Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

The effect of the austenitisation temperature for the two-stage heat treatment of high-manganese steels on its wear resistance under abrasive conditions

Dziubek Mateusz, Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata, Grygier Dominika

Tribologia

|

2023

|

nr 3

19--29

EN

Fine-grained high-manganese X120Mn12 grade steel was subjected to a two-stage heat treatment consisting of long-term isothermal annealing at 510°C, which was followed by resaturation in order to reduce the negative effect of the brittle carbide carbides of manganese cementite (Fe,Mn)3 C. The objective of the experiment was to elucidate the effects of distinct stages of heat treatment on the properties of high manganese steel with regard to its resistance to abrasive wear. Supersaturation was performed for eleven different variations of temperature values ranging from 600°C to 1100°C to verify its effect on the resistance to abrasion wearunder abrasion conditions. An increase in the supersaturation temperature results in the gradual coagulation and disintegration of the colonies of pearlite and needle-like carbides (Fe,Mn)3 C formed during isothermal annealing. At the same time, as a result of the PSN (particle stimulated nucleation) process, the microstructure of austenite undergoes partial refinement, which ultimately increases the resistance to abrasive wear. As a result of the final microstructural changes resulted in an increase in the resistance to abrasion of approximately 6% compared to the initial state.

PL

Drobnoziarnistą stal wysokomanganową gatunku X120Mn12 poddano dwustopniowej obróbce cieplnej złożonej z długoterminowego izotermicznego wygrzewania w temperaturze 510°C, a następnie ponownemu przesycaniu w celu zredukowania negatywnego wpływu kruchych wydzieleń węglików cementytu manganowego (Fe,Mn)3 C. Eksperyment miał na celu poznanie wpływu poszczególnych etapów obróbki cieplnej na właściwości stali wysokomanganowej w kontekście odporności na zużycie ścierne. Etap przesycania zrealizowano dla jedenastu różnych wariantów wartości temperatury z zakresu od 600°C do 1100°C w celu zweryfikowania jej wpływu na odporność na zużycie ścierne. Wzrost temperatury przesycania skutkuje stopniową koagulacją oraz rozpadem powstałych w trakcie wyżarzania izotermicznego kolonii perlitu oraz iglastych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C. Jednocześnie w wyniku procesu PSN (ang. particles stimulated nucleation) mikrostruktura austenitu ulega częściowemu rozdrobnieniu, co finalnie wpływa na wzrost odporności na zużycie ścierne. W wyniku końcowych zmian mikrostrukturalnych uzyskano wzrost odporności na ścieranie o około 6% w porównaniu do stanu wyjściowego dla wariantu obróbki cieplnej złożonego z etapu długoterminowego izotermicznego wyżarzania w temperaturze 510°C oraz następującego po nim przesycania w temperaturze 750°C. Wzrost odporności wywołany został wydzieleniem globularnych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C oraz powstaniem nowych ziaren austenitu.

2

Microstructure evolution and strain hardening behavior of thermomechanically processed low-C high-manganese steels: an effect of deformation temperature

Kozłowska Aleksandra, Stawarczyk Piotr, Grajcar Adam, Radwański Krzysztof, Matus Krzysztof, Samek Ludovic

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e184, 2023

EN

Effects of reduced (– 40 °C), ambient (20 °C), and elevated (200 °C) deformation temperatures on the microstructure evolution and strain hardening behavior of two low-C thermomechanically processed high-manganese steels were studied. The microstructure was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The temperature-dependent tendency of austenite to strain-induced ε/α′-martensitic transformation and mechanical twinning was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using the EBSD technique. The steel containing 26 wt% of Mn showed the beneficial strength–ductility balance at reduced deformation temperature -40 °C due to the intense Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect which resulted in the formation of significant ε- and α′-martensite fractions during tensile deformation. The mechanical properties of steel containing 27 wt% of Mn were more beneficial at elevated deformation temperature 200 °C due to the occurrence of intense Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) effect expressed by the presence of significant fraction of mechanical twins. Moreover, at the highest deformation temperature 200 °C, the evidence of thermally activated processes affecting the mechanical behavior of the higher Mn steel was identified and described.

3

Effect of plastic deformation rate at room temperature on structure and mechanical properties of high-Mn austenitic Mn-Al-Si 25-3-3 type steel

Borek W., Lis M., Gołombek K., Sakiewicz P., Piotrowski K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 96, nr 1

22--31

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to determine influence of plastic deformation rate at room temperature on structure and mechanical properties of high-Mn austenitic Mn-Al-Si 25-3-3 type steel tested at room temperature. Design/methodology/approach: Mechanical properties of tested steel was determined using Zwick Z100 static testing machine for testing with the deformation speed equal 0.008 s-1, and RSO rotary hammer for testing with deformation speeds of 250, 500 and 1000s-1. The microstructure evolution samples tested in static and dynamic conditions was determined in metallographic investigations using light microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. Findings: Based on X-ray phase analysis results, together with observation using metallographic microscope, it was concluded, that the investigated high-Mn X13MnAlSiNbTi25-3-3 steel demonstrates austenitic structure with numerous mechanical twins, what agrees with TWIP effect. It was demonstrated, that raise of plastic deformation rate produces higher tensile strength UTS and higher conventional yield point YS0.2. The UTS strength values for deformation rate 250, 500 and 1000 s-1 grew by: 35, 24 and 31%, appropriately, whereas in case of YS0.2 these were: 7, 74 and 130%, accordingly, in respect to the results for the investigated steel deformed under static conditions, where UTS and YS0.2 values are 1050 MPa and 700 MPa. Opposite tendency was observed for experimentally measured uniform and total relative elongation. Homogeneous austenitic structure was confirmed by X-ray diffractometer tests. Research limitations/implications: To fully describe influence of strain rates on structure and mechanical properties, further investigations specially with using transmission electron microscope are required. Practical implications: Knowledge about obtained microstructures and mechanical properties results of tested X13MnAlSiNbTi25-3-3 steel under static and dynamic conditions can be useful for the appropriate use of this type of engineering material in machines and equipment susceptible to static or dynamic loads. Originality/value: The influence of plastic deformation at room temperature under static and dynamic conditions of new-developed high-manganese austenitic X13MnAlSiNbTi25-3-3 steels were investigated.

4

Changes in Impact Strength and Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cast High Manganese Steel Due to the Formation of Primary Titanium Carbides

Tęcza G., Zapała R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 18, iss. 1

119--122

EN

Cast high-manganese Hadfield steel is commonly used for machine components operating under dynamic load conditions. Their high fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance is the result of an austenitic structure, which - while being ductile - at the same time tends to surface harden under the effect of cold work. Absence of dynamic loads (e.g. in the case of sand abrasion) causes rapid and premature wear of parts. In order to improve the abrasive wear resistance of cast high-manganese steel for operation under the conditions free from dynamic loads, primary titanium carbides are produced in this cast steel during melting process to obtain in castings, after melt solidification, the microstructure consisting of an austenitic matrix and primary carbides uniformly distributed therein. After heat treatment, the microhardness of the austenitic matrix of such cast steel is up to 580 μHV20 and the resulting carbides may reach even 4000 μHV20. The impact strength of this cast steel varies from 57 to 129 and it decreases with titanium content. Compared to common cast Hadfield steel, the abrasive wear resistance determined in Miller test is at least twice as high for the 0.4% Ti alloy and continues growing with titanium content.

5

Temperaturowe aspekty odkształcenia plastycznego stali austenitycznej wysokomanganowej przeznaczonej do produkcji drutu

Kozłowska A., Grajcar A., Adamiec A.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2017

|

Vol. 84, nr 1

30--33

PL

W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania stali austenitycznej wysokomanganowej jako nowoczesnego materiału do produkcji drutów stalowych o wysokim potencjale odkształcenia plastycznego na zimno. Odkształcenie plastyczne symulowano w jednoosiowej próbie rozciągania w zakresie temperatury od 20°C do 200°C. Przeanalizowano rodzaj dominującego mechanizmu umocnienia (efekt TRIP lub/i efekt TWIP) w zależności od temperatury odkształcenia. Rozwój mikrostruktury monitorowano w przerywanych próbach rozciągania do odkształcenia wynoszącego 5%, 10%, 20% oraz do zerwania.

EN

In this study, the possibilities of the application of high-Mn austenitic steel as a material for the production of steel wires with high potential of cold plastic deformation were examined. The plastic deformation was simulated in a uniaxial tensile test in a temperature range of 20°C to 200°C. The dominant effect of strengthening mechanism of the steel (TRIP or/ and TWIP effect) depending on the temperature of plastic deformation was determined. Development of the microstructure was monitored in interrupted tensile tests to deformation of 5%, 10%, 20% and up to rupture.

6

Effect of chemical composition and plastic deformation on corrosion properties of highMn austenitic steels in alkaline solution

Kozłowska A., Grajcar A

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 77, nr 1

31--39

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to compare the corrosion properties of two high-Mn austenitic steels with various Al and Si additions in 0.1M NaOH solution using a potentiodynamic method. Design/methodology/approach: The steels used for the investigation were thermomechanically rolled in 3 passes. The final thickness of about 2 mm was obtained at a temperature of 850°C. Three groups of samples were prepared: thermomechanically rolled, thermomechanically rolled and additionally annealed at 900°C for 20 min, thermomechanically rolled and additionally cold deformed in static tensile test to total elongation of 36%. Corrosion resistance of investigated steels was examined using the potentiodynamic method. The metallographic inspection of corrosion damage included scanning electron microscope observations. The chemical analyses of the corrosion pits were carried out using EDS techniques. Findings: It was found that X4MnSiAlNbTi27-4-2 and X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 steels were characterized by relatively high corrosion resistance in 0.1M NaOH solution independently of their state. EDS analysis revealed that corrosion pits nucleated preferentially at nonmetallic inclusions such as MnS and AlN. Results of potentiodynamic tests showed that cold deformation had the highest influence on decreasing the corrosion resistance of investigated steels. Thermomechanically treated and supersaturated specimens showed lower values of corrosion current density and consequently less amount of corrosion damage. Research limitations/implications: To investigate in more detail the corrosion behaviour of high-manganese austenitic steels, the impedance spectroscopy investigations will be carried out. Practical implications: The knowledge of the corrosion resistance of high-Mn steels has a significant effect on their industrial application in the automotive industry. Originality/value: The corrosion resistance of two high-manganese austenitic steels with different initial microstructures was compared in alkaline solution.

7

Microstructure of Cast High-Manganese Steel Containing Titanium

Tęcza G., Garbacz-Klempka A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 16, iss. 4

163--168

EN

Widely used in the power and mining industry, cast Hadfield steel is resistant to wear, but only when operating under impact loads. Components made from this alloy exposed to the effect of abrasion under load-free conditions are known to suffer rapid and premature wear. To increase the abrasion resistance of cast high-manganese steel under the conditions where no dynamic loads are operating, primary titanium carbides are formed in the process of cast steel melting, to obtain in the alloy after solidification and heat treatment, the microstructure composed of very hard primary carbides uniformly distributed in the austenitic matrix of a hardness superior to the hardness of common cast Hadfield steel. Hard titanium carbides ultimately improve the wear resistance of components operating under shear conditions. The measured microhardness of the as-cast matrix in samples tested was observed to increase with the increasing content of titanium and was 380 HV0.02 for the content of 0.4%, 410 HV0.02 for the content of 1.5% and 510 HV0.02 for the content of 2 and 2.5%. After solution heat treatment, the microhardness of the matrix was 460÷480 HV0.02 for melts T2, T3 and T6, and 580 HV0.02 for melt T4, and was higher than the values obtained in common cast Hadfield steel (370 HV0.02 in as-cast state and 340÷370 HV0.02 after solution heat treatment). The measured microhardness of alloyed cementite was 1030÷1270 HV0.02; the microhardness of carbides reached even 2650÷4000 HV0.02.

8

TWIP mechanism in processing of high-manganese austenitic steel

Dobrzański L. A., Borek W., Mazurkiewicz J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 71, nr 1

22--27

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new developed high-manganese Fe-Mn-(Al,Si) high-manganese austenitic TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steel containing about 25% Mn, 1% Si, 3% Al. Design/methodology/approach: The essence of the research concerns the analysis of the influence of microstructure evolution during cold plastic deformation. The microstructure of investigated steel was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and high- resolution transmission electron microscopies (HRTEM). Findings: The activation of intensive mechanical twinning mechanisms in high-manganese austenitic steels, in order to increase strain energy, allows the formation of technological components of complex shape or permits the discharge of energy during cold plastic deformation. According to currently presented views, it is believed that the new austenitic steels with the A1 crystallographic structure containing Mn more than 25 mass.%, Si and Al can provide a significant advance, particularly in automotive applications, because practically there are no more possibilities to improve at the same time the strength and ductility of the steel with A2 crystallographic structure. Research limitations/implications: Results obtained in static conditions for new developed high-manganese austenitic steel indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by cold working, which may lead to significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers. Originality/value: TWIP steels show not only excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to an excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual-phase steels.

9

Analiza MES procesu dynamicznego rozciągania austenitycznej stali wyskomanganowej

Jabłońska M., Tomczak J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2015

|

Vol. 82, nr 8

559--562

PL

Stale z grupy AHSS z uwagi na ich zastosowanie na profile używane w strefach bezpieczeństwa pojazdów, wymagają prowadzenia badań z wykorzystaniem dużych prędkości odkształcania symulujących warunki podczas kolizji. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań analizy numerycznej rozciągania udarowego próbek z austenitycznej stali wysokomanganowej X55MnAl25-5 z zastosowaniem metody elementów skończonych. Obliczenia przeprowadzono wykorzystując pakiet oprogramowania Simufact Forming. Oprogramowanie umożliwia analizę procesu odkształcenia w warunkach przestrzennego stanu odkształcenia. Na potrzeby analizy numerycznej zbudowano szereg modeli geometrycznych procesu, w zależności od prędkości rozciągania, przy czym w niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono wyniki analizy dla prędkości 7,5 m/s. W efekcie prowadzonych symulacji określono rozkłady intensywności odkształcenia, naprężeń zredukowanych, temperatury, oraz kryterium zniszczenia w kolejnych fazach procesu.

EN

Steel from AHSS group, from the point of view of their future application for profiles used in safety zones of vehicles, it is necessary to conduct research with the use of different deformation speeds which simulate conditions during collision. The article presents chosen tests results of numeric analysis of impact stress of samples from high-manganese austenitic steel X55MnAl25-5 with application of finite-element method (FEM). Calculations were conducted with the use of software suit Simufact Forming. This software makes it possible to analyse in conditions of spatial deformation with the possibility to conduct a full thermal analysis of the process. For the purpose of numeric analysis a series of geometric models of the process was prepared, depending on the tension speed, but this publication presents the results of the analysis for the speed of 7.5m/s. As a result of performed simulations the deformation intensity distribution was determined, as well as other parameters such as reduced stress, temperature and failure criterion in every stage of the process.

10

Analiza błędów występujących podczas przygotowania próbek do badań metalograficznych mikroskopowych na przykładzie austenitycznej stali X55MnAl25-5

Jabłońska M., Wieszała R., Tomaszewska A.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2015

|

Vol. 82, nr 7

436--440

PL

Badania metalograficzne oraz sposób ich przeprowadzania stanowią jeden z najistotniejszych elementów służący ocenie zmian strukturalnych, jakie zachodzą w materiale pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Z tego właśnie względu procedura przygotowania materiału do badań metalograficznych powinna być nadzorowana na każdym kolejnym etapie. Nadzór ten obejmować powinien wszystkie prowadzone na badanym materiale prace począwszy od wyboru miejsca pobrania reprezentatywnej do analizy próbki, poprzez operacje obróbki skrawaniem, aż do momentu uzyskania docelowego miejsca, na którym prowadzone będą końcowe badania strukturalne. W całym procesie przygotowawczym mogą bowiem zostać wprowadzone artefakty, które bez znajomości badanego materiału i sposobu przygotowania go do analizy struktury mogą być przyczyną błędnej interpretacji uzyskanych wyników. W artykule przedstawiono przykład nadinterpretacji wyników badań strukturalnych wynikającej z nieprawidłowo prowadzonej procedury przygotowania zgładu metalograficznego próbki ze stali wysokomanganowej poddanej procesowi zmęczenia.

EN

Metallographic examination and the way in which they carry out, are one of the most important elements to assess the structural changes taking place in the material under the influence of external factors. This is because the procedure for preparation of metallographic research materials should be supervised for each successive stage. This surveillance should include all test material from the works carried out on site selection of a representative sample for the analysis of download by machining operations, until the target space, on which the final structural tests shall be carried out. Throughout the preparatory process can in fact be placed on artifacts, which without the knowledge of the test material and how to prepare it to the analysis of the structure may cause misinterpretation of the results obtained. The article shows an example of a structural test results overinterpreting variations from one year resulting from improperly carried out the procedure for the preparation of metallographic.

11

The Effect Of Strain Rate On The Mechanical Properties And Microstructure Of The High-Mn Steel After Dynamic Deformation Tests

Jabłońska M. B., Śmiglewicz A., Niewielski G.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2015

|

Vol. 60, iss. 2A

577--580

EN

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań dynamicznego rozciągania wysokomanganowej stali gatunku X20MnAlSi16-3-3. Badania przeprowadzono na młocie rotacyjnym, który posiada możliwość realizacji prób dynamicznego rozciągania i udarowego zginania w zakresie prędkości liniowej elementu wymuszającego od 5÷40 m/s. Badana stal charakteryzuje się bardzo dobrymi właściwościami mechanicznymi. Wyniki badań uzyskano na podstawie statycznej próby rozciągania, próby dynamicznego rozciągania na młocie rotacyjnym oraz pomiaru twardości metodą Vickersa. Przeanalizowano powierzchnie przełomów powstałych w miejscu zerwania podczas prób rozciągania, które wskazują na obecność przełomów transkrystalicznych ciągliwych. Badania strukturalne wykonano z wykorzystaniem techniki mikroskopii świetlnej, skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej i skaningowej transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej. Przeprowadzone badania substruktury ujawniły obecność mechanizmu bliźniakowania mechanicznego, indukowanego w warunkach dużych prędkości odkształcenia.

12

Resistance to Abrasive Wear and Volume Fraction of Carbides in Cast High-manganese Austenitic Steel with Composite Structure

Tęcza G., Głownia J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 4

129--133

EN

Cast Hadfield steel is characterised by high abrasion resistance, provided, however, that it is exposed to the effect of dynamic loads. During abrasion without loading, e.g. under the impact of loose sand jet, its wear resistance drops very drastically. To increase the abrasion resistance of this alloy under the conditions where no pressure is acting, primary vanadium carbides are formed in the metallurgical process, to obtain a composite structure after the melt solidification. The primary, very hard, carbides uniformly distributed in the austenitic matrix are reported to double the wear resistance of samples subjected to the effect of a silicon carbide-water mixture.

13

Cast High-Manganese Steel – the Effect of Microstructure on Abrasive Wear Behaviour in Miller Test

Kalandyk B., Tęcza G., Zapała R., Sobula S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 2

35--38

EN

The results of the modification of austenitic matrix in cast high-manganese steel containing 11÷19% Mn with additions of Cr, Ni and Ti were discussed. The introduction of carbide-forming alloying elements to this cast steel leads to the formation in matrix of stable complex carbide phases, which effectively increase the abrasive wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. The starting material used in tests was a cast Hadfield steel containing 11% Mn and 1.34% C. The results presented in the article show significant improvement in abrasive wear resistance and hardness owing to the structure modification with additions of Cr and Ti.

14

Obróbka cieplno-plastyczna stali austenitycznej wysokomanganowej z wykorzystaniem symulatora Gleeble 3800

Borek W.

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2014

|

nr 1-2

38--40

PL

Rozwój branży automotive skłania inżynierów do opracowywania nowatorskich materiałów konstrukcyjnych, o coraz lepszych własnościach wytrzymałościowych, przy zachowaniu wymaganej podatności na kształtowanie, a w szczególności na głębokie tłoczenie. Połączenie własności wytrzymałościowych i plastycznych stali ma szczególnie korzystne znaczenie nie tylko w procesie wytwórczym stali i elementów konstrukcyjnych samochodów, ale również w trakcie ewentualnego wypadku podczas użytkowania samochodu, ze względu na duży zapas plastyczności w strefach kontrolowanego pochłaniania energii uszkodzonego pojazdu.

15

Mechanical Properties and Fractographic Analysis of High Manganese Steels After Dynamic Deformation Tests

Jabłońska M. B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2014

|

Vol. 59, iss. 3

1193--1197

EN

Since few years many research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels for manufacturing of parts for automotive and railway industry. Some of these steels belong to the group of AHS possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. The article presents the dynamic mechanical properties of two types of high manganese austenitic steel with using a flywheel machine at room temperature with strain rates between 5×102 ÷3.5×103 s-1 . It was found that the both studied steels exhibit a high sensitivity Rm to the strain rate. With increasing the strain rate from 5×102 to 3.5×103 s-1 the hardening dominates the process. The fracture analysis indicate that after dynamic test both steel is characterized by ductile fracture surfaces which indicate good plasticity of investigated steels.

PL

Od kilku lat wiele ośrodków badawczych prowadzi prace nad rozwojem stali wysokomanganowych przeznaczonych do produkcji części dla przemysłu samochodowego i kolejowego. Niektóre z tych stali należą do grupy nazywanej Advanced High Strength Steels, i charakteryzują się wysoką wytrzymałością przy jednocześnie bardzo dużej plastyczności i szerokim zakresie umocnienia. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono badania właściwości mechanicznych w próbach odkształcenia dynamicznego dla dwóch gatunków wyskomanganowej stali austenitycznej z wykorzystaniem młota rotacyjnego w temperaturze pokojowej z szybkością odkształcenia między 5 x 5×102 ÷3.5×103 s-1. Stwierdzono, że badane stale wykazują wysoką czułość wytrzymałości na rozciąganie Rm na prędkość odkształcenia. Wraz ze wzrostem szybkości odkształcenia od 5×102 do 3.5×103 s-1 następuje proces umocnienia badanych stali. Przeprowadzona analiza faktograficzna przełomów wskazuje, że pękanie po próbach dynamicznej deformacji obu stali ma charakter transkrystaliczny ciągliwy co wskazuje na wysoką plastyczność badanych stali.

16

Effect of Heat Treatment on Change Microstructure of Cast High-manganese Hadfield Steel with Elevated Chromium Content

Tęcza G., Sobula S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 14, iss. 3 spec.

67--70

EN

Cast Hadfield steel is a material with high resistance to abrasion, provided, however, that it is used under the conditions of high dynamic loads. To increase the wear resistance of the alloy under the conditions in which no large pressures are operating, carbide-forming elements are introduced to the alloy. However, this leads to the precipitation in castings, mainly at the grain boundaries, of increased amounts of complex carbides. The heat treatment of cast Hadfield steel consists in solutioning to obtain a purely austenitic structure with no carbide precipitates. Changes in microstructure as a function of the changing temperature of the solution treatment were traced in hammers for crushers cast from high-manganese steel with an addition of chromium (1.7% C, 16% Mn and 1.4% Cr). It has been found that the use of the solution treatment temperatures much higher or prolongation of the solutioning time (compared to standard heat treatment) does not lead to the formation of a purely austenitic structure.

17

Influence of thermo-plastic deformation on grain size of high-manganese austenitic X11MnSiAl17-3-1 steel

Dobrzański L.A., Czaja M., Borek W., Labisz K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2013

|

Vol. 61, nr 2

169--174

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to compare fragmentation of grains after thermo-mechanical treatment using Gleeble 3800 simulator of high-manganese austenitic X11MnSiAl7-1-3 steel. Design/methodology/approach: The hot-working behaviour was determined 4- and 8-stage compression tests performed in a temperature range of 850 to 1100°C by the use of the Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The comparison between two type of thermo-mechanical treatment has been established based on microstructure research and X-ray diffraction analysis. Findings: It was found that steel X11MnSiAl7-1-3 in initial state and after thermo-mechanical treatment on Gleeble simulator has homogeneous austenite structure. Compression tests were realized in the temperature range from 850 to 1050°C with the true strain 4x0.23 for 4-stage process, and 0.4 in the first deformation, and 0.25 and 0.2 in the following deformations for 8-stage process. The multi-stage compression examination gives the possibility to refine the austenite microstructure. Based on microstructures research were found that this process perfectly led to fragmentation of the material structure which may result in the ideal material properties. Practical implications: The obtained microstructure after Gleeble simulations can be useful in determination of power-force parameters of hot-rolling for thin sheets to obtain fine-grained austenitic microstructures. Originality/value: The hot-working behaviour and microstructure evolution in various conditions of plastic deformation for new-developed high-manganese austenitic steels were investigated.

18

Structure of X11MnSiAl17-1-3 steel after hot-rolling and Gleeble simulations

Dobrzański L., Borek W., Czaja M., Mazurkiewicz J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2013

|

Vol. 61, nr 1

13--21

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to compare results after thermo-mechanical simulation using Gleeble 3800 and hot-rolling on LPS module of high-manganese austenitic X11MnSiAl7-1-3 steel. Design/methodology/approach: The hot-working behaviour was determined in continuous, 4- and 8-stage compression tests performed in a temperature range of 850 to 1100°C by the use of the Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator and LPS module for semi-industrial hot rolling. The comparison between two processes has been established based on microstructure research and X-ray diffraction analysis. Findings: It was found that austenite microstructure with numerous annealing twins in the initial state was obtained. 4-stage compression tests were realized in the temperature range from 850 to 1050°C with the true strain 4x0.23. 8-stage compression test were performed in the same temperature range and with true strain of 0.4 in the first deformation, and 0.25 and 0.2 in the following deformations. The multi-stage compression examination gives the possibility to refine the austenite microstructure. Based on this research hot-rolling on LPS module in the temperature range from 1100°C to 850°C was realized. Based on microstructures research were found that this process is not perfect due to longer intervals between successive passes and inability to control the temperatures of following passes. Practical implications: The obtained stress-strain curves relationship and microstructure after Gleeble simulations can be useful in determination of power-force parameters of hot-rolling for thin sheets to obtain fine-grained austenitic microstructures. Originality/value: The hot-working behavior and microstructure evolution in various conditions of plastic deformation for new-developed high-manganese austenitic steels were investigated.

19

Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water

Kalandyk B., Zapała R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2013

|

Vol. 13, iss. 4

63--66

EN

The study attempts to determine the impact of the high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on its abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water prepared in accordance with ASTM G75. For tests, the high-manganese cast steel containing 10.7, 17.9 and 20.02% Mn was selected. The results of microstructure examinations and abrasion wear resistance tests carried out on the material in non-hardened condition and after strain hardening with a force of 539.55kN were disclosed. Additionally, the surface of samples after a 16-hour cycle of abrasion tests was examined. Moreover, based on the obtained results, the effect of different contents of Mn in cast steel was studied, mainly in terms of its impact on the abrasion wear resistance. The results obtained on the tested materials were compared with the results obtained on the low-alloyed abrasion wear-resistant cast steel L35GSM.

20

Ocena skłonności do pękania gorącego stali wysokomanganowych z dodatkiem aluminium

Adamiec J., Lalik S., Niewielski G.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

|

2012

|

Vol. 33, nr 5

396--399

PL

Nowoczesne wysokowytrzymałe gatunki stali dla motoryzacji oprócz technologiczności w wytwarzaniu, powinny minimalizować oddziaływanie na środowisko przez redukcję emisji spalin. Powoduje to konieczność obniżenia masy pojazdów samochodowych, jako jednego z głównych źródeł zanieczyszczenia atmosfery. Nowoczesne stale pozwalają połączyć lekkość z tradycyjną przewagą stali wynikającą z jej niskiej ceny i walorów ekologicznych. Dobre właściwości mechaniczne, mała gęstość oraz zdolnością do absorpcji energii sprawiają, że stal z układu Fe-Mn-Al-C jest jednym z bardziej perspektywicznych materiałów XXI wieku. Ze względu na niskie koszty materiałowe znalazła uznanie i zainteresowanie w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. Szersze wykorzystanie tych stopów jest związane często z trudnościami w procesach ich wytwarzania i przetwarzania, w tym procesów spawania. Doświadczenia z tymi stalami wykazały, że oczekiwany zestaw właściwości jest możliwy do uzyskania przez kombinację alternatywnych mechanizmów odkształcenia plastycznego, jak np. bliźniakowanie (efekt TWIP), indukowana odkształceniem przemiana martenzytyczna (efekt TRIP), czy plastyczność wywołana ścinaniem pasm austenitu (TRIPLEX efekt SIP). W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań skłonności do pękania gorącego dwóch gatunków stali wysokomanganowych z efektem umocnienia typu TWIP I TRIP zawierających 3,1 i 5,3% aluminium oraz 17,3% i 23,9% manganu, w warunkach wymuszonego odkształcenia. Dla określenia podatności analizowanych stali do pękania gorącego w procesie spawania wykonano technologiczną próbę Transvarestraint oraz badania metalograficzne. Badania skłonności do pękania gorącego stali wysokomanganowych z dodatkiem aluminium przeznaczonych dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego w warunkach wymuszonego odkształcenia, które modeluje próba Transvarestraint, wskazują, że stal X20MnAl18-3 o zawartości około 17% manganu i 3% aluminium jest odporna na pękanie gorące podczas przetopienia w warunkach wymuszonego odkształcenia, natomiast stal X55MnAl25-5 o większej zawartości manganu (ok. 24%) i aluminium (5,5%) jest skłonna do pękania gorącego w zakresie od temperatury solidusu do 0,7 temperatury topnienia. Pękanie w tym zakresie jest związane z małą plastycznością i wytrzymałością obszarów międzykrystalicznych w strukturze przetopienia, co jest związane z segregacją pierwiastków w tych obszarach oraz związanymi z procesem spawania odkształceniami całego złącza spawanego. Powstałe w trakcie badań pęknięcia gorące mogą być również wynikiem obecności znacznej liczby wad sieci krystalicznej i dążenia układu do stabilności energetycznej.

EN

Modern high-strength types of steel for motorisation should, apart from producibility in manufacturing, minimise the influence on the environment by reducing exhaust fumes emission. It creates the necessity of lowering the weight of car vehicles as one of the main sources of atmosphere pollution. Modern steel types enable to join the lightness with traditional advantages of steel which are low price and ecological qualities. High mechanical properties, low density and ability to absorb energy cause that steel type from Fe-Mn-Al-C set is one of more perspective materials of 21 st century. Due to low material costs it deserved appreciation and interest from automotive industry. Wider use of these alloys is often connected with difficulties in their manufacturing processes, including the welding processes. Experience with those steels has shown that expected set of properties is possible to achieve by a combination of alternative mechanisms of plastic deformation, such as twinning (TWIP effect), strain induced martensite transformation (TRIP effect) or plasticity caused by austenite band shearing (TRIPLEX effect SIP). The paper presents tests results of the susceptibility to hot cracking of two types of high manganese steel with the consolidation effect of TWIP and TRIP which included 3.1 and 5.3% of aluminium and 17.3% and 23.9% of manganese in conditions of extorted strain. In order to determine the susceptibility of analysed steel to hot cracking in welding process a technological Transvarestraint test and metallographic tests were conducted. Tests of susceptibility to hot cracking of high manganese steel types with aluminium addition for the use in automotive industry, in conditions of extorted strain, which is modelled by Transvarestraint test show, that steel X20MnAl18-3 with 17% of manganese and 3% of aluminium is resistant to hot cracking during weld penetration in conditions of extorted strain whereas the steel X55MnAl25-5 with higher content of manganese (about 24%) and aluminium (5.5%) is susceptible to hot cracking in temperature range from solidus to 0.7 of melting point temperature Cracking in this range is connected with low plasticity and strength of intercrystalline areas in weld penetration structure which is connected with segregation of the chemical elements in those are and deformations connected with welding process of the whole welded joint. Hot cracks which were created during tests may also be the result of the presence of large amount of defects of crystal system and the drive of the system to reaching energetic stability.