Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Nonviolent civil resistance against military force: The experience of Lithuania in 1991

Petrauskaite Audrone

Security and Defence Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 34, No. 2

38--52

EN

Evolving threats to national security have resulted in the adoption of comprehensive (total) defence concepts by a number of small and medium states. Civil resistance constitutes a considerable part of such concepts, complementing military defence. The historical experience of Lithuania proved the value of nonviolent resistance between 1988 and 1991 for regaining independence, and defending it in January 1991. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of non-violent civil resistance in the national defence system, based on the experience of 13 January 1991 in Lithuania and develop further discussion about the concept of civil resistance. The methodological approach of the article is based on historical and theoretical analysis. This allows the experience of Lithuania to be assessed on the basis of Lithuanian National Security and Defence Strategy and scientific research. Lithuanian non-violent civil resistance in 1988–1991 was successful in terms of strategy, leadership, organisation, planning, non-violence priorities and the number of citizens involved. The leaders of the movement were able to mobilise people into a widespread movement based on their moral authority and value orientations, strongly appealing to different groups in society. Lithuania’s independence was achieved with minimal human sacrifice, preserving the country’s resources and infrastructure. This experience of non-violent civil resistance came to be used by modern state institutions to create strategic documents of the state. In the current situation, it is necessary to focus not only on the knowledge required for state defence and civil resistance, but also on its moral aspects such as values, ethical behaviour, civic and human maturity.

2

Mediating effect of Indonesia’s public trust on national security from the sense of safety, knowledge, and willingness to participate in state defense efforts

Mas Bakar Dadang, Syamsunasir Syamsunasir, Adriyanto Agus

Security and Defence Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 36, No. 4

69--88

EN

Several studies that focus on the willingness to participate show that trust is a vital variable in mediating a person’s disposition to do so. This study examines the role of public trust in national security as a mediating variable of a sense of security and knowledge of the willingness to participate in state defence efforts. The data was collected via a questionnaire distributed to 435 respondents across Indonesia. We used a simple random sampling method; we then analysed using LISREL with Structural Equation Model (SEM). We found that trust cannot mediate a sense of safety and knowledge on the willingness to participate. An exciting finding was that knowledge affects trust, but sense of safety does not affect trust. This is interesting because it contradicts many studies related to political trust, when the willingness to participate is directly influenced by a sense of security and knowledge related to national security. Thus, to increase the willingness to participate in state defence efforts, it is necessary to increase the community’s sense of security and knowledge related to national security. In this case, we recommend providing education related to defence and security to the community and increasing the community’s sense of security.

3

Obrona związku taktycznego wojsk operacyjnych w aspekcie wspólnych działań z siłami obrony terytorialnej. Cz. 1

Sobolewski G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2001

|

nr 4(45)

120-134

EN

Including territorial defence forces into state defence system by assigning them many significant defensive tasks forces some transformations in conducting defence operations. The attitudes towards the role and importance of various combat actions carried out within operations change. Moreover, the issues concerning planning, organising and conducting the defence fight have reached a new dimension. The prognoses relating to our country's threats and their adequate doctrinal assumptions show the need of a constant analyses of the actions possibilities and methods, the land forces use and actions including. The operational forces and territorial defence forces receive adequate tasks. Both operational and territorial defence troops face appropriate tasks due to a worked out defence operation concept. The land operational forces brigade and division as the key body of defence operations is to be able to counteract effectively the enemy aggression in every direction of the threat. Conducting tasks may depend on comprehensive and solid support that the operational forces may receive using the assets of territorial defence forces efficiently.

4

Operacje militarne inne niż wojna w doktrynie NATO i USA

Drost M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2000

|

nr 2(39)

9-19

EN

Evaluating the character of potential security threats in the 21st century and basing on armed forces tasks, we come to a conclusion that we have to be prepared to operations different from a classic war. Thus it is essential to get to know general principles to conduct military operations other than war binding in NATO. The first part of the article deals with principles and ways to carry out these operations due to rules binding in the North Atlantic Alliance. Principles and ways to conduct military operations other than war due to USA standards are presented in the second part of the article. Choosing the USA was not accidental as the Americans have done detailed theoretical research (resulting from their wide experience) to touch on these problems.

5

Miejsce i rola sił społeczno-politycznych w edukacji obronnej społeczeństwa

Drost M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2000

|

nr 1(38)

211-218

EN

The place and role of governmental and non-governmental social - political institutions and organisations in the population’s defence education have been presented in the article. The leading idea of the article is the assumption that population’s defence education has been acquiring a specific significance as it has been of vital importance for the security of the state. It is unquestionable that state security depends largely on its citizens’ knowledge and awareness. The mentioned above thesis results from the fact that using a large educational, training and organisational potential, and also equipment and terrain base that political and social powers have on their disposal, poses a task for the whole population, in particular for bodies responsible for the state security. The task for us all, the whole population, is to conduct changes in the social conscience so that such an understanding would exist like in the time of the Second Polish Republic when defence preparation organisations existed due to the population’s need of their functioning.

6

Klasyfikacja wydatków obronnych NATO i ONZ

Fałkowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2000

|

nr 2(39)

226-235

EN

The article discusses the classification principles of defence expenditures that are applied in NATO for analytical tasks, comparisons, evaluations of particular countries’ possibilities in the joint defence planning aspect and unification of information on the member states potentials. Appropriate comparisons to the UN defence expenditures classification and the system used in the Polish Armed Forces have been conducted at the same time.

7

Uwarunkowania obronne systemu osadniczego RP w świetle polityki przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju : Polska 2000 Plus

Mondrzycki Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

1998

|

nr 3(32)

22-32

EN

The article presents the influence of a new state spatial management policy, „Poland 2000 Plus” onto the functioning of settlements network in case of war. Therefore, the forecast towns development in the defence needs aspect has been analysed. A special attention has been drawn to changes in situating spatial urban areas and appearing so called zones of growing civilisation - economic potential concentration (the core of the state administration and economy) in respect to the state defence strategic line. There have also been stressed the consequences of defence character resulting from the will to consolidate a moderate poly-centric concentration of population and investments. There has been shown the significance of a right - in the defence aspect - development of towns inner structure, the shape of compact building and building physical resistance. Moreover, an attempt has been carried out of some Polish biggest towns defence evaluation.

8

Ekonomiczne problemy obronności państwa. Cz. 2

Kęsoń T. J., Kulisz M. Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

1998

|

nr 4(33)

62-73

EN

After passing the resolution on 16 February 1995 by the Polish Parliament concerning the basic problems of the state defence, the Council of Ministers adopted assumptions (9 September 1997) for the armed forces modernisation programme in 1998-2012 (Army 2012 Programme). Currently Poland realises the „Partnership for Peace’ Programme and we are on the stage of ratification of our admission to NATO structures. This compels the need to adapt our economic - defence potential, the armed forces including, to European standards of democratic states members of NATO. The „Army 2012 Programme” stipulates for realisation of two main tasks: ensuring our forces interoperability and compatibility with NATO forces, adapting our air and sea ports to NATO standards. This programme provides the realisation of 11 detailed programmes, the aim of which will be to modernise the systems of reconnaissance, radio electronic warfare, communication and command, air force and anti tank defence. Rational shaping of the state defence effort to build and develop an effectively functioning coalition and national defence system (SOP) requires, among others a detailed knowledge of all economic - defence state issues. It can be achieved by constant watching, analysing and forecasting dynamic changes of economic factors in defence economy.

9

Ekonomiczne problemy obronności państwa

Kęsoń T. J., Kulisz M. Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

1998

|

nr 3(32)

9-21

EN

The article presents a methodological approach to the state defence expenditures and their participation in shaping the state defence system. These expenditures are characterised on the background of the state defence - economic sector. To evaluate an economic aspect of the state defence, there have been suggested 14 macro-economic factors situated in three basic dimensions: financial, factual and social. Taking into account the dynamics of their changes and using e.g. prospective analysis methods, through analogy and extrapolation, one can forecast the directions of further changes. It should contribute to work out a rational forecast to develop the Polish Republic military potential.