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PL
W publikacji przedstawiona została modyfikacja klasycznego regulatora stanu, która zakłada wprowadzenie radialnej sieci neuronowej (Radial Basis Function Neural Network). Celem jest wygenerowanie sygnału, który zostanie wprowadzony do wektora zmiennych stanu sprzężeń zwrotnych. Obiektem regulacji jest napęd elektryczny z połączeniem sprężystym. W artykule uwzględniono opis teoretyczny proponowanego rozwiązania, a także zaprezentowano wyniki badań symulacyjnych struktury sterowania. Badania przeprowadzone dla rzeczywistego układu napędowego stanowią dodatkową weryfikację analizowanego regulatora stanu.
EN
In this paper, a state feedback controller enhanced by a Radial Basis Function Neural Network is presented. The main goal of the network is calculation of a virtual signal used in state vector and applied as feedback. The plant considered in the article is an electrical drive with a flexible joint. The mathematical description of the proposed control scheme and the numerical tests can be found in the manuscript. Experimental analysis is performed as an additional verification of the proposed state controller.
EN
This paper proposes the novel metaheuristic search algorithm named the diversified-intensified current search (DICuS) and its application to design the optimal state-feedback controller for the tractor active suspension system. The proposed DICuS is based on the intensified current search (ICuS) initiated from the electrical current flowing through the electric networks. The random number drawn from the uniform distribution and the automatically-adjusted search radius mechanism are conducted to improve the search performance and ease of use. The DICuS is tested against ten selected standard multimodal benchmark functions for minimization. Results obtained by the DICuS will be compared with those obtained by the ICuS. As simulation results, the proposed DICuS is much more efficient for function minimization than the ICuS, significantly. Then, the DICuS is applied to design the optimal state-feedback controller for the tractor active suspension system based on the modern optimization. From results, it was found that the DICuS can successfully provide the optimal state-feedback controller for the tractor active suspension system. By comparison, the tractor active suspension system controlled by the state-feedback controller designed by the LFICuS algorithm yields very satisfactory response with smaller oscillation and faster regulating time than that designed by the pole-placement method.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano nowatorski algorytm wyszukiwania metaheurystycznego, nazwany zróżnicowanym, zintensyfikowanym wyszukiwaniem prądowym (DICuS) i jego zastosowanie do zaprojektowania optymalnego sterownika ze sprzężeniem zwrotnym stanu dla aktywnego układu zawieszenia ciągnika. Proponowany DICuS opiera się na zintensyfikowanym przeszukiwaniu prądu (ICuS) inicjowanym na podstawie prądu elektrycznego przepływającego przez sieci elektryczne. Losowa liczba losowana z rozkładu równomiernego i mechanizm automatycznie dopasowywany promienia wyszukiwania są przeprowadzane w celu poprawy wydajności wyszukiwania i łatwości użytkowania. DICuS jest testowany pod kątem dziesięciu wybranych standardowych multimodalnych funkcji wzorcowych w celu minimalizacji. Wyniki uzyskane przez DICuS zostaną porównane z wynikami uzyskanymi przez ICuS. Jak wynika z symulacji, proponowany DICuS jest znacznie skuteczniejszy w minimalizacji funkcji niż ICuS, znacznie. Następnie DICuS jest stosowany do zaprojektowania optymalnego sterownika ze sprzężeniem zwrotnym dla aktywnego układu zawieszenia ciągnika w oparciu o nowoczesną optymalizację. Na podstawie wyników stwierdzono, że DICuS może z powodzeniem zapewnić optymalny sterownik sprzężenia zwrotnego stanu dla aktywnego układu zawieszenia ciągnika. Dla porównania, układ aktywnego zawieszenia ciągnika, sterowany przez sterownik ze sprzężeniem zwrotnym, zaprojektowany przez algorytm LFICuS, daje bardzo zadowalającą odpowiedź przy mniejszych oscylacjach i szybszym czasie regulacji niż projektowany metodą przestawiania biegunów.
EN
An averaging tank with variable filling is a nonlinear multidimensional system and can thus be considered a complex control system. General control objectives of such object include ensuring stability, zero steady-state error, and achieving simultaneously shortest possible settling time and minimal overshoot. The main purpose of this research work was the modeling and synthesis of three control systems for an averaging tank. In order to achieve the intended purpose, in the first step, a mathematical model of the control system was derived. The model was adapted to the form required to design two out of three planned control systems by linearization and reduction of its dimensions, resulting in two system variants. A multivariable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system for the averaging tank was developed using optimization for tuning PID controllers. State feedback and output feedback with an integral action control system for the considered control system was designed using a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) and optimization of weights. A fuzzy control system was designed using the Mamdani inference system. The developed control systems were tested using theMATLAB environment. Finally, the simulation results for each control algorithm (and their variants) were compared and their performance was assessed, as well as the effects of optimization in the case of PID and integral control (IC) systems.
EN
This paper focuses on designing a gain-scheduled (G-S) state feedback controller (SFC) for synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) speed control with non-linear inductance characteristics. The augmented model of the drive with additional state variables is introduced to assure precise control of selected state variables (i.e. angular speed and d-axis current). Optimal, non-constant coefficients of the controller are calculated using a linear-quadratic optimisation method. Non-constant coefficients are approximated using an artificial neural network (ANN) to assure superior accuracy and relatively low usage of resources during implementation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time when ANN-based gain-scheduled state feedback controller (G-S SFC) is applied for speed control of SynRM. Based on numerous simulation tests, including a comparison with a signum-based SFC, it is shown that the proposed solution assures good dynamical behaviour of SynRM drive and robustness against q-axis inductance, the moment of inertia and viscous friction fluctuations.
EN
It is impossible to implement very tasks by diver, because of complexity of underwater environment and high pressure in the deep sea. These tasks can just be done by a vehicle that includes all special requirements such as: high maneuverability, precise controllability, and especially hovering capability. Underwater robots are integral parts of the industry and marine science. The application of the underwater vehicles has increased with the development of the activities in deep sea. This paper presents a special Hovering type Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV) for underwater missions. To provide the most suitable and efficient formation of vehicle thrusters for reduction of complexity of control strategies and control of the most degrees of freedom, in this paper, a new thrusters’ configuration is investigated, in terms of number of the thrusters, position and the thrust direction of the thrusters. The state feedback controller is designed according to the linear dynamic model and then applied to the non-linear model to validate the controller performance. Designed controller consists of three controllers: horizontal plane controller, vertical plane controller and surge controller. The last controller is developed to control the forward speed. For examination of the system behavior in presence of environmental disturbance and hydrodynamic coefficients uncertainty, the robustness of controller is also investigated.
EN
From the control point of view, two-input-two-output RC electrical system is a linear and multidimensional system. In this paper, integral control and closed-loop observer are verified whether they can be used and designed. To verify this, Kalman tests are made. These structures are presented and discussed. Integral Control is tested with some base disturbances impact and checked whether it can handle them. The estimated values from the observer are compared with the original states. Simulation tests and real tests of control systems are presented.
PL
Z punktu widzenia sterowania, system elektryczny RC z dwoma wejściami i dwoma wyjściami jest systemem liniowym i wielowymiarowym. W artykule zaprojektowano sterowanie całkujące tym system wraz z obserwatorem dołączonym do układu regulacji. W pracy wykorzystano obserwator Kalmana. Przedstawiono testy symulacyjne i testy wykonanego systemu regulacji.
EN
In this paper, the issue related to control of the plant with nonconstant parameters is addressed. In order to assure the unchanged response of the system, an adaptive state feedback speed controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. The model-reference adaptive system is applied while the Widrow-Hoff rule is used as adjustment mechanism of controller’s coefficients. Necessary modifications related to construction of the cost function and formulas responsible for adjustment of state feedback speed controller’s coefficients are depicted. The impact of adaptation gain, which is the only parameter in proposed adjustment mechanism, on system behaviour is experimentally examined. The discussion about computational resources consumption of the proposed adaptation algorithm and implementation issues is included. The proposed approach is utilized in numerous experimental tests on modern SiC based drive with nonconstant moment of inertia. Comparison between adaptive and nonadaptive control schemes is also shown.
EN
This paper investigates the problem of global practical output tracking by state feedback for a class of uncertain high-order nonlinear timedelay systems. Further, we design a homogeneous state feedback controller with an adjustable scaling gain, under mild conditions on the system nonlinearities involving time delay. Through the use of a homogeneous Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional method, the scaling gain is adjusted to dominate the time-delay nonlinearities bounded by homogeneous growth conditions and render the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small while all the states of the closed-loop system remain to be bounded.
PL
W artykule opisano problem globalnego praktycznego śledzenia wyjścia za pomocą sprzężenia zwrotnego od stanu dla klasy niepewnych nieliniowych układów opóźniających wysokiego rzędu. Ponadto zaprojektowany został jednorodny kontroler sprzężenia od stanu z regulowanym wzmocnieniem skali, przy łagodnej nieliniowości i opóźnieniu czasowym. Dzięki zastosowaniu jednorodnej metody funkcjonalnej Lapunowa-Krasowskiego, wzmocnienie skali jest przystosowane do dominacji nieliniowości opóźnienia czasowego ograniczonej przez jednorodne warunki wzrostu i powoduje, że błąd śledzenia może być dowolnie mały, podczas gdy wszystkie stany systemu ze sprzężeniem zwrotnym pozostają ograniczonye.
PL
Referat zawiera metodykę doboru parametrów regulatora stanu z wykorzystaniem liniowych nierówności macierzowych (ang. LMI - Linear Matrix Inequalities) metodą lokowania biegunów. W pracy zdefiniowano warunki rozmieszczenia biegunów w lewej półpłaszczyźnie zmiennej zespolonej s i wyznaczono obszary dopuszczalnych położeń biegunów. Na potrzeby rozważanej, liniowej metody projektowania dokonano linearyzacji modelu matematycznego obiektu w wybranym punkcie pracy. Zaprojektowany regulator stanu zastosowany został do sterowania obiektem rzeczywistym, którym był układ kaskadowy dwóch zbiorników. W referacie przedstawione zostały zarówno wyniki badań symulacyjnych jak i badań eksperymentalnych przeprowadzonych na obiekcie rzeczywistym.
EN
The paper describes a state feedback controller design by pole placement method using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) approach. Conditions of pole placement constraints in a left half plane of the complex plane s are defined and allowable region for poles of the closed-loop control system are determined. For the purpose of using the linear design method, the mathematical model of controlled plant was linearized at a selected operating point. The designed state feedback controller was used for controlling the water level in a two-tank cascade system. The paper presents results of both computer simulations and real-time experiments.
EN
The analysis of the influence of transfer function zeros on the parameters of state feedback controllers has been conducted. If a transfer function of a control object has zeros which are located closely to poles, the control object tends to singularity, and the influence of the input control signal to the states of the control object becomes weaker. The problem of the state feedback controller synthesis becomes ill-conditioned, which leads to the appearance of extremely large state feedback coefficients. In this case, the state feedback coefficients are sensitive to the parameters of the control object. As a result, the parametric robustness of the control system is reduced. Known methods of structural analysis of control object models are included amongst different methods of the numerical evaluation of the controllability and the observability, as well as methods of the model order reduction. These methods have some disadvantages, such as dependence on the state space representation form of the control object, ignoring a part of the control object model. In this paper, some ways of the preliminary structural analysis of the state space models of control objects have been proposed. The singular (Hankel) matrix is proposed for analyzing the properties of control object models. The singular matrix is the invariant characteristic of the control object in various state space forms and it characterizes the property of the control object completeness. As a result of the research, it was found that the coefficients of the state feedback controller are inversely proportional to the determinant of the singular matrix, and the determinant of the singular matrix is equal to the resultant of the transfer function polynomials. Thus the value of the determinant of the singular matrix depends on the location of the zeros of the transfer function. The method of the structural transformation (decomposition) of the control object for the defining the need of the reducing the order of the control object model is proposed.
EN
The article presents an auto-tuning method of state feedback voltage controller for DC-DC power converter. The penalty matrices employed for calculation of controller’s coefficients were obtained by using nature-inspired artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization algorithm. This overcomes the main drawback of state feedback control related to time-consuming trial-and-error tuning procedure. The optimization algorithm takes into account constraints of selected state and control variables of DC-DC power converter. In order to meet all control objectives (i.e., fast voltage response and chattering-free control signal) an appropriate performance index is proposed. Proper selection of state feedback controller (SFC) coefficients is proven by simulation and experimental tests of DC-DC power converter.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące budowy i sterowania napędem z silnikiem PMSM i 3-poziomowym falownikiem napięcia z diodami poziomującymi. Opracowany falownik, dzięki zastosowaniu wyjściowego filtra LC, charakteryzuje się sinusoidalnym napięciem wyjściowym. Przedstawiono również bazujący na sprzężeniu od zmiennych stanu dyskretny algorytm sterowania zapewniający uzyskanie sinusoidalnego napięcia wyjściowego o niskiej zawartości harmonicznych w szerokim zakresie pracy napędu. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań symulacyjnych i eksperymentalnych potwierdzające poprawne działanie opracowanego układu napędowego.
EN
In this paper designing and control process of the drive with PMSM and 3-level neutral point clamped voltage inverter was discussed. Designed inverter, with the help of an output LC filter, provides true sine wave output voltage. Discrete state feedback control algorithm was used in order to obtain sine wave output voltage of the designed inverter with low harmonics content in a wide range of the drive operation. Proper operation of the designed drive was confirmed in simulation as well as experimental test results.
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