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1

Study on laser welding of a copper material and stainless steel

Wang Renping

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 9

963--967

EN

A com. fiber laser was used to weld Cu and stainless steel plates. The laser power was 2.2 kW, the welding speed 2.5 mm/s, the spot diam. about 0.5 mm, and the wire feeding speed 2-3.5 mm/s. Ar gas flow rate was 10 L/min. The weld produced was smooth and defect-free, the grain distribution was uniform and the mech. properties of the joint were high. The av. tensile strength of the welded joints was 984 MPa, and the av. yield strength of the joints was 351.4 MPa. The superior ity and potential of laser welding in dissimilar metal welding was evidenced.

PL

Do spawania płyt z miedzi i stali nierdzewnej użyto komercyjnego lasera światłowodowego. Moc lasera wynosiła 2,2 kW, prędkość spawania 2,5 mm/s, średnica plamki ok. 0,5 mm, prędkość podawania drutu 2-3,5 mm/s, a natężenie przepływu argonu 10 L/min. Uzyskana spoina była gładka i wolna od wad, rozkład ziarna był równomierny. Spoina miała dobre właściwości mechaniczne. Średnia wytrzymałość na rozciąganie spoin spawanych wynosiła 984 MPa, a średnia granica plastyczności spoin to 351,4 MPa. Udowodniono potencjał spawania laserowego w spawaniu różnych metali.

2

Predicting the mechanical properties of stainless steels using Artificial Neural Networks

Ivković Djordje, Arsić Dušan, Adamović Dragan, Nikolić Ružica, Mitrović Andjela, Otakar Bokuvka

Production Engineering Archives

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2024

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Vol. 30, Iss. 2

225--232

EN

Knowing the material properties is of a crucial importance when planning to manufacture some structure. That is true for the steel structures, as well. Thus, for the proper planning of a certain steel part or a structure production, one must be aware of the properties of the material, to be able to make a qualified decision, which material should be used. Considering that the manufacturing of steel products is constantly growing in various branches of industry and engineering, the problem of predicting the material properties, needed to satisfy the requirements for the certain part efficient and reliable functioning, becomes an imperative in the design process. A method of predicting four material properties of the two stainless steels, by use of the artificial neural network (ANN) is presented in this article. Those properties were predicted based on the particular steels’ known chemical compositions and the corresponding material properties available in the Cambridge Educational System EDU PACK 2010 software, using neural network module of MathWorks Matlab. The method was verified by com-paring the values of the material properties predicted by this method to known values of properties for the two stainless steels, X5CrNi18-10 (AISI 304), X5CrNiMo17-12-2 (AISI 316). The difference be-tween the two sets of values was below 5% and, in some cases, even negligible.

3

The effect of anodic polarization of 304 stainless steel in choline chloride-based DES solvent on its surface morphology and corrosion resistance

Marczewski Marek, Tylus Włodzimierz, Winiarska Juliusz

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2024

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nr 4

96--105

EN

AISI 304 alloy steel was polarized anodically in a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and oxalic acid (1 : 1 molar ratio) at the temperature range of 25–75°C and the current density range of 2.5–45 mA cm−2. No improvement in visual parameters (gloss) was observed with increasing temperature. That was due to the formation of numerous pits on the surface as evidenced by SEM microscopy. AFM showed at lower temperatures the evenly distributed shallow pits, while at higher temperatures – less numerous but larger ones. XPS and ICP-AES analysis showed that the anodic polarization process increased the content of oxidized chromium on the surface and indicated high degree of iron leaching from the material. Morphology of this passive layer, which thickness was calculated to 3.3 nm, was characterized by uniform mixture of Cr(III) oxide and hydroxide. In contrast to chemically etched steel, polarization in DES produced surface layer enriched with Cr2O3 (56% instead of 28% total share) with lower share of Cr(OH)3 (41% instead of 70% total share). Anodic polarization process in proposed DES was responsible for a slight increase in corrosion resistance of 304 steel.

PL

Stal stopową AISI 304 poddano polaryzacji anodowej w rozpuszczalniku eutektycznym złożonym z chlorku choliny i kwasu szczawiowego (1 : 1 molowo) w temperaturze 25–75°C i przy gęstości prądu 2,5– 45 mA cm−2. Nie zaobserwowano poprawy połysku wraz ze wzrostem temperatury procesu ze względu na powstanie licznych wżerów na powierzchni, widocznych za pomocą mikroskopii SEM. Analiza AFM wykazała, że w niższych temperaturach wżery są płytkie i równomiernie rozmieszczone, a w wyższych są większe i mniej liczne. Analizy XPS i ICP-AES ujawniły, że na skutek polaryzacji anodowej wzrasta ilość utlenionego chromu w powierzchni stali, czemu towarzyszy nadmierne roztwarzanie żelaza ze stopu. Morfologia wytworzonej warstwy pasywnej, o grubości około 3,3 nm, to jednorodna mieszanina tlenku i wodorotlenku Cr(III). W porównaniu z trawioną chemicznie stalą polaryzacja anodowa w DES skutkuje wytworzeniem warstwy powierzchniowej wzbogaconej w Cr2O3 (56% zamiast 28% zawartości) i z mniejszym udziałem Cr(OH)3 (41% zamiast 70%). Proces polaryzacji anodowej stali 304 w zaproponowanym DES przyczynił się do poprawy odporności na korozję.

4

Zalety kołków sprężystych zwijanych ze stali nierdzewnej chromowej 420

Pasko Michael

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2024

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R. 26, nr 6

40--41

PL

Kołki zwijane są stosowane w wielu branżach, w tym motoryzacyjnej, medycznej, ciężkiego sprzętu, wojskowej, lotniczej i produktów konsumenckich. W zastosowaniach wymagających połączenia wysokiej wytrzymałości, doskonałej odporności na zużycie i odporności na korozję, nierdzewna chromowa stal martenzytyczna 420 oferuje szereg zalet technicznych oraz stanowi rzetelne i racjonalne pod względem kosztów rozwiązanie. [...] Firma SPIROL produkuje kołki sprężyste od 1948 roku...

5

Zalety kołków sprężystych zwijanych ze stali nierdzewnej chromowej 420

Pasko Michael

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2024

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R. 26, nr 4

42--43

PL

Kołki zwijane są stosowane w wielu branżach, w tym motoryzacyjnej, medycznej, ciężkiego sprzętu, wojskowej, lotniczej i produktów konsumenckich. W zastosowaniach wymagających połączenia wysokiej wytrzymałości, doskonałej odporności na zużycie i odporności na korozję, nierdzewna chromowa stal martenzytyczna 420 oferuje szereg zalet technicznych oraz stanowi rzetelne i racjonalne pod względem kosztów rozwiązanie... [wstęp]

6

Pulse frequency density modulation full bridge for induction preheating application of stainless-steel welding

Chakkuchan P., Chudjuarjeen S., Phankong N.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 127, nr 1

23--31

EN

Purpose: The paper shows the problem of surface cracks from welding (TIG welding) to welding stainless steel pipe (heat-affected zone: HAZ). The study is an experiment of preparing welding with non-heating workpieces and preheating the workpiece using the principle of induction, heating with a fluid inverter circuit that can adjust power by frequency control, pulse frequency density modulation (PFDM) to maintain temperature for industrial. Design/methodology/approach: The control circuit is responsible for regulating the functioning of different devices and the speed of operation of the switch device. It divides the control into two closed loops: phase-angle feedback and current feedback. The phase-angle feedback loop ensures frequency tracking during the phase check angle, enabling the inverter to operate at frequencies higher than the resonant frequency throughout its operation. The process of arc welding was employed in the fusion of stainless-steel materials. Preheating is a crucial step in the welding process, as it serves to uphold the integrity of the weld and mitigate the occurrence of undesirable outcomes such as cracking and the subsequent requirement for rework. The Welding Process Specification (WPS) about the task at hand will delineate the lower and upper limits of preheating temperatures and the requisite period for preheating. High-quality products should be devoid of these imperfections and possess comprehensive welding reinforcement. Additional welding certifications encompassed a tensile testing procedure, a microhardness testing procedure, and a comprehensive microstructure analysis. Findings: Applying an alternating voltage to an induction coil generates an alternating current (AC) within the coil circuit. The induced currents exhibit a frequency identical to that of the coil current, although they possess an opposite direction to the coil current. These currents facilitate heat generation through the phenomenon known as the Joule effect. The temperature range of 250°C-400°C can be effectively regulated for preheating stainless steel by using high-frequency electric process heating in induction welding, hence achieving the desired welding preheat. There are two primary classifications for inverters: voltage-source inverters and current-source inverters. Research limitations/implications: The main research limitation is comparing preheat and non-preheat. The size of the heat-affected zones is influenced by the rate of heating and cooling brought on by machining processes. By influencing the microstructural changes in that area, precise control of the variables can impact the integrity of the weld zones. The microstructural characteristics of the metal are different from the rest of the subject because welding heats the metal. The topic is heated up beforehand to ensure smooth welding and structural integrity. Because there is less of a temperature difference between the weld zone and the base material, preheating during welding results in less shrinkage stress. Distortions and crack flaws might result from higher shrinkage stress. Practical implications: NDT, or non-destructive testing, is a weld integrity test to find defects that occur in the weld without damaging that welding line and continuing to use it safely. For the welding line to be strong according to the design of that welding line (conformance to design), the test will use the principles of physical properties, such as light, X or gamma rays, magnetic fields, and high-frequency sound waves. Originality/value: In the research, stainless steel was successfully welded to preheat using induction heating (IH).

7

Influence of L-PBF additive manufacturing parameters on the residual stresses and thermal distortions in AISI 316L stainless steel parts

Santos O., Batalha G.F., Farias V., Seriacop V., Bordinassi E.C., Adamiak M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 127, nr 1

12--22

EN

Purpose: The work aimed to numerically model through the Finite Element Method (FEM) the distribution of residual stresses and thermal distortions in parts generated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) in stainless steel AISI 316L and validate the results obtained through experimental measurements on previously manufactured parts. Design/methodology/approach: The design methodology followed a numerical approach through the Finite Element Method (FEM), the distribution of residual stresses and thermal distortions in parts generated by Selective Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) in stainless steel AISI 316L and the FEM approach was validated trough the results obtained through experimental measurements on previously manufactured parts. The influence on three levels was verified through complete factorial planning of some manufacturing parameters, such as laser power, speed, and distance between scans (hatch), on the stress and distortion results of the samples and also on the samples simulated by FEM. Findings: When results were compared about the average diameters, a relative error of less than 2.5% was observed. The average diameter was influenced by power and speed. Increasing power decreased the average diameter of the samples, while increasing speed and hatch increased the average diameter. When results are compared to measure the residual stresses, it is observed that the relative error was less than 1%. Power, speed, and the hatch itself influenced the residual stress. Increasing power increases residual stress while increasing speed and hatch decreases residual stress. The cooling rate and the transient thermal history are the control factors that influence the residual stresses and are directly related to the process parameters. The computational modelling followed by measurements and calibrations carried out in the experimental stages proved to be efficient and enabled the reproduction of thermal distortion and residual stresses with statistical confidence. prediction of thermal distortions and residual stresses using the machine learning approach. Future research will study heating the building platform, which should also impact residual stresses. Practical implications: Based on the results obtained in this research, it will be possible to select better additive manufacturing parameters for manufacturing 316L stainless steel parts. The parameters evaluated in the work were laser power, scanning speed, and hatch. Originality/value: The innovation of the work lies in the robust simulation of the thermo-elastic behaviour of samples subjected to the additive manufacturing process, where it was possible to accurately relate the thermal distortions and residual stresses that appeared in the samples printed with the parts modelled by the FEM. The numerical-experimental validation makes it possible to extrapolate the studies to several other manufacturing parameters using only computational simulation and work with a more significant amount of data for a prediction study.

8

Effect of floating-plug drawing process parameters on surface finish of inner and outer surfaces of AISI 321 stainless steel thin-walled tubes

Żaba Krzysztof, Szpunar Marcin

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 41, nr 1

27-37

EN

This article presents the results of the analysis of changes in the surface topography of AISI 321 (1.4541) thin-walled stainless steel tubes in single-pass Floating-Plug Drawing (FPD) process. Experimental tests were carried out with variable drawing speed (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 m/min) and different angles of floating plug (11.3°, 13° and 14°). Wisura DSO7010 (Fuchs Oil) lubricant was used in the experiments. Mean roughness Ra and ten point height of irregularities Rz were adopted as surface quality indicators. Roughness parameters were measured independently on the inner and outer surfaces of thin-walled tubes. Analysis of variance was used to analyse the relationship between process parameters (drawing speed and angle of floating plug) and surface roughness of tubes. A decrease in the values of both analyzed roughness parameters was observed as a result of the drawing process. The FPD process significantly improves the inner surface quality of AISI 321 thin-walled stainless steel tubes. The mean roughness value tends to increase with increasing drawing speed, while the angle of the floating-plug has no significant effect on the mean roughness Ra.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy zmian topografii powierzchni rur cienkościennych ze stali nierdzewnej AISI 321 po procesie ciągnienia na korku swobodnym. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono w jednym przejściu, ze zmienną prędkością ciągnienia (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 m/min) oraz różnymi kątami β korka swobodnego (11.3°, 13° and 14°). W badaniach eksperymentalnych wykorzystano smar Wisura DSO7010 (Fuchs Oil). Jako wskaźniki jakości powierzchni przyjęto średnie arytmetyczne odchylenie rzędnych profilu Ra oraz wysokość chropowatości według 10 punktów Rz. Parametry chropowatości mierzono niezależnie na wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej powierzchni rur cienkościennych. Do analizy związków pomiędzy parametrami procesu ciągnienia (prędkość ciągnienia i kąt korka swobodnego) wykorzystano analizę wariancji. Zaobserwowano zmniejszenie wartości obydwu analizowanych parametrów chropowatości w wyniku procesu ciągnienia. Proces ciągnienia na korku swobodnym znacznie poprawia jakość wewnętrznej powierzchni cienkościennych rur ze stali nierdzewnej AISI 321. Zaobserwowano tendencję do zwiększania się parametru Ra wraz ze wzrostem prędkości ciągnienia, podczas gdy kąt β korka swobodnego nie miał znaczącego wpływu na średnią chropowatość Ra.

9

Study of the Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Surface Modified Steel for Medical Applications

Taratuta Anna, Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Kazek-Kęsik Alicja, Antonowicz Magdalena, Basiaga Marcin

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 2

85--95

EN

Various types of metal implants, both in Poland and worldwide, are mainly manufactured from stainless steel due to their biocompatibility, strength, and relatively low price. However, any such procedure involves the risk of peri-implant infection, stimulated, among other things, by the formation of a bacterial biofilm on the surface of the implant. In this paper, several methods of modifying the surface of steel for medical applications were proposed, such as mechanical polishing, electropolishing, sandblasting, and the application of a thin surface layer. This was followed by a series of physicochemical and biological tests. The results indicate that the titanium nitride coating improved corrosion resistance and reduced bacterial adhesion on the surface. No significant improvement in abrasion was observed, and the adhesion of the coating closely depended on the method of preparation.

PL

Implanty metalowe, zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie, produkowane są głównie ze stali nierdzewnej ze względu na jej biokompatybilność, wytrzymałość i stosunkowo niską cenę. Jednak każdy tego rodzaju zabieg wiąże się z ryzykiem powstania zakażenia okołowszczepowego, stymulowanego m.in. powstawaniem biofilmu bakteryjnego na powierzchni implantu. W pracy zaproponowano kilka metod modyfikacji powierzchni stali do zastosowań medycznych, takich jak polerowanie mechaniczne, elektropolerowanie, piaskowanie oraz nałożenie cienkiej warstwy powierzchniowej. Następnie przeprowadzono szereg badań fizykochemicznych i biologicznych. Wyniki wskazują, że powłoka azotku tytanu poprawiła odporność na korozję oraz ograniczyła adhezję bakterii na powierzchni. Nie zaobserwowano znaczącej poprawy ścieralności, a adhezja powłoki ściśle zależała od metody jej przygotowania.

10

Selected aspects of the design of special monolithic carbide milling cutters for austenitic steels

Małek Marcin, Grabowski Marcin, Skoczypiec Sebastian

Technical Transactions

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2023

|

Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023017

EN

In many machining applications, the appropriate selection of cutting tools in relation to the type of material being machined, the machining parameters and the required shape and dimensional accuracy is of particular importance. This especially applies to operations requiring the use of specific tools, i.e. tools that are not included in the standard offer but are tailor-made according to the individual needs of the customer. The article focuses on the machining problems of selected austenitic grades of stainless steel and the selection of technologies (i.e. machining parameters and strategies and tool geometry) concerning the design and use of special monolithic carbide milling cutters. The possibilities of manufacturing elements from austenitic steels with high shape and dimensional accuracy and high surface layer quality are limited. Due to their high ductility, the tendency to create growths on the cutting edge and the high compression strength coefficient, these materials pose a serious technological challenge. The analysis of phenomena presented in the article forms the basis for developing guidelines for designing the machining process using special monolithic carbide cutters dedicated for specific applications.

11

Dynamic Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted 316L Steel : Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Changes

Białobrzewski Paweł, Sienkiewicz Judyta, Janiszewski Jacek, Kluczyński Janusz

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2023

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Vol. 14, Nr 2 (52)

51--72

EN

316L steel specimens with three different shear zones made by SLM (Selective Laser Melting) were subjected to dynamic tests using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar method. The effect of high-speed deformation on changes in microstructure was analyzed. In addition, the stress-strain relationship was determined from the SHPB results. To visualize the deformation process of the specimens during the tests, a camera with a high frame rate was used. It was shown that as the plastic deformation increases, the hardness of the material increases. Microstructural analysis of dynamically loaded areas revealed numerous defects. Twinning was found to be the main deformation mechanism. Large plastic deformation and many other microstructural changes such as shear bands, cracks and martensite nucleation were also observed.

PL

Próbki ze stali 316L z trzema różnymi strefami ścinania wykonane metodą SLM (Selective Laser Melting) poddano testom dynamicznym wykorzystując do tego metodę dzielonego pręta Hopkinsona (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar). Przeanalizowano wpływ odkształceń o dużej szybkości na zmiany w mikrostrukturze. Ponadto na podstawie wyników badań SHPB wyznaczono zależność naprężenie- odkształcenie. W celu zobrazowania procesu odkształcania próbek podczas badań zastosowano kamerę o dużej częstości klatkowania. Wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem odkształcenia plastycznego wzrasta twardość materiału. Analiza mikrostrukturalna obszarów obciążonych dynamicznie ujawniła liczne defekty. Stwierdzono, że głównym mechanizmem deformacji jest bliźniakowanie. Zaobserwowano również duże odkształcenia plastyczne i wiele innych zmian mikrostruktury, takich jak pasma ścinania, pęknięcia i zarodkowanie martenzytu.

12

Effect of surfactant concentration in modifying solution on corrosion properties of the coatings based on vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)

Kucharczyk A., Adamczyk Lidia, Miecznikowski K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 1

5--17

EN

Purpose: This paper presents an analysis of the structure and physicochemical properties of coatings based on an organofunctional silane (VTMS), a conductive polymer (PEDOT), and a surfactant (polyoxyethylene glycol monolauryl ether BRIJ). Design/methodology/approach The coatings were deposited on X20Cr13 stainless steel and glassy carbon specimens using sol-gel immersion. The obtained coatings were characterised in terms of topography, microstructure, roughness, adhesion to the steel substrate, thickness, and corrosion resistance. Corrosion tests were conducted in sulfate environments with pH = 2 without or with the addition of Cl- ions. Findings: The use of different surfactant concentrations in the modifying solution is intended to improve the deposition efficiency and increase the degree of dispersion of silane and conducting polymer. Research limitations/implications The tested coatings were found to slow down the corrosion of the steel substrate, thus effectively protecting it from this phenomenon. The use of a surfactant compound is intended to increase the degree of dispersion of silane and polymer in the modifying solution to improve deposition efficiency. Practical implications: Test carried out in corrosive media have shown that the coatings proposed in the above work, based on VTMS silane, PEDOT polymer and BRIJ surfactant, significantly increase the corrosion resistance of the tested materials, which confirms their effectiveness and possibility of application in various industries. Originality/value: The novelty of this paper is the use of silane (VTMS), polymer (PEDOT) and surfactant (BRIJ) as components of the anticorrosion coating.

13

Tailoring the strength-ductility balance of a commercial austenitic stainless steel with combined TWIP and TRIP effects

Sohrabi Mohammad Javad, Mirzadeh Hamed, Sadeghpour Saeed, Geranmayeh Abdol Reza

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e170, 2023

EN

The sequential twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects were induced in a commercial AISI 304L stainless steel by tailoring the average austenite grain size (via thermomechanical processing of cold rolling and reversion/recrystallization annealing), leading to a combination of high yield stress and total elongation as well as a remarkable strength-ductility synergy similar to advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) for automotive industry. In fact, the refinement of grains promoted the TWIP effect at the expense of the TRIP effect due to its effect on increasing the apparent stacking fault energy; while the coarsening/growth of grains led to a pronounced TRIP effect via deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation during straining. Moreover, the TRIP/TWIP effects were characterized by the simple work-hardening analysis such as slope change and appearance of extremum points on the curves of work-hardening rate, logarithmic and parabolic segments on the curves of instantaneous work-hardening exponent, and deviations from the strain-hardening Hollomon lines. The results were supported by the interrupted tensile tests and detailed electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, where the merit of the TWIP-TRIP steels was shown in the case of a commercial austenitic stainless steel.

14

Microstructure formation and fatigue performance of duplex stainless steel 2205 welded joints by electric resistance welding

Dong Zhilong, Xie Xue-fang, Li Jingwen, Wan Yu, Wang Chaolei

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e180, 2023

EN

The electric resistance welding of thin-thickness duplex stainless steel (DSS) has an outstanding attraction in the plate-fin heat exchanger which is widely used in power machinery, diesel locomotive and other fields, but its structural integrity is threatened seriously by fatigue failure. Therefore, in this research, the formation of the heterogeneous microstructure of DSS electric resistance welding joints (ERWJ) was analyzed by the optical microscope (OM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) observations, and the uniaxial tensile and fatigue tests were subsequently executed to disclose their mechanical properties. The intrinsic relevancy between phase-related characteristics and failure behavior was extensively analyzed. The results show that the ferrite was dominating at whole ERWJ, particularly at the energized area, accounting for up to 72%. More than 45% of high-angle boundaries (HABS) and the highest kernel average misorientation (KAM, 2.46° for austenite and 1.52° for ferrite), which indicates greater plastic deformation and residual stress, were observed at the weld edge. In addition, the failure occurred as a tear along the weld edge regardless of the monotonic and cyclic loadings under the deterioration of residual stress and island-like austenite. The distribution of fatigue life with cyclic amplitude performed an obvious turning point of 19.5 MPa due to the different failure mechanisms, providing a permissible range of the stress amplitudes and reinforcement strategies for the plate-shell heat exchanger ERWJ in the engineering.

15

Additive manufacturing of metallic biomaterials: a concise review

Mahajan Amit, Singh Gurcharan, Devgan Sandeep

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e187, 2023

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the critical techniques of novel medical devices which is capable of processing complicated or customized structures to best match the human’s bones and tissues. AM allows for the fabrication of devices with optimal architectures, complicated morphologies, surface integrity, and regulated porosity and chemical composition. Various AM methods can now consistently fabricate dense products for a range of metallic, nonmetallic, composites, and nanocomposites. Different studies are available that describe the microstructure and various properties of 3D-printed biomedical alloys. However, there are limited research on the wear characteristics, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of 3D-printed technology-constructed biomedical alloys. In this article, AM metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, magnesium, cobalt–chromium, and titanium are reviewed along with their alloys. The helicopter view of essential characteristics of these additively manufactured biomaterials is comprised. The review will have a significant impact on fabricating metallic surgical equipment and its sturdiness in the biomedical field.

16

Modeling and optimization of friction stir stitching of AISI 201 stainless steel via Box-Behnken design methodology

Ojo Olatunji Oladimeji, Obasha Isaac Ojo

Production Engineering Archives

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2022

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Vol. 28, Iss. 2

132--140

EN

The paper investigates the modelling and optimization of the notch-repaired/friction stir stitched AISI 201 stainless steel welds via the use of a non-consumable tool-based repair process. The repair process employs a sequential hopping-stitching approach. This approach involves the application of two intercepted and completely overlapped plunging actions of a probe-less titanium carbide tool to create an effective refilling and repair of the notched zone. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed for the experimental planning, modelling, and optimization of the notch-repair process. Tool rotational speed, penetration depth and dwell time of the tool were the studied process parameters while tensile strength was the response variable. A quadratic model was identified as the best model for the notch-repaired welds based on the combination of a low sequential P-value of 0.008216, a high lack of fit P-value of 0.931366, and a close to unity adjusted and predicted R-square values. The process parameter and their interaction effects on the tensile strength of the repaired notch were identified via the ANOVA analysis. Plunge depth (main effect) and interaction effect of tool rotational speed and dwell time had significant influences on the notch-repair process and the resultant tensile strength of the AISI 201 stainless steel. The visual representations of these effects were shown through the 2D elliptical contour and 3D response surface plots. The optimized process parameters were identified as 1215.9795 rpm, 0.40262212 mm, and 5.98706376 s while the resultant notch-repaired joint yielded a tensile strength of 886 MPa, which is close to the predicted value.

17

Wpływ stężenia BRJI na właściwości ochronne powłok silanowych na bazie winylotrójmetoksysilanu wytworzonych na stalach X20Cr13 i 41Cr4

Kucharczyk Aleksandra, Adamczyk Lidia

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2022

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nr 3

83--87

PL

W niniejszej pracy zbadano właściwości ochronne powłok silanowych na bazie winylotrójmetoksysilanu VTMS i niejonowego środka powierzchniowo - czynnego BRJI. Jako rozpuszczalnik organosilanu i surfaktantu zastosowano etanol, natomiast kwas octowy zastosowano w celu ustalenia środowiska kwasowego (pH roztworów między 3−4). Powłoki naniesiono na próbki stali nierdzewnej X20Cr13 oraz stali stopowej konstrukcyjnej 41Cr4 metodą zanurzeniową w procesie sol-gel przy użyciu różnych stężeń surfaktantu. Otrzymane powłoki scharakteryzowano pod względem odporności korozyjnej, przyczepności do podłoża stalowego oraz grubości. Badania korozyjne przeprowadzono w kwaśnych środowiskach siarczanowych o pH = 2 bez lub z jonami Cl-. Zastosowanie związków powierzchnio–czynnych ma za zadanie zwiększenie stopnia zdyspergowania silanu w roztworze modyfikującym, celem poprawy efektywności procesu osadzania.

EN

In this study, the protective properties of silane coatings based on VTMS vinyltrimethoxysilane and BRJI non-ionic surfactant were investigated. Ethanol was used as the solvent for organosilane and surfactant, while acetic acid was used to adjust the acidic environment (pH of the solutions between 3-4). The coatings were applied to samples of X20Cr13 stainless steel and 41Cr4 structural alloy steel by dip method in the sol-gel process using various surfactant concentrations. The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of corrosion resistance, adhesion to the steel substrate and thickness. Corrosion tests were carried out in acidic sulphate media with pH = 2 without or with Cl- ions. The purpose of the use of surfactants is to increase the degree of silane dispersion in the modifying solution in order to improve the efficiency of the deposition process.

18

Enhancement of corrosion resistance of stainless steel with Zn doped silane coatings

Owczarek Edyta

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2022

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nr 12

373--377

EN

Blank silane films are not able to provide long-term corrosion protection. As is known, dopants with corrosion inhibiting properties can be added to the silane sol-gel network in order to increase their corrosion resistance. The present work investigates the protective properties of air-aged films obtained from a solution of isobutyltriethoxysilane (IBTES) doped with 0.01 mol/l and 0.1 mol/l zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O prepared on an X20Cr13 stainless steel substrate. The surface morphologies, adhesion to the substrate and the corrosion resistance of the obtained films in an 0.5 M Cl− solution were examined. The experimental results showed that IBTES films doped with 0.01 mol/l zinc nitrate deposited on the surface of stainless steel had better protective properties, while those doped with 0.1 mol/l of the inhibitor had worse protective properties against local corrosion compared to blank IBTES film.

PL

Powłoki silanowe nie są w stanie zapewnić długotrwałej ochrony przed korozją. Jak wiadomo, do sieci zol-żel silanu można dodawać domieszki o właściwościach hamujących korozję w celu zwiększenia ich odporności na korozję. W pracy zbadano właściwości ochronne starzonych w powietrzu powłok otrzymanych z roztworu izobutylo- trietoksysilanu (IBTES) domieszkowanych 0,01 mol/l i 0,1 mol/l azotanu cynku Zn(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O wytworzonych na podłożu ze stali nie- rdzewnej X20Cr13. Zbadano morfologię powierzchni, przyczepność do podłoża oraz odporność korozyjną otrzymanych filmów w 0,5M roztworze Cl−. Badania eksperymentalne wykazały, że powłoki IBTES domieszkowane 0,01 mol/l azotanu cynku osadzone na powierzchni stali nierdzewnej miały lepsze właściwości ochronne przed korozją lokalną w porównaniu z powłoką IBTES, natomiast domieszkowane 0,1mol/l inhibitora – gorsze.

19

Preparation of composite steel with using of hot rolling

Kawulok Rostislav, Pasečný Daniel, Kawulok Petr, Rusz Stanislav, Opěla Petr, Schindler Ivo

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2022

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Vol. 74, no. 1

21--27

EN

The paper deals with the unconventional issue of composite steel preparation by hot rolling. Various production possibilities of multilayer composite from austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and tool high carbon steel AISI D2 were investigated. Samples with 5, 15 and 45 layers were prepared. Optical microstructural analysis were subsequently performed on these samples with the focus on the details of joint and evaluation of the thicknesses of individual layers. In addition, hardness measurements were performed on the prepared samples, including its comparison with the individual steels used. It was confirmed that the hardness increased with increasing number of layers, however in this case, the difference between 15 and 45 layers was only 8 HBW. In addition it was found that the hardness of the prepared 45-layer packet without quenching was higher than that of the base (used) steels.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcono niekonwencjonalnemu zagadnieniu przygotowania kompozytu stalowego metodą walcowania na gorąco. Zbadano różne możliwości i metody wytwarzania wielowarstwowego kompozytu stalowego z austenitycznej stali nierdzewnej AISI 304 i wysokowęglowej stali narzędziowej AISI D2. W pracy opisano technologię przygotowania pakietów z tych stali złożonych z 5, 15 i 45 warstw. Następnie przeprowadzono na tych próbkach optyczne analizy mikrostrukturalne, skupiając się na szczegółach łączenia i ocenie grubości poszczególnych warstw. Ponadto na przygotowanych próbkach wykonano pomiary twardości, a wyniki porównano z poszczególnymi zastosowanymi stalami. Potwierdzono, że twardość wzrastała wraz ze wzrostem liczby warstw, jednak w przypadku różnicy między 15 a 45 warstwami różnica twardości to zaledwie 8 HBW. Ponadto stwierdzono, że twardość przygotowanego 45-warstwowego pakietu bez hartowania była wyższa niż (użytych) stali podstawowych.

20

Sequential treatment process in a rotary container polishing machine with periodic workpiece location changes in working abrasives areas

Juniewicz Mateusz, Plichta Jarosław

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 6, No 2

1--6

EN

This paper presents the process of a 3-step machining process involving pre-treatment, smoothing and polishing, placing the workpiece in different energy levels of the working load in a rotary-cascade container smoother, by moving it towards the radial direction of the working chamber of the smoother. Studies show the ability to control the course of pre-treatment, smoothing and finishing intensity, both in terms of process parameters and treatment time. Such a structure of the machining process, it also allows you to influence the structure geometry of the machined surfaces in successive stages of machining, and consequently on the final quality. The proposed organization and structure of the process allows for the creation of a new one surface treatment strategy.