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Relationships between the fatigue crack growth resistance characteristics of a steel and the tread surface damage of railway wheel

Ostash O. P., Kulyk V. V., Lenkovskiy T. M., Duriagina Z. A., Vira V. V., Tepla T. L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

2018

Vol. 90, nr 2

49--55

Purpose: The aim of the proposed research is to establish experimentally the relation between damaging of the tread surface of model wheels and the characteristics of fatigue crack growth resistance of wheel steels AKh th AKh th AKh fc AKh fc), depending on its microstructure. Design/methodology/approach: Characteristics of the fatigue crack growth resistance have been determined on the specimens cut out from the hot rolled plate of thickness 10 mm of the steel which is an analogue of railway wheel steels. To obtain different steel microstructures and its strength level, test specimens were quenched (820°C, in oil) and then tempered at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C for 2 h. The characteristics of Mode I fatigue crack growth resistance of steel were determined on the basis of fatigue macrocrack growth rate diagrams da/dN-AK, obtained by the standard method on compact specimens with the thickness of 10 mm at a frequency of 10-15 Hz and the stress ratio R = 0.1 of the loading cycle. The characteristics of Mode II fatigue crack growth resistance were determined on the basis of da/dN-AKH diagrams, obtained by authors method on edge notched specimens with the thickness 3.2 mm at a frequency of 10-15 Hz and R = –1 taking account of the crack face friction. The hardness was measured with a TK-2 hardness meter. Zeiss-EVO40XVP scanning electron microscope was used for microstructural investigations. Rolling contact fatigue testing was carried out on the model specimens of a wheel of thickness 8 mm and diameter 40 mm in contact with a rail of length 220 mm, width 8 mm and height 16 mm. Wheels were manufactured form the above-described steel after different treatment modes. Rails were cut out from a head the full-scale rail of hardness 46 HRC. The damaging was assessed by a ratio of the area with gaps formed by pitting and spalling to the general area of the wheel tread surface using a special stand. Findings: The growth of the damage of the tread surface of the model wheels correlates uniquely with the decrease of the cyclic fracture toughness of the wheel steel AKh fc and AKh fc, determined at Mode I and Mode II fracture mechanisms. These characteristics of the wheel steel can be considered as the determining parameter of this process, in contrast to the fatigue thresholds AKh th and AKh th. Research limitations/implications: Investigations were conducted on model wheels that simulate the damage of real railway wheels tread surface. Practical implications: A relationship between the damage of tread surface of railway wheels and the strength level of wheel steels is determined. Originality/value: The damage of the tread surface of the model wheels during the rolling contact fatigue of the pair wheel-rail increases with the growth of the strength (hardness) of the wheel steel, which corresponds to the statistical data of the operation of the real railway wheels. Research limitations/implications: Investigations were; conducted on model wheels that simulate the damage of real railway wheels tread surface. Practical implications: A relationship between the damage of tread surface of railway wheels and the strength level of wheel steels is determined. Originality/value: The damage of the tread surface of the model wheels during the rolling) contact fatigue; of the pair wheel-rail increases with the growth of the strength (hardness) of the wheel steel, which corresponds to the statistical data of the operation of the real railway wheels.

Wpływ temperatury na zjawiska tribologiczne występujące w skojarzeniu grafit ekspandowany–stal

Rewolińska A., Paczkowska M., Perz K., Orłowski T.

Tribologia

2015

nr 4

159--166

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena wpływu temperatury na właściwości tribologiczne skojarzenia grafit ekspandowany–stalowa tarcza. Badane skojarzenie składa się z próbek wykonanych z grafitu ekspandowanego, które współpracowały z tarczą wykonaną ze stali wysokowęglowej. Próbki wykonano z grafitu ekspandowanego w postaci taśmy, która została sprasowana. Parametry chropowatości tarczy są następujące: Ra = 2,233 μm, Rz = 15,608 μm, Rq = 2,736 μm. Badania wykonywano w różnych temperaturach. Czas trwania testu wynosił odpowiednio 30 i 60 s, a prędkość poślizgu 25 mm/s. Po zakończeniu każdego z etapów próbki ważono. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych testów określano wartości współczynnika tarcia oraz szybkość zużycia masowego próbek. W wyniku współpracy tribologicznej skojarzenia odnotowano spadek współczynnika tarcia wraz ze wzrostem temperatury. Uzyskane wartości współczynnika tarcia dla próbek wykonanych z grafitu ekspandowanego są niższe niż dla grafitu proszkowego. W zakresie stosowanych nacisków wynoszących 50 i 100 N/cm2 nie odnotowano ich wpływu na współczynnik tarcia. Wykonane badania zużycia masowego próbek wskazują na potrzebę wydłużenia czasu badania. Odnotowania wymaga również fakt powstającej na powierzchni stalowej skojarzenia warstewki, która jest charakterystyczna dla współpracy stali z grafitem.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of temperature on the tribological properties of expanded graphite works with a steel shield. The examined association was composed of samples made from expanded graphite, which cooperated with a shield made of high carbon steel. The values of roughness of the disc are as follows: Ra = 2.233 μm, Rz = 15.608 μm, and Rq = 2.736 μm. Tests were performed at different temperatures. The durations of the tests were 30 and 60 seconds, and the sliding velocity was 25 mm/s. After each step, the samples were weighed. Based on the tests, the coefficient of friction and wear rate of the samples were determined. The tribological combination decreased the coefficient of friction with increasing temperature. The resulting coefficients of friction for specimens made of expanded graphite were lower than the graphite powder. In the field of applied pressures of 50 and 100 N/cm2, there was no effect on the coefficient of friction. A layer was formed on the surface of the steel, which is characteristic of graphite cooperation with steel.