estiarte M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

613-622

EN

Here we define a "biogeochemical niche" characterized by the species position in the multivariate space generated by its content not only of macronutrients like N, P or K, but also of micronutrients such as Mo, Mg and Ca, and trace toxic elements such as Pb and As. We then hypothesize that the flexibility of the species "biogeochemical niche" will influence the quality of plant tissue, which may have implications for herbivores, and will affect the species capacity to respond to disturbances and climate change and to adapt to the new climate conditions. We show with a simple multivariate procedure, a principal component analysis (PCA), first, that there is a strong differentiation in the total and relative (stoichiometry) content of the different elements in coexisting plant species, and, second, that there is species-specific plasticity in the response of this elemental composition to experimental climate change. The concentrations of foliar macro and micronutrients, as well as trace elements were measured in several tree species (Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Arbutus unedo L. in a Mediterranean broad leaf forest (Prades Mts) and in shrub species (Erica multiflora L., Globularia alypum L. and Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop.) in a Mediterranean shrubland (Garraf Mts) in control plants and in plants grown in experimental drought and warming plots. The climate conditions were monitored during the period 1999-2005. During this period, in the Prades experiment the drought plots had on average a soil moisture content 9% lower than the control plots, whereas in the Garraf experiment the drought treatment led to a mean reduction in soil moisture of 21% and the warming treatment to 0.9 [degree]C rise. The species with greater changes in biogeochemical niche under increased warming or drought, Arbutus unedo, Erica multiflora and Globularia alypum, were those that were also more affected in growth, photosynthetic capacity and other eco-physiological traits. The species differentiations indicate a strong biogeochemical niche, and that the changes in biogeochemical niche are probably an underlying factor in community structure shifts.

6

Współczynniki stechiometryczne a doświadczalne współczynniki wydajności bioprocesów

Krzystek L.

Inżynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa

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2001

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T. 22, z. 2

269-290

PL

Omówiono stechometrię bioprocesów i wyjaśniono zależności między współczynnikami stechiometrycznymi a doświadczalnymi współczynnikami wydajności. Przedstawiono również ogólne zależności wynikające z bilansu masy i energii, opisujące złożone procesy wzrostu drobnoustrojów i tworzenia produktów na podstawie prostego modelu metabolicznego. Analizowano ograniczenia dla teoretycznych współczynników wydajności biomasy i produktów w bioprocesach. Na przykładzie procesu produkcji etanolu przez drożdże Saccharomyces cerevisiae w warunkach względnie beztlenowych porównano doświadczalne i teoretyczne współczynniki wydajności.

EN

The stoichiometry of bioprocesses and the relations between the stoichiometric and experimental yield coefficients are described. General relations resulting from mass and energy balances which describe complex processes of microbial growth and product formation illustrated by a simple metabolic model are also presented. The limitations for theoretical biomass and product yield coefficients are analysed. A case study of respiro-fermentative ethanol production by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the comparison of theoretical and experimental yield coefficients is presented.

7

Stechiometryczny i termodynamiczny model jednoczesnej konwersji alkoholu metylowego i izobutylowego do eterów

Tabiś B.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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1999

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Nr 1

3-6

PL

Przedstawiono zbiór równań określający skład równowagowy mieszaniny reakcyjnej. Dokonano ilościowej oceny wpływu temperatury i początkowego składu surowców na zawartość eterów w mieszaninie równowagowej. Podano zależności służące do weryfikacji eksperymentalnej wyników analizy termodynamicznej.

EN

The set of equations determining the equilibrium composition of reaction mixture was presented. The quantitative assessment of the influence of temperature and initial composition of reagents on the molar content of ethers in equilibrium mixture was performed The dependencies for experimental verification of thermodynamic analysis were given.

8

On the defect structure of alkaline earth titanates.

Komornicki S.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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1998

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R. XIX, nr 4

819-822

EN

Nonstoichiometry in strontium titanate as an example of alkaline earth titanates was discussed in terms of Sr/Ti ratio and dopant concentration and extended defect existence. For some dopant concentrations and titanium or strontium excess a self-compensation of cation and anion vacancies could be observed, leading to unusual pressure dependencies of electrical conductivity.